• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.410-418
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• 2019

To investigate a novel ${\beta}$-glucosidase from Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15700 (BbBgl) to produce compound K (CK) via ginsenoside $F_2$ by highly selective and efficient hydrolysis of the C-3 glycoside from ginsenoside Rd, the BbBgl gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21. The recombinant BbBgl was purified by Ni-NTA magnetic beads to obtain an enzyme with specific activity of 37 U/mg protein using pNP-Glc as substrate. The enzyme activity was optimized at pH 5.0, $35^{\circ}C$, 2 or 6 U/ml, and its activity was enhanced by $Mn^{2+}$ significantly. Under the optimal conditions, the half-life of the BbBgl is 180 h, much longer than the characterized ${\beta}$-glycosidases, and the $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ values are 2.7 mM and $39.8{\mu}mol/mg/min$ for ginsenoside Rd. Moreover, the enzyme exhibits strong tolerance against high substrate concentration (up to 40 g/l ginsenoside Rd) with a molar biotransformation rate of 96% within 12 h. The good enzymatic properties and gram-scale conversion capacity of BbBgl provide an attractive method for large-scale production of rare ginsenoside CK using a single enzyme or a combination of enzymes.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.771-779
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• 2008

An effective way of increasing the strength and fracture toughness of reactor pressure vessel steels is to change the material specification from that of Mn-Mo-Ni low alloy steel(SA508 Gr.3) to Ni-Mo-Cr low alloy steel(SA508 Gr.4N). In this study, we evaluate the effects of alloying elements on the microstructural characteristics of Ni-Mo-Cr low alloy steel. The changes in the stable phase of the SA508 Gr.4N low alloy steel with alloying elements were evaluated by means of a thermodynamic calculation conducted with the software ThermoCalc. The changes were then compared with the observed microstructural results. The calculation of Ni-Mo-Cr low alloy steels confirms that the ferrite formation temperature decreases as the Ni content increases because of the austenite stabilization effect. Consequently, in the microscopic observation, the lath martensitic structure becomes finer as the Ni content increases. However, Ni does not affect the carbide phases such as $M_{23}C_6 $ and $M_7C_3$. When the Cr content decreases, the carbide phases become unstable and carbide coarsening can be observed. With an increase in the Mo content, the $M_2C$ phase becomes stable instead of the $M_7C_3$ phase. This behavior is also observed in TEM. From the calculation results and the observation results of the microstructure, the thermodynamic calculation can be used to predict the precipitation behavior.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.780-787
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• 2008

For the advanced high strength steels (AHSS), high-manganese TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) steels exhibit high tensile strength (800-1000 MPa) and high elongation (50-60%). However, the TWIP steels need to be understood of delayed fracture following the cup drawing test. Among the factors to cause delayed fracture, i.e, martensite transformation, hydrogen embrittlement and residual stress, the effects of martensite transformation (${\gamma}{\rightarrow}{\varepsilon}$ or ${\gamma}{\rightarrow}{\alpha}^{\prime}$) were investigated on the delayed fracture phenomenon. Microstructural phase analysis was conducted for cold rolled (20, 60, 80% reduction ratio) steels and tensile deformed (20, 40, 60% strain) steels. For the Al-added TWIP steels, no martensite phase was found in the cold rolled and tensile deformed specimen. But, the TWIP steels with no Al addition indicated the martensite transformation. The cup drawing specimens showed the martensite transformation irrespective of the Al-addition to the TWIP steel. However, the TWIP steel with no Al exhibited the larger amount of martensite than the case of the TWIP steel with Al addition. For the reason, it was possible to conclude that the Al addition suppressed the martensite transformation in TWIP steels, therefore preventing the delayed fracture effectively. However, it was interesting to note that the mechanism of delayed fracture should be incorporated with hydrogen embrittlement and/or residual stress as well as the martensite transformation.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.28-38
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• 2010

High temperature high cycle and low cycle fatigue deformation behavior of automotive heat resistant aluminum alloys (A356 and A319 based) were investigated in this study. The microstructures of both alloys were composed of primary Al-Si dendrite and eutectic Si phase. However, the size and distribution for eutectic Si phase varied: a coarse and inhomogeneous distributed was observed in alloy B (A319 based). A brittle intermethallic phase of ${\alpha}-Fe\;Al_{12}(Fe,Mn)_3Si_2$ was detected only in B alloy. Alloy B exhibited high fatigue life only under a high stress amplitued condition in the high cycle fatigue results, whereas alloy A showed high fatigue life when stress was lowered. With regard to the low-cycle fatigue result ($250^{\circ}C$) showing higher fatigue life as ductility increased, alloy A demonstrated higher fatigue life under all of the strain amplitude conditions. Fractographic observations showed that large porosities and pores near the outside surface could be the main factor in the formation of fatigue cracks. In alloy B. micro-cracks were formed in both the brittle intermetallic and coarse Si phasese. These micro-cracks then coalesced together and provided a path for fatigue crack propagation. From the observation of the differences in microstructure and fractography of these two automotive alloys, the authors attempt to explain the high-temperature fatigue deformation behavior of heat resistant aluminum alloys.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.241-257
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• 2020

