• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.411-426
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• 2003

I report on the case of a polyglot ‘savant’ (C), who is mildly autistic, severely apraxic, and of limited intellectual ability; yet who can read, write, speak and understand about twenty languages. I outline his abilities, both verbal and non-verbal, noting the asymmetry between his linguistic ability and his general intellectual inability and, within the former, between his unlimited morphological and lexical prowess as opposed to his limited syntax. I then spell out the implications of these findings for modularity. C's unique profile suggested a further project in which we taught him British Sign Language. I report on this work, paying particular attention to the learning and use of classifiers, and discuss its relevance to the issue of modality: whether the human language faculty is preferentially tied to the oral domain, or is ‘modality-neutral’ as between the spoken and the visual modes.

• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 2007년도 정기학술대회
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• pp.471-480
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• 2007

Japanese does not exhibit deontic-epistemic polysemy which is recognized among typologically different languages. Hence, in Japanese linguistics, it has been debated which of the two types of modality is more prototypical. This study brings Chinese learner's acquisition data of Japanese modality to bear on the question of which of the two types of modality is more prototypical, using the Competition Model (Bates and MacWhinney 1981). The Competition Model notion of 'cues' as processing strategy adopted by learners reveals the continuity/discontinuity between these two modality domains.

• 한국디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국디자인학회 2001년도 Bulletin of The 5th Asian Design Conference International Symposium on Design Science
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• pp.6.2-6
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• 2001

• 영어어문교육
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.197-216
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• 2012

This study examines spoken interlanguage of Korean learners of English, focusing on the distribution of modal verbs and devices of epistemic modality. (Semi-) spontaneous speech data were collected from four students participating in a self-organized study group for seven months, which produced a corpus of about 55,000 words. The data analysis reveals the following: 1) The frequency of the modal verbs produced by the learners was lower than that of native speakers; 1.99 vs. 2.32 tokens per 100 words. The range of the modal verbs used by the learners was also very limited, with over-reliance on can (43%). 2) The grammatical categories of the devices marking epistemic modality were in the order of adverbs, lexical verbs, and modal verbs, with a high frequency of a few items in each category. 3) Lexical items conveying certainty and modals of obligation were preferred over markers of weaker commitment, resulting in speech characterized by firmer assertions and a more authoritative tone, a potential cause for pragmatic failure. 4) A weak developmental change was observed in the frequency of modal verbs, but not in their functions over the seven month period of data collection. L1 influence, L2 proficiency, mode of communication, and instruction effects are discussed as possible variables involved in the distribution patterns observed.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2005

In this paper I propose the semantics of two modality markers in Korean, keyss and (u)1 kes. I compare the two modality markers with respect to some properties. First, keyss is used to express logical necessity while (u)1 kes can be used to express a simple prediction as well. Second, keyss expresses some logical conclusion from the speaker's own information state without claiming it is true. On the other hand, (u)1 kes expresses the claim that the speaker's prediction will be true. Third, the prediction of keyss is non-monotonic: it can be reversed without being inconsistent. However, that of (u)1 kes cannot. Fourth, (u)1 kes can be used freely in epistemic conditionals, but keyss cannot. Finally, when keyss is used, the prediction cannot be repeated. The prediction from the use of (u)1 kes can be repeated. To account for these differences, I propose that keyss is used when the speaker makes a purely logical presumption based on his/her own information state, and that (u)1 kes is used to make a prediction which is asserted to be true. This proposal accounts for all the differences of the two modality markers.

• 논리연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.175-207
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• 2018

키트 파인의 영향력 있는 논문, Essence and Modality(1994) 이후 많은 철학자들은 양상주의, 즉 본질적 속성을 양상성, 특히 데 레(de re) 필연성 개념을 통해서 분석하려는 시도의 전망에 대해서 의심해왔다. 그러나 몇몇 철학자들은 여전히 양상주의의 옹호 가능성을 진지하게 고려하고 있다. 이 논문에서 필자들은 어떤 종류의 불가능한 가능성 개념을 통해서 양상주의를 키트 파인의 반례들로부터 옹호하려는 두 개의 시도를 검토한다. 필자들은 이런 시도들이 결국 키트 파인의 이론과 크게 다르지 않은 이론이 되거나, 아니면 고전적인 양상주의가 포착하려고 했던 본질 개념과는 상당히 다른 본질 개념으로 이끌어지는 문제를 갖는다는 것을 논증한다. 필자들은 따라서, 파인의 입장에서 볼 때, 이런 시도들은 별로 두려워할 필요가 없는 시도가 될 것이라는 것을 주장한다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.339-350
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• 2003

The Part 7 of MPEG-21, called Digital Item Adaptation, aims at an interoperable transparent access of multimedia contents in heterogeneous environments. This standard facilitates the development of Universal Multimedia Access (UMA) systems, which adapt the rich multimedia contents to provide user the best possible presentation under the constraints of various terminals and network connections. Content adaptation has two major aspects: one is modality conversion that converts content from one modality (e.g. video) to different modalities (e.g. image) the other is content scaling that changes the titrates (or qualities) of the contents without converting their modalities. At the output of adaptation process, the highly-subjective qualities of adapted contents nay vary widely with respect to point-of-views of different providers and different users. So, user should have some control on the adaptation process. In this paper, we describe two description tools of user characteristics, the presentation priority preference and the modality conversion preference, which allow user to have flexible choices on the qualities and modalities of output contents. We also present a systematic approach to integrate these user preferences into the adaptation process. These description tools are developed in the process of MPEG-21 standardization.

