• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.70.1-70.1
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• 2012

In-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy studies of SOFC cathode materials will be discussed in this presentation. The mixed conducting perovskites (ABO3) containing rare and alkaline earth metals on the A-site and a transition metal on the B-site are commonly used as cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). However, the details of the oxygen reduction reaction are still not clearly understood. The information about the type of adsorbed oxygen species and their concentration is important for a mechanistic understanding of the oxygen incorporation into these cathode materials. XPS has been widely used for the analysis of adsorbed species and surface structure. However, the conventional XPS experiments have the severe drawback to operate at room temperature and with the sample under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, which is far from the relevant conditions of SOFC operation. The disadvantages of conventional XPS can be overcome to a large extent with a "high pressure" XPS setup installed at the BESSY II synchrotron. It allows sample depth profiling over 2 nm without sputtering by variation of the excitation energy, and most importantly measurements under a residual gas pressure in the mbar range. It is also well known that the catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction is very sensitive to their electrical conductivity and oxygen nonstoichiometry. Although the electrical conductivity of perovskite oxides has been intensively studied as a function of temperature or oxygen partial pressure (Po2), in-situ measurements of the conductivity of these materials in contact with the electrolyte as a SOFC configuration have little been reported. In order to measure the in-plane conductivity of an electrode film on the electrolyte, a substrate with high resistance is required for excluding the leakage current of the substrate. It is also hardly possible to measure the conductivity of cracked thin film by electrical methods. In this study, we report the electrical conductivity of perovskite $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}CoO_{3-{\delta}}$ (LSC) thin films on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte quantitatively obtained by in-situ IR spectroscopy. This method enables a reliable measurement of the electronic conductivity of the electrodes as part of the SOFC configuration regardless of leakage current to the substrate and cracks in the film.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1992

침상형의 ${\gamma}-Fe_{2}O_{3}$ 입자를 $Co^{+2}/Fe^{+2}$의 몰비가 0.5인 2가 금속혼합용액을 함유하는 알카리성 용액에서 $90^{\circ}C$로 가열하였다. 코발트 함량이 증가함에 따라 생성물의 보자력은 거의 직선적으로 증가하였으며 비표면적은 감소하였다. 코발트 훼라이트는 ${\gamma}-Fe_{2}O_{3}$ 결정 표면상에 에피탁시얼하게 성장되며, 보자력의 증가는 피착층인 코발트 훼라이 트의 결정 자기이방성에 기인하는 것으로 사료된다. 당량비 2이상에서 우수한 자기적 특성을 기대할 수 있 었으며 반응공정도 코발트 훼라이트 에피탁시얼 산화철의 보자력 특성에 영향을 미친다. $Co-{\gamma}-Fe_{2}O_{3}$의 온도 및 경시변화에 대한 안정성은 피착층 조성에 의해 크게 지배된다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.426-431
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• 2016

The Fe-Cr-Al alloy system shows an excellent heat resistance because of the formation of an $Al_2O_3$ film on the metal surface in an oxidizing atmosphere at high temperatures up to $1400^{\circ}C$. The Fecralloy needs an additive that can act as a binder because of its bad compactability. In this study, the green compacts of STS434L and Al powder added to Fecralloy are oxidized at $950^{\circ}C$ for up to 210 h. Fecralloy and Al is mixed by two types of ball milling. One is vented to air and the other was performed in a sealed jar. In the case of Al addition, there are no significant changes in the electrical resistance. Before the oxidation test, Al oxides are present in the Fecralloy surface, as determined from the energy dispersive spectroscopy results. The addition of Al improves the compactability because of an increased density, and the addition of STS434L increases the electrical resistivity by forming a composite oxide.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.70-79
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• 2022