The rapid proliferation of oil/gas drilling and wind turbine installations with jack-up rig-formed structures increases structural safety requirements, due to the greater risks of operational collisions during use of these structures. Therefore, current industrial practices and regulations have tended to increase the required accidental collision design loads (impact energies) for jack-up rigs. However, the existing simplified design approach tends to be limited to the design and prediction of local members due to the difficulty in applying the increased uniform impact energy to a brace member without regard for the member's position. It is therefore necessary to define accidental load estimation in terms of a reasonable collision scenario and its application to the structural response analysis. We found by a collision probabilistic approach that the kinetic energy ranged from a minimum of 9 MJ to a maximum 1049 MJ. Only 6% of these values are less than the 35 MJ recommendation of DNV-GL (2013). This study assumed and applied a representative design load of 196.2 MN for an impact load of 20,000 tons. Based on this design load, the detailed design of a leg structure was numerically verified via an FE analysis comprising three categories: linear analysis, buckling analysis and progressive collapse analysis. Based on the numerical results from this analysis, it was possible to predict the collapse mode and position of each member in relation to the collision load. This study provided a collision strength assessment between attendant vessels and a jack-up rig based on probabilistic collision scenarios and nonlinear structural analysis. The numerical results of this study also afforded reasonable evaluation criteria and specific evaluation procedures.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2023

The use of biogas is an industrially necessary means to achieve resource circulation. However, since biogas obtained from waste frequently causes corrosion in pipes, it is important to elucidate corrosion mechanisms of the pipes used for biogas transportation. Recently, corrosion failure occurred in a pipe which supplied for the biogas at the speed of 12.5 m/s. Pinholes and pits were found in a straight line along the seamline of the pipe. By using corrosion-damaged samples, residual thickness, microstructure, and composition of oxide film and inclusion were examined to analyze the cause of the failure. It was revealed that the thickness reduction of biogas pipe was ~0.11 mm per year. A thin sulfuric acid film was formed on the surface of the interior of a pipe due to moisture and hydrogen sulfide contained in a biogas. Near the seamline, microstructure was heterogeneous and manganese sulfide (MnS) was found. Pits were generated by micro-galvanic corrosion between the manganese sulfide and the matrix in the interior of the pipe along the seamline. In addition, microcracks formed along the grain boundaries beneath the pits revealed that hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) also contributed to accelerating the pitting corrosion.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of combined addition of Ca and Y on the precipitation and age-hardening behavior of an extruded AZ91 alloy by conducting the aging treatment at 200 ℃ for hot-extruded AZ91 and AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y alloys. In the AZ91 alloy, many Mg₁₇Al₁₂ discontinuous precipitate (DP) bands formed during air cooling immediately after extrusion are present, whereas in the AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y alloy, a few DP bands and numerous Al₂Y, Al₈Mn₄Y, and Al₂Ca phase particles are distributed along the extrusion direction. The peak-aging time of the AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y alloy is 16 hours, twice that of the AZ91 alloy. Although both alloys have similar hardness before aging treatment, the hardness after peak-aging treatment (i.e., peak hardness) of the AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y alloy is higher than that of the AZ91 alloy, as 93.1 and 88.7 Hv, respectively. The microstructures of both peak-aged alloys comprise DPs and continuous precipitates (CPs). However, the peak-aged AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y alloy has a smaller amount of DPs and a larger amount of CPs than the peak-aged AZ91 alloy. Additionally, the inter-particle spacings of DPs and CPs in the former are significantly narrower than those in the latter. These results demonstrate that the addition of small amounts of Ca and Y to a commercial AZ91 alloy considerably affects the formation rate, size, and amount of CPs and DPs during aging and resultant age-hardening behavior.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1996

토양 중 중금속들의 이동성 및 식물 흡수와의 관계를 알기 위하여 제련소 매연 및 분진의 영향을 받는 논 토양을 대상으로 1982년과 1990년에 토양 시료를 표 ${\cdot}$ 심토 별로 채취하여 치환성, 묽은산, 유기물 결합형, Fe-Mn산화형결합, 잔류형(규산염형)으로 추출 방법을 달리하여 토양 중 중금속 함량 및 존재 형태를 분류하고, 1990년도 토양 시료 중 중금속 함량과, 1990년도에 채취한 수도체 중 부위별 중금속 함량과 상관관계를 조사 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 각 토양중 중금속 전 함량은 1990년 함량이 1982년도 함량보다 표토에서 Cd가 12%, Zn 44%, Cu가 40%, Pb가 4% 증가하였고, 심토에서는 Cd가 12%, Zn 40%, Cu가 60%, Pb가 57%로 증가되었고, 이들의 증가 비율이 Cu > Zn> Pb > Cd의 순서를 나타내었으며, Cd의 경우 잔류형(규산염형태) >치환성 >묽은산 추출형 순으로 함량 변화가 나타났고 9년 사이에 38-71%의 증가 비를 나타내었다. 산화물 및 규산염내에 결합되어 있어 비이동성인 중금속 비율은 표토에서 Cd가 31.65%, Pb가 44.22%, Cu가 76.57%, Zn이 79.49%였고 치환성, 묽은산 추출형 및 유기적 결합형 등의 이동성은 20.28% 이상으로 Cd의 경우 68.35%, Pb의 경우 55.78%, Cu 23.43%, Zn이 20.28% 순으로 나타났다. 표토 중 중금속 함량과 수도체 부위별 함량간에는 왕겨 및 현미를 제외하고, 엽신, 엽초, 줄기, 화서축과 유의성 있는 상관관계가 있었으나, 심토 중 중금속 함량과 수도체 부위별 함량간에는 유의성이 없었다. 표토 중 추출 형태별 중금속 함량과 수도체 부위 함량간의 상관관계는 묽은산 추출형 및 유기물 결합형에서 상관관계가 많이 있었으나, 심토에서는 없었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.355-358
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• 2013

