• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.253-259
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• 1997

Holstein Friesian and Jersey crossbreds are being widely introduced in the state of Gujarat in India. This paper evaluates feeding practices at farm level and examines whether the crossbreds fit into the existing mixed farm systems. Over a period of four years milk-offtake and feeds offered were recorded for 1331 cows at fortnightly intervals. The breed and the amount of concentrates fed contributed most to the variation in milk offtake. The introduction of crossbred cattle has a major impact on smallholder mixed farming systems. Crossbreds produced, on average, 1.8 times more milk than Desi, Gir, and Kankrej cows. They were fed 1.4 times more concentrates, and about 1.2 times more green and dry feeds than local cows. The major limiting constraint is the quality of the roughages offered. Farmers with crossbreds try to adjust their feeding of concentrates according to the needs of their cows. On tribal farms, local cows produced less milk than on non-tribal farms, whereas crossbreds produced the same amount of milk on both tribal and non-tribal farms. Crossbreds fit into the farming systems of both tribal and non-tribal farmers. The differences in agro-climatic characteristics between different areas in Gujarat were not reflected in differences in milk offtakes.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.161-172
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• 2018

우리나라 농업 농촌은 경영 개선을 위해 유기농 쌀 생산과 더불어 담수어를 생산하는 복합영농이 시작되었다. 본 연구는 복합영농이 환경, 생태적 기능에 얼마나 가치가 있는지 알아보았다. 연구방법은 전문가 평가와 습지평가체계(RAM)를 분석하였다. 전문가 조사 결과 양서파충류 서식처(2.39), 수서곤충 서식처(2.36), 어류 서식처(2.34), 식생다양성(2.13), 조류 서식처(2.05) 등 생물다양성 분야와 체험/생태교육(2.29) 기능이 1순위로 구분되었다. Modified RAM를 통해 관행논과 복합논의 습지기능평가를 실시한 결과 복합논이 대부분의 평가기능 항목에서 기능이 향상 되는 것으로 평가되었다. 보전가치 판단기준은 관행논 향상에서 복합논 보전으로 가치가 향상 되었다. 연구결과 복합영농은 관행논에 비해 습지 기능이 탁월하게 개선되는 것을 평가를 통해 알 수 있었다. 논은 국가 생물다양성 유지에 지대한 역할을 수행하며, 기후조절, 탄소저감 등 다양한 생태계서비스를 제공하는 공간으로 평가받는다. 복합영농 실현은 논의 다양한 생태계서비스 기능을 증진시켜 줄 뿐 아니라 물고기 생산이라는 부가가치를 통한 농가의 소득증대와 그로 인한 체험, 전통계승 등의 사회적 기능 증진에도 유용 할 수 있다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 습지기능평가가 높게 개선된 항목과 전문가들로부터 높은 개선이 예상된 항목을 실재 운영 시 정량 평가 및 조사하여 생산되는 물고기과 쌀의 친환경 이미지를 제고시키고 브랜드, 음식, 체험, 논농업 직불제 등 다양한 분야로 활용하도록 연구를 추가적으로 추진해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2009

Crop-livestock mixed farming systems depend on the efficiency with which nutrients are conserved and recycled. Home-grown forage is used as animal feed and animal excretions are applied to cultivated crop lands as manure. The objective of this study was to develop a mixed farming system model for dairy cattle in Japan. The model consisted of four sub-models: the nutrient requirement model, based on the Japanese Feeding Standards to determine requirements for energy, crude protein, dry matter intake, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin A; the optimum diet formulation model for determining the optimum diets that satisfy nutrient requirements at lowest cost, using linear programming; the herd dynamic model to calculate the numbers of cows in each reproductive cycle; and the whole farm optimization model to evaluate whole farm management from economic and environmental viewpoints and to optimize strategies for the target farm or system. To examine the model' validity, its predictions were compared against best practices for dairy farm management. Sensitivity analyses indicated that higher yielding cows lead to better economic results but higher emvironmental load in dairy cattle systems integrated with forage crop production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.621-628
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• 1997