• 인지과학
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.457-485
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 미디어 형식과 위험 메시지 구성에 따라 방사선 조사식품에 대한 즉각적이고 감정적인 반응과 숙고적 행동의도가 어떻게 형성되는가를 살펴보고자 했다. 이를 위해 $3{\times}2$ 피험자간 실험을 통해 방사선 조사식품과 관련된 문자, 음성, 동영상 형태의 정보를 긍정 혹은 부정적으로 서술하여 피험자에게 제공했다. 이후 암묵적 측정법의 일환인 수정된 EAST 방법을 이용하여 피험자의 감정적 위험인식을 측정하고 설문을 이용해 방사선 조사식품의 구매의도를 측정했다. 연구결과는 전반적으로 미디어 형식과 메시지 구성이 피험자의 감정적 위험인식과 구매의도에 유의미한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 미디어 형식의 효과는 메시지 구성간의 상호작용 효과가 유의미하였다. 즉 문자와 동영상 정보의 경우 긍정적 메시지가 위험인식을 낮추고 구매의도를 높이지만 부정적 메시지는 반대의 결과를 보였다. 그러나 음성 조건에서는 긍정적 정보와 부정적 정보가 감정적 위험인식과 구매의도에 차별적인 영향을 주지 못했다. 이러한 결과는 같은 정보라도 어떠한 미디어를 통해 전달되는가에 따라 위험인식이 다르게 형성될 수 있으며 이 때 메시지의 내용구성에 따라 미디어 형식의 효과는 다르게 나타날 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of mobilization combined active movement(SNAGS) on the pain and recovery of function of acute low back pain patients. Methods: The subjects were consisted of 135 patients with acute low back pain. All subjects randomly assigned to mobilization group, stretching exercise group and modality treatment group. The mobilization group received mobilization combined active movement(SNAGS) with modality treatment, exercise group received stretching exercise with modality treatment and modality treatment group received modality treatment. Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) was used to measure patient's pain level and Patient Specific Functional Scale(PSFS) was used to measure patient's functional disability level. Results: The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) was mobilization group showed significantly decreased more than comparison group(p<.01) and active treatment group showed significantly decreased more than passive treatment group(p<.01). 2. Patient Specific Functional Scale(PSFS) was mobilization group showed significantly increased more than comparison group(p<.01) and active treatment group showed significantly increased more than passive treatment group(p<.01). Conclusion: It maybe suggested that mobilization combined active movement(SNAGS) is beneficial treatment for acute low back pain patient.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2011

A driver interacts directly with the car seat at all times. There are ergonomic characteristics that have to be followed to produce comfortable seats. However, most of previous researches focused on either static or dynamic condition only. In addition, research on car seat development is critically lacking although Malaysia herself manufactures its own car. Hence, this paper integrates objective measurements and subjective evaluation to predict seat discomfort. The objective measurements consider both static and dynamic conditions. Steven's psychophysics power law has been used in which after expansion; ${\psi}\;=\;a+b{\varphi}_s^{\alpha}+c{\varphi}_v^{\beta}$ where ${\psi}$ is discomfort sensation, ${\varphi}_s^{\alpha}$ is static modality with exponent ${\alpha}$ and ${\varphi}_v^{\beta}$ is dynamic modality with exponent ${\beta}$. The subjects in this study were local and the cars used were Malaysian made compact car. Static objective measurement was the seat pressure distribution measurement. The experiment was carried out on the driver's seat in a real car with the engine turned off. Meanwhile, the dynamic objective measurement was carried out in a moving car on real roads. During pressure distribution and vibration transmissibility experiments, subjects were requested to evaluate their discomfort levels using vehicle seat discomfort survey questionnaire together with body map diagram. From subjective evaluations, seat pressure and vibration dose values exponent for static modality ${\alpha}$ = 1.51 and exponent for dynamic modality ${\beta}$ = 1.24 were produced. The curves produced from the $E_{q.s}$ showed better $R_{-sq}$ values (99%) when both static and dynamic modalities were considered together as compared to Eq. with single modality only (static or dynamic only R-Sq = 95%). In conclusion, car seat discomfort prediction gives better result when seat development considered both static and dynamic modalities; and using ergonomic approach.