• Computers and Concrete
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.211-216
• /
• 2017

Crack on concrete surface allows more rapid penetration of chlorides. Crack width and depth are dominant parameters for chloride behavior, however their effects on chloride penetration are difficult to quantify. In the present work, the previous anisotropic (1-D) model on chloride diffusion in concrete with single crack is improved considering crack shape and roughness. In the previous model, parallel-piped shape was adopted for crack shape in steady-state condition. The previous model with single crack is improved considering wedge shape of crack profile and roughness. For verifying the proposed model, concrete samples for nuclear power plant are prepared and various crack widths are induced 0.0 to 1.2 mm. The chloride diffusion coefficients in steady-state condition are evaluated and compared with simulation results. The proposed model which can handle crack shape and roughness factor is evaluated to decrease chloride diffusion and can provide more reasonable results due to reduced area of crack profile. The roughness effect on diffusion is evaluated to be 10-20% of reduction in chloride diffusion.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.417-438
• /
• 2013

This study was concerned on the application of a hybrid approach for analyzing the buried pipelines deformations subjected to earthquakes. Nonlinear time-history analysis of Finite Element (FE) model of buried pipelines, which was modeled using laboratory data, has been performed via selected earthquakes. In order to verify the FE model with experiments, a statistical test was done which demonstrated a good conformity. Then, the FE model was developed and the optimum intersection angle of pipeline and fault was obtained via genetic algorithm. Transient seismic strain of buried pipeline in the optimum intersection angle of pipeline and fault was investigated considering the pipes diameter, the distance of pipes from fault, the soil friction angles and seismic response duration of buried pipelines. Also, a two-layer perceptron Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was trained using results of FE model, and a nonlinear relationship was obtained to predict the bending strain of buried pipelines based on the pipes diameter, intersection angles of the pipelines and fault, the soil friction angles, distance of pipes from the fault, and seismic response duration; whereas it contains a wide range of initial input data without any requirement to laboratory measurements.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.195-201
• /
• 2013

Recently according to increase of enlarged scale ports in conformity with increase in over size vessels and container handling service, pollutants generated from ports are increasing. In advanced countries, reduction in carbon dioxide emission assigned to them has been implemented according to the Climate Change Convention and Kyoto Protocol from 2008 to 2012 in order to lessen carbon dioxide emission. Henceforth increase in discussion on the measure of constructing Green Port and low-carbon port is expected in our nation's field of port as well, it is considered that the effort in reduction with regard to undesirable output which causes environmental problem of analysis target during measuring effectiveness. Therefore, in this study, effectiveness was estimated through directional technology distance function considering undesirable output differently from effectiveness analysis of existing container terminal, and then performed comparative analysis with the result analyzed with BCC output-oriented model. As the result of analysis, in 2007 DMU3 and DMU5, and in 2010 DMU2 and DMU4 appeared to be efficient terminals in BCC output oriented model, and in directional technology distance function model, DMU1, DMU3 in 2007, DMU3, DMU5 in 2008, DMU7 in 2009, and DMU2, DMU5 in 2010 appeared to be efficient terminals.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.404-409
• /
• 2015

The objective of this study was to compare the biocompatibility for local irritation and bioavailability of $Gentacol^{TM}$ and $Collatamp^{TM}$, after single intramuscular loading in rats. Sixty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups; (1) any test materials were not applied into the quadriceps muscles (control group, N = 6), (2) Gentamicin was injected into the quadriceps muscles (Gentamicin group, N = 6), (3) Collatamp was applied into the quadriceps muscles (Collatamp group, N = 27), and (4) Gentacol was applied into the quadriceps muscles (Gentacol group, N = 27). The concentration of gentamicin in muscles was gradually decreased with time after loaded in the both $Gentacol^{TM}$ and $Collatamp^{TM}$ loaded regions. No detectable gentamicin was observed in the plasma of $Gentacol^{TM}$ and $Collatamp^{TM}$ loaded rats. Histologically, moderate to severe inflammatory cell infiltrations including PMN, lymphoid cells and macrophages were observed with slight to moderate edematous changes of muscle fibers after intramuscular injection of gentamicin. However, these histopathological changes of gentamicin injection induced local irritations were dramatically decreases after intramuscular loading of $Collatamp^{TM}$ and $Gentacol^{TM}$. These results suggest $Gentacol^{TM}$ may show favorable local bioavailability and induce only slight local irritations as comparable as $Collatamp^{TM}$ without systemic exposures in the condition of this experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.565-576
• /
• 2013

This study investigated 1) the effects of mountain climbing motivation on the desired mountain climbing wear benefits, and 2) the desired effects of mountain climbing wear benefits on clothing usage behavior. Data were collected via a questionnaire administered to 498 consumers who make at least one mountain climbing wear purchase for personal use. All items were evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale, and SPSS 20.0 and Amos 7.0 were used for data analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis for the research variables were performed and three factors of mountain climbing motivation (social interaction, health improvement, and mental rejuvenation), four factors of mountain climbing wear benefits sought (ostentation, ideal healthy figure, conformity, and functions), and two factors regarding clothing usage behavior (sportswear usage and daily wear usage) were identified. The results from the model test were as follows: 1) Mountain climbing motivation was found to vary depending on the mountain climbing wear benefits sought. Social interaction had a positive effect on all 4 factors of mountain climbing wear benefits sought. Health improvement was the only motivating factor for consumers who sought the benefit of functions; however, the functions benefit was not found to be a consideration for consumers who climbed for mental rejuvenation. 2) Mountain climbing wear usage was affected by mountain climbing wear benefits sought. The benefits for conformity and functions had a positive effect on sportswear usage and daily wear usage; however, the ideal healthy figure only affected daily wear usage. The twofold usage of mountain climbing wear reflects a cultural trend toward the usage of mountain climbing wear as daily wear; however, consumers show this twofold usage to conform successfully to mainstream society and not to pursue the ideal healthy figure.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.2861-2880
• /
• 2018