논에서의 비점오염원 관리는 배출수 관리방안이 현실적인 방안으로 판단되어 본 연구에서는 논 배수 저감을 위한 저류지 효과를 구명하고자 2012년 5월부터 9월까지 경기도 수원시 권선구 서둔동 국립농업과학원 기후변화생태과 시험포장($1,715m^2$)에서 배수로 말단에 논 저류지($12m^2$)를 조성하였다. 영농기간 동안 강우사상시 저류지 유입 전인 논 배출수와 저류지를 통과한 배출수의 토사 및 양분물질(질소, 인) 부하량을 평가하여 저류지의 효과를 평가하였다. 영농기간 동안 논 저류지를 이용한 논 배출수 중 수질농도는 SS와 $COD_{Mn}$은 각각 79.3%와 45.6% 저감되었고 T-N과 T-P는 각각 52.2%와 60.5% 저감되었다. 또한 저류지를 이용한 월별 논 배출수의 유출량 및 양분물질 부하는 유출량의 경우 96~100% 저감되었고 T-N과 T-P의 부하량은 각각 16.3~73.0%와 15.4~70.1% 저감되었다. 따라서 경지기반 정리되어 용수의 취 배수가 용이한 논에서는 외부 수계로 배출되기 전 저류지를 설치하면 양분물질의 배출이 저감될 것으로 생각되며 특히 농업보호구역 및 농업진흥지역에는 논 배수 저류시설 등의 자연 정화형 비점오염 저감방안을 마련하도록 정책부서의 제도 개선이 필요하다고 생각된다.

• 공업화학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.330-335
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• 1998

본 연구는 응집공정과 오존처리공정으로 생물학적 난분해성 물질을 함유한 매립장 침출수를 처리하고, 전 오존처리와 후 오존처리에 의한 수처리 효율을 비교 분석하기 위하여 실시하였으며, 결과를 아래와 같이 요약하였다. 1) $COD_{Cr}$을 제거하기 위하여 침출수의 pH를 4,7,11로 조절하고, 오존주입량을 $75mgO_3/min$ ($4.5gO_3/hr$)으로 90분간 오존처리한 결과 각 pH별 제거효율은 각각 48.2%, 52.6%, 62.3%로 나타났다. pH를 증가시킴으로써 $COD_{Cr}$의 제거효율이 증가하였는데, 이는 높은 pH에서 오존의 가기 분해속도가 빨라져 비선택적으로 수중 유기물과 반응하고, 오존보다 산화력이 강한 hydroxyl radical($OH{\cdot}$)의 생성이 촉진되었기 때문으로 판단된다. 2) 주 응집제로 사용되는 무기응집제는 폐수처리에 많이 이용되고 있는 alum, ferric chloride 및 ferrous sulfate를 이용하였으며, 그 결과 pH5와 응집제 주입량 $2,000m{\ell}/{\ell}$에서 Ferric chloride가 12.0%의 $COD_{Cr}$ 제거효율로 가장 우수한 것으로 조사되었다. 그리고 응집보조제로 사용한 유기 응집제는 cation(C-101P), anion(A-601P) 및 nonion(SC-050)을 이용한 결과 cation(C-101P)이 pH5와 주입량 $100m{\ell}/{\ell}$에서 19.8%의 $COD_{Cr}$제거효율로 가장 효율적인 응집보조제로 조사되었다. 3) 오존주입량을 $75mgO_3/min$ ($4.5gO_3/hr$)으로 90분간 오존처리한 결과 색도와 탁도는 각각 88.6%와 97%가 제거되었으며, $COD_{Cr}$ 및 $COD_{Mn}$보다 훨씬 높은 제거효율을 보인 것은 오존이 색도 및 탁도 유발물질을 선택적으로, 그리고 우선적으로 산화시킨 것으로 판단된다. 4) $COD_{Cr}$ 색도 및 탁도는 후 오존처리보다 전 오존처리에 의하여 8.0%, 3.5%, 그리고 1% 각각 제거 효율이 증가하였는데, 이는 응집전 오존처리가 응집효율을 증가시킨다는 여러 연구결과와 일치하는 것으로 조사되었다.