This study aimed to quantify the impact of crossbreeding at farm level, in mixed farm systems in Gujarat. Households with crossbred cattle did not differ from households without crossbreds in terms of farm resources, crop gross margins and off-farm income. The use of crossbred animals did increase livestock gross margins by 64% and household income by 22%. The three agro-ecological zones included in this study differed considerably according to farm system and household income. However, in all three zones, households with crossbreds had higher livestock gross margins than households without crossbreds. There was no real difference in work load and labour division between households with and without crossbreds. There was also no difference in the use of bullocks for draught purposes between the two types of households. In particular buffaloes are being replaced by crossbred cattle. There was a large variation in farm income, largely because of land area. The milk offake per average cow and the number of buffaloes also related positively to farm income in both types of households. Crossbreeding has proved technically and financially viable in different Gujarat mixed farming systems. It can be concluded that crossbreeding is an important development option for landless farmers.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.286-294
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• 2020

본 연구는 복합생태농업을 수행하고 있는 유기농 논에서 제공하는 쌀 생산 및 다양한 생태계서비스를 경제적으로 평가하고자 하였다. 또한 복합생태농업을 위한 유기논의 구조에 따른 경제성을 평가하여 쌀 생산 농가의 소득증대와 생태계서비스 증진을 위한 안정적인 구조를 찾고자 수행하였다. 복합생태계 농업 유형에 따른 생태계서비스 기능별 기대효과 분석결과, 일반 관행논은 양서파충류, 수서곤충, 조류서식처, 체험/생태교육, 식생다양성 등 생물다양성이 지속적으로 낮아지는 영향을 미칠 것으로 평가되었다. 반면 유기 논습지 및 복합생태 논습지의 생물다양성은 높아지는 것으로 평가되었다. 경제적 가치를 평가한 결과, 일반 관행 논습지와 유기 논습지에 비해 어류 생산을 위한 둠벙의 면적이 증가할수록 쌀 생산량은 줄어드나 어류의 생산량은 증가하여 총 소득은 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 더불어 향후 생태계서비스 기능 가치를 평가한다면 더욱 증가 할 것으로 판단되어진다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 활용하여 쌀 산업의 공급과잉 문제해결, 안전적인 농가 소득보전, 지속 가능한 농업, 생태계서비스 기능 향상을 위한 기초자료로 활용되길 기대한다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.97-110
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• 2000

An organic agriculture should be managed by mixed farming in farm unit as a closed recycling system. Due to restricted purchased of fertilizers from outside, organic farmer has to deal with limited amount of nutrient source in farm unit. Especially the supply of the essential nutrient, nitrogen, mostly depends on legumes fixing nitrogen optimizing the site-adapted crop rotation. Dynamics of humus and metabolic plant carbon and active soil carbon compartment in active and passive humuspool by rotation system was explained, and dynamics of potentially mineralizable nitrogen in organic nitrogen and biomass was discussed. It was also discussed comparison of ammonia emission, potential greenhouse effect, primary energy input, acidification potential, CO2 emission between organic and conventional farming, the nitrate-nitrogen dynamic in the soil profile by organic, integrated and conventional farming system. In conclusion, it was suggested for Korean Organic Agriculture that the importance of legumes and green manures in rotation system for increase/maintenance of soil ferfility, and was pointed out the need of investment for environment impact of Korean organic farming implement.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권spc호
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• pp.178-181
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• 2011

The test was carried out at a test field at the Wanju Eco-Farming Complex from 2009 to 2010 to figure out the proper application of fertilizers when growing rice at the Eco-Farming Complex. The result showed that when compared to the basal application of compost as fertilizer, applying supplementary compost after natural re-seeding of chinese milk vetch (CMV) helped balance soil nutrition and maintained rice yields.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.295-305
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• 2013