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have become a viable platform owing to their potential of providing communication without any pre-existing infrastructure and central administrating authority. Mutual support and co-operation among nodes are prerequisites for performing functions in such networks. The scarcity of resources makes it economical for nodes to conserve their resources and misbehave by avoiding participation in the network. Therefore, a mechanism is required to detect and handle such misbehaving nodes and promote co-operation in the network. Existing techniques for handling misbehaving nodes focus only on their current behaviour without considering the antecedent behaviour of nodes. In real world, a node may dynamically change its behaviour in accordance to its requirements. Hence, an efficient mechanism is required for providing security against such misbehaviour. This paper proposes an Adaptive Security Model which contemplates the present as well as anterior behaviour of nodes for providing security against dynamic node behaviour. The adaptivity of the model is nested in its ability to requite well-behaving nodes and penalize misbehaving ones in conformity with their overall behaviour. Simulation results indicate the efficiency of proposed scheme in securing the network from the menace of dynamic behaviour of nodes.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.523-540
• /
• 2014

This paper presents a comprehensive study of pressure developed on different faces of a 'Y' plan shape tall building using both numerical and experimental means. The experiment has been conducted in boundary layer wind tunnel located at Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India for flow condition corresponding to terrain category II of IS:875 (Part 3) - 1987, at a mean wind velocity of 10 m/s. Numerical study has been carried out under similar condition using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package of ANSYS, namely ANSYS CFX. Two turbulence models, viz., $k-{\varepsilon}$ and Shear Stress Transport (SST) have been used. Good conformity among the numerical and experimental results have been observed with SST model yielding results of higher magnitude. Peculiar pressure distribution on certain faces has been observed due to interference effect. Furthermore, flow pattern around the model has also been studied to explain the phenomenon occurring around the model.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.250-255
• /
• 2004

The aim of this work was to investigate the adsorption isotherm and kinetic model for the biosorption of lead $(Pb^{2+})$ by Rhodotorula aurantiaca and to examine the environmental factors for this metal removal. Within five minutes of contact, $Pb^{2+}$ sorption reached nearly 86% of the total $Pb^{2+}$ sorption. The optimum initial pH value for removal of $Pb^{2+}$ was 5.0. The percentage sorption increased steeply with the biomass concentration up to 2 g/l and thereafter remained more or less constant. The Langmuir sorption model provided a good fit throughout the concentration range. The conformity of these data to the Langmuir model indicated that biosorption of $Pb^{2+}$ by R. aurantiaca could be characterized as a monolayer, single-site type phenomenon with no interaction between ions adsorbed in neighboring sites. The maximum $Pb^{2+}$ sorption capacity $(q_{max})$ and Langmuir constant (b) were 46.08 mg/g of biomass and 0.04 l/mg, respectively. The pseudo second-order equation was well fitted to the experimental data. The correlation coefficients for the linear plots of t/q against t for the second-order equation were 0.999 for all the initial concentrations of biosorbent for contact times of 180 min. The theoretical $q_{eq}$ value was very close to the experimental $q_{eq}$ value.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.459-468
• /
• 2018

In this paper, the effect of non-persistent joints was determined on the behavior of concrete specimens subjected to biaxial loading through numerical modeling using particle flow code in two dimensions (PFC2D). Firstly, a numerical model was calibrated by uniaxial, Brazilian and triaxial experimental results to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical model's response. Secondly, sixteen rectangular models with dimension of 100 mm by 100 mm were developed. Each model contains two non-persistent joints with lengths of 40 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The angularity of the larger joint changes from $30^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$. In each configuration, the small joint angularity changes from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ in $30^{\circ}$ increments. All of the models were under confining stress of 1 MPa. By using of the biaxial test configuration, the failure process was visually observed. Discrete element simulations demonstrated that macro shear fractures in models are because of microscopic tensile breakage of a large number of bonded discs. The failure pattern in Rock Bridge is mostly affected by joint overlapping whereas the biaxial strength is closely related to the failure pattern.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2017

This study examines the implementation of a kinematic machining tool to evaluate the interference and collision phenomenon of 5-axis machining of wing ribs from airplanes, particularly for a large-size model airplane. We develop a machine simulation model of a parallel kinematic machining tool that can operate in a virtual space, which is equivalent to the authentic conditions in the field. The investigation of the simulation function elements indicates the necessity to generate the 6-axis machining, which attaches an angle head to the main axis of the machine. Using an NC program for the wing ribs, we attempt to verify the correspondence and conformity between the machine simulation model and the actual equipment.