Biodiesel production has attracted attention as a sustainable source of fuel and is a competitive alternate to diesel engines. The glycerol that is produced as a by-product is generally discarded as waste and can be converted to green chemicals such as acetins to increase bio-diesel profitability. Acetins find application in fuel, food, pharmaceutical and leather industries. Batch experiments and analysis have been previously conducted for synthesis of acetins using glycerol esterification reaction aided by sulfated metal oxide catalysts (SO₄^2-/CeO₂-ZrO₂). The aim of this study was to optimize process parameters: effects of mole ratio of reactants (glycerol and acetic acid), catalyst concentration and reaction temperature to maximize glycerol conversion/acetin selectivity. The optimum conditions for this reaction were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) designed as per a five-level-three-factor central composite design (CCD). Statistica software 10 was used to analyze the experimental data obtained. The optimized conditions obtained were molar ratio - 1:12, catalyst concentration - 6 wt.% and temperature -90 ℃. A packed bed reactor was fabricated and column studies were performed using the optimized conditions. The breakthrough curve was analyzed.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2024

4H-SiC power metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) have been developed to achieve lower specific-on-resistance (R_on,sp), and the gate oxides have been thermally grown. The poor channel mobility resulting from the high interface trap density (D_it) at the SiO₂/4H-SiC interface significantly affects the higher switching loss of the power device. Therefore, the development of novel fabrication processes to enhance the quality of the SiO₂/4H-SiC interface is required. In this paper, NO post-oxidation annealing (POA) by using the conditions of N₂ diluted NO at a high temperature (1,300℃) is proposed to reduce the high interface trap density resulting from thermal oxidation. The NO POA is carried out in various NO ambient (0, 10, 50, and 100% NO mixed with 100, 90, 50, and 0% of high purity N₂ gas to achieve the optimized condition while maintaining a high temperature (1,300℃). To confirm the optimized condition of the NO POA, measuring capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V), and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) are employed. It is confirmed that the POA condition of 50% NO at 1,300℃ facilitates the equilibrium state of both the oxidation and nitridation at the SiO₂/4H-SiC interface, thereby reducing the D_it.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.306-315
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• 2016

Amorphous vanadium titanates (aVTOs) are examined for use as a negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries. These amorphous mixed oxides are synthesized in nanosized particles (<100 nm) and flocculated to form secondary particles. The $V^{5+}$ ions in aVTO are found to occupy tetrahedral sites, whereas the $Ti^{4+}$ ions show fivefold coordination. Both are uniformly dispersed at the atomic scale in the amorphous oxide matrix, which has abundant structural defects. The first reversible capacity of an aVTO electrode ($295mAhg^{-1}$) is larger than that observed for a physically mixed electrode (1:2 $aV_2O_5$ | $aTiO_2$, $245mAhg^{-1}$). The discrepancy seems to be due to the unique four-coordinated $V^{5+}$ ions in aVTO, which either are more electron-accepting or generate more structural defects that serve as $Li^+$ storage sites. Coin-type Li/aVTO cells show a large irreversible capacity in the first cycle. When they are prepared under nitrogen (aVTO-N), the population of surface hydroxyl groups is greatly reduced. These groups irreversibly produce highly resistive inorganic compounds (LiOH and $Li_2O$), leading to increased irreversible capacity and electrode resistance. As a result, the material prepared under nitrogen shows higher Coulombic efficiency and rate capability.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2010

Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) and mixed diboride of (Zr0.7Ta0.3)B2 containing 30 vol.% silicon carbide (SiC) composites were prepared by hot-pressing at $1800^{\circ}C$. XRD analysis identified the high crystalline metal diboride-SiC composites at $1800^{\circ}C$. The TaB2 addition to ZrB2-SiC showed a slight peak shift to a higher angle of 2-theta of ZrB2, which confirmed the presence of a homogeneous solid solution. Elastic modulus, hardness and fracture toughness were slightly increased by addition of TaB2. A volatility diagram was calculated to understand the oxidation behavior. Oxidation behavior was investigated at $1500^{\circ}C$ under ambient and low oxygen partial pressure (pO2~10-8 Pa). In an ambient environment, the TaB2 addition to the ZrB2-SiC improved the oxidation resistance over entire range of evaluated temperatures by formation of a less porous oxide layer beneath the surface SiO2. Exposure of metal boride-SiC at low pO2 resulted in active oxidation of SiC due to the high vapor pressure of SiO (g), and, as a result, it produced a porous surface layer. The depth variations of the oxidized layer were measured by SEM. In the ZrB2-SiC composite, the thickness of the reaction layer linearly increased as a function of time and showed active oxidation kinetics. The TaB2 addition to the ZrB2-SiC composite showed improved oxidation resistance with slight deviation from the linearity in depth variation.