Purpose: Recent research showed that total mixed ration (TMR) feeding for pigs improved the productivity and reduced feed cost and manure odor. An automatic TMR feeding system was developed for this study because the conventional feeder cannot deliver the TMR containing roughage. Methods: Conventional feeding systems and physical properties of TMR were surveyed, and performance tests of the conventional feeder were conducted to develop a TMR feeder. Based on the TMR feeder was developed and installed, driving, measuring weight, radio frequency identification (RFID) reading, and discharging test for feeding were conducted to ensure the performance. Results: Moisture content, density, and angle of repose of the TMR 1 (mixture of 30% cut IRG silage and 70% concentrates) were 31.6%, 387 $kg/m^3$, and $51^{\circ}$, respectively. Moisture content, density, and angle of repose of the TMR 2 (mixture of 45% concentrates, 30% cut IRG silage and by-products, 10% bean curd refuse, 10% others, and 5% fermenter) were 22.2%, 544 $kg/m^3$, and $50^{\circ}$, respectively. The coefficient of variation (C.V.) of conventional concentrate feeding were 1.9~4.1%, and C.V. of TMR containing 1~3% cut IRG roughage feeding by conventional feeder were 9~42%. The conventional disc type feeder was not suitable for TMR feeding because the supply unit was clogged. The C.V. of TMR 1 was 0.6~7.9% when 0.5~10 kg of the TMR supplied, and it was suitable for feeding grow-finish pigs and sows. On the contrary, the C.V. with TMR 2 was 28% when 0.5 kg of the TMR supplied, and it was not suitable for feeding sows. Conclusions: The TMR feeder developed in this study was suitable for feeding grow-finish pigs because the feeder performed stably with over 5.0 kg feed. However, the feeder showed a lack of accuracy for feeding sows because the amount of each feed was more than 0.5 kg per a feeding. Therefore, the improvement of outlet structure for accurate feeding is needed for sow feeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.733-745
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• 2001

This review paper discusses the relevance and potential importance of food-feed systems in Asian agricultural systems, and in particular the role and contribution of legumes to these systems. A food-feed system is one that maintains, if not increases, the yield of food crops, sustains soil fertility, and provides dietary nutrients for animals. It involves a cropping pattern within which the feed crop has many beneficial effects without competing for land, soil nutrients and water with the food crops. The agricultural environment is described with reference to the priority agro-ecological zones and prevailing mixed farming systems in Asia. Within these systems, animal production is severely hampered by critical feed shortages which can however, be alleviated by the integration of suitable leguminous forages into the cropping systems. The review also focuses on the role and potential importance of leguminous forages in terms of biodiversity, their uses in farming systems, beneficial effects on animal performance, and draws attention to six case studies in different countries that clearly demonstrate many benefits of developing such food-feed systems. Considerable opportunities exist for widening the use of forage legumes in the development of systems with several complementary advantages (e.g. fenceline, cover crops, fodder banks, forage source and erosion control) to improve the development of sustainable crop-animal systems in Asia.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.69-82
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• 2022

본 연구는 상시 담수 상태의 복합생태 논습지에서 유기농 벼-큰징거미새우 복합생산 조건 시 1) 논습지 토양 화학성 및 세균 군집 특성을 파악하여 토양 화학성과 세균 간의 상관관계를 분석하고, 2) 유기농 벼 단작 토양과 관행 벼 단작 토양의 세균 군집과 비교하여 유기농 복합생태 토양의 미생물 다양성을 비교 분석하는 것이다. 토양 화학성의 경우 유기농 복합생산 운영 기간이 길수록 유효인산과 유기물 함량이 증가한다. 모든 토양 시료에서 문(Phylum) 수준의 세균 분석 결과 9개의 주요 문이 분포되어 있으며, 모든 토양 시료에서 Proteobacteria가 우점하고 있다. 속(Genus) 수준 분셕 결과 37개의 주요 속이 분류되었으며, 벤다이어그램 분석 결과 모든 토양 시료에 존재하는 250개의 OTU가 분류되었고, 유기농 벼재배 토양에 특화된 561개의 OTU가 관찰되었다. 주좌표분석 결과 관행 벼 단작 토양의 세균 군집과 비교하여 유기농 벼 단작 토양과 유기농 복합생태 논습지 토양의 세균 군집 간 유사도가 높은 것으로 나타났다.