• 멤브레인
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.240-247
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• 2023

가스 분리 방법 중에서도, 멤브레인을 이용한 CO₂ 포집 및 분리는 지속적으로 개발되고 있는 꾸준히 성장하는 분야이다. 이온성 액체(IL) 기반 복합 막은 CO₂를 분리하는 데 있어 우수한 성능값을 보여준다. 유사하게, 다양한 공중합체/IL 복합막 또한 향상된 성능을 보여준다. 이러한 공중합체/IL 복합만에 산화그래핀과 같은 필러를 첨가하면 IL과 유기 필러 사이에서 발생하는 강한 상호작용으로 인해 필러의 효과가 더욱 향상되며, 이는 결과적으로 CO₂의 친화도, 선택도 및 흡착과 같은 요소를 향상시킨다. 금속-유기 구조체(MOF)를 사용하는 공중합체/IL 복합 막은 향상된 CO₂ 투과도를 보여주었다. 이 총설에서는 이온성 액체와 공중합체복합막의 다양한 조합에 따른 이산화탄소분리성능에 대한 상관관계를 논의한다.

• 청정기술
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.272-279
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 유기산과 여러 첨가제들을 사용하여 상수도의 정수장이나 배수지 벽면에 침적되어 있는 스케일 제거에 활용할 수 있는 친환경적인 세정제를 개발하고 현장 적용을 수행하였다. 정수장의 벽면의 스케일 분석결과 산화규소($SiO_2$), 산화알루미늄($Al_2O_3$), 산화철($Fe_2O_3$), 산화망간(MnO) 등 주로 금속산화물로 이루어져 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 여러 유기산 중에서 말릭산(malic acid), 말론산(malonic acid), 시트릭산(citric acid)과 산화규소를 제외한 산화알루미늄, 산화철, 산화망간 등의 금속산화물에 비교적 좋은 용해력을 보여주었다. 이들 유기산들을 일정 무게비율로 배합하여 산화알루미늄, 산화철, 산화망간의 혼합 금속산화물의 용해력 실험 결과 여러 유기산 배합 비율 중 말릭산, 말론산, 시트릭산이 6 : 2 : 2 배합비율로 만든 10 wt% 유기산 혼합용액이 정수장 및 배수지의 스케일 제거효율이 약 29%로 가장 뛰어났음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이들 유기산 혼합용액에 비이온 계면활성제를 첨가하여 배합한 세정제 용액이 유기산 혼합용액만을 사용한 경우보다 더욱 높은 금속산화물 용해력을 가지는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 특히, 알콜에톡실레이트 계열의 LA-7 비이온계면활성제를 0.2% 첨가하는 경우 약 35%의 스케일 제거효율을 보여주었다. 그렇지만 유기산 혼합용액에 살균제를 첨가하는 경우 스케일 제거효율이 저하되었다. 이것은 계면활성제가 오염물의 유화분산 성질에 의해 스케일 제거력 향상에 도움을 주지만 살균제의 경우에는 살균제의 산화력에 의하여 스케일의 물에 대한 용해력을 떨어뜨려 스케일 제거에 방해를 하기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 기초실험 결과를 바탕으로 유기산 혼합용액에 첨가제인 계면활성제, 살균제 등을 넣고 배합된 세정제를 사용하여 D시의 상수도 정수장 및 배수지의 스케일 세척시험에 성공적으로 적용시킬 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1220-1225
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• 2011

논토양 종류가 메탄배출에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 적황색토인 화동통과 회색토인 신흥통을 공시하여 벼 재배기간중 메탄배출량, 산화환원전위 및 토양중 산화물 함량을 분석하였다. 적황색토에서 메탄배출이 회색토에 비해 유의하게 낮았으며, 산화환원전위는 상대적으로 높았다. 적황색토는 회색토에 비해 쉽게 환원될 수 있는 Active oxide 함량은 낮은 반면, 상대적으로 안정성이 높은 Free oxide의 함량이 높았다. 따라서 논토양 종류별 메탄배출은 벼 재배기간중 산화환원전위와 토양중 Geothite, Hematite 등과 같은 메탄산화제의 함량에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.