• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.3-8
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• 2020

Genital lymphedema (GL) is an uncommon and disabling disease that manifests as enlargement of the genital region resulting from the disturbance of lymphatic drainage. Although conservative treatment such as decompression is typically the first-line approach, surgical intervention has been shown to be effective in certain cases. This study aimed to systematically review studies evaluating available surgical alternatives for the treatment of male GL. A systematic search strategy using keyword and subject headings was applied to PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library in May 2019. Studies investigating various surgical techniques to treat penile and scrotal lymphedema were included. The potential risk of bias of included trials was evaluated using the methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS). In total, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria, nine of which were determined to be high-quality. The average MINORS score was 12.45 for studies involving excision and 14 for studies involving lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA). The most common reason for a low score was a failure to describe the inclusion criteria. Recurrence of lymphedema during follow-up was reported in four studies involving excision and in no studies involving LVA. In general, the quality of the included literature was considered to be fair. Although surgical intervention might not always prevent the recurrence of lymphedema, all of the studies reported improved quality of life after the procedure. This study could be used as the basis for evidence-based guidelines to be applied in clinical practice for managing male GL.

• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1999

One of the main reason advocating redundant manipulators' superiority in application is that they can afford to optimize a dexterity measure, for example the manipulability measure. However, to obtain the gradient of the manipulability is not an easy task in case of general manipulator with high degrees of redundancy. This article proposes a method to compute the gradient of the manipulability, based on recursive algorithm to compute the Jacobian and its derivative using Denavit-Hartenberg parameters only. To characterize the null motion of redundant manipulators, the null space matrix using square minors of the Jacobian is also proposed. With these capabilities, the inverse kinematics of a redundant manipulator system can be done automatically. The result is easily extended to dual manipulator system using the relative kinematics.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.279-287
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• 2012

Let $k$ be a field containing the field $\mathbb{Q}$ of rational numbers and let $R=k[x_{ij}{\mid}1{\leq}i{\leq}m,\;1{\leq}j{\leq}n]$ be the polynomial ring over a field $k$ with indeterminates $x_{ij}$. Let $I_t(X)$ be the determinantal ideal generated by the $t$-minors of an $m{\times}n$ matrix $X=(x_{ij})$. Eagon and Hochster proved that $I_t(X)$ is a perfect ideal of grade $(m-t+1)(n-t+1)$. We give a structure theorem for a class of determinantal ideals of grade 3. This gives us a characterization that $I_t(X)$ has grade 3 if and only if $n=m+2$ and $I_t(X)$ has the minimal free resolution $\mathbb{F}$ such that the second dierential map of $\mathbb{F}$ is a matrix defined by complete matrices of grade $n+2$.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2009

Children are not small adults and there is a need to carry out specific trials that cannot be performed in adults. In general, children (minors) are unable to consent but their assent should be obtained using age appropriate information. Institutional Review Board (IRB) need paediatric expertise to balance the benefits and risks of research in children. The lack of consent has implications on the design, analysis and the choice of comparators used in the trials, which should only be performed by trained investigators with paediatric experience. Pain, fear, distress and parental separation should be prevented and minimised when unavoidable. The children requires even more careful review. Children represent a vulnerable population with developmental, physiological and psychological differences from adults, which make age- and development- related research important for their benefit. Finally, criteria for the protection of children in clinical trials therefore need to be laid down. Specific protection should be defined for research performed in children, at all stages and ages.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 심포지엄 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.225-227
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• 2007

Multi-Rater Feedback valuation is a way that guarantees an impartial personnel administration which can cut normal valuation by superiors. The Multi-Rater Feedback committee which is made of seniors, colleagues and minors. In this study, we build the computerize system with Multi-Rater Feedback which is very important factor on valuation. With this system provide data continuity, objectivity and equity, further convenience to members of the participation and efficient work management.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.321-325
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• 1989

해양 생물에는 육지 생물에 비해 훨씬 다양하고 특이한 구조의 sterol이 나타나고 있으며 이런 특질들은 화학자들에게 여러가지 흥미있는 생화학적 혹은 유기화학적인 관심을 불러 일으며 왔다. 본 연구에서는 한국산 청각(Codium fragile)으로부터 3개의 sterol 성분을 분리 확인하였다. 주 sterol 성분은 탄소가 29인 clerosterol 였으며 codisterol과 cholesterol도 소량 발견되었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 1975

This experiment was designed to elucidate the environmental factors in rhizosphers of bamboo forest that affect the distribution and the population size of Azotobacter, and also to estimate the annual productivities of nitrogen fixed by Azotobacter species. The results of this experiment can be summarized as follows ; The rhizosphere of bamboo forest contained high free sugars as of 3-8 times more than non-rhizosphere (Bacon, 1968), and the contents of organic matter and amino acids of that are reltively higher than this. Because of high content of potassium, average of soil pH is near at 7.0. As above-mentioned enviromental factors, the population sizes of Actinomycetes, general fungi, general bacteria and Azotobacters are larger than those of non-rhizosphere and the ofllowings are general fungi and general bacteria by turns. Azotobacter is dependent upon the antagonistic Actinomycetes. The main carbon source for Azotobacter in nitrogn flxation at the rhizosphere was glucose and minors were fructose, maltose and sucrose by turns. Annual gains of nitrogen by Azotobacters in soil of bamboo forest within 10cm from surface are estimated as of 88.94 kg/ha at site A, 60.4kg/ha at site B and 67.38kg/ha at site C, respectively.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.321-328
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• 2013

In this paper, we present a technique for obtaining conflict-free schedules for real-time automation protocol for industrial Ethernet (RAPIEnet) switches. Mathematical model of the switch is obtained using graph theory. Initially network traffic entry and exit parts in a single RAPIEnet switch are identified, so that a bipartite conflict graph can be constructed. The obtained conflict graph is transformed to three kinds of matrices to be used as inputs for our simulation model, and selection of any of the matrix forms is application-specific. A greedy edge-coloring algorithm is used to schedule the network traffic and to solve the minimum coloring problem. After scheduling, empty slots are identified for forwarding the non real-time traffic of asynchronous devices. Finally, an algorithm for synchronizing the schedules of adjacent switches is proposed using edge-contraction and minors. All simulations were carried out using Matlab.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.275-290
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• 2005

Let $S\;=\;R[\chi_{ij}\mid1\;{\le}\;i\;{\le}\;m,\;1\;{\le}\;j\;{\le}\;n]$ be the polynomial ring over a noetherian commutative ring R and $I_p$ be the determinantal ideal generated by the $p\;\times\;p$ minors of the generic matrix $(\chi_{ij})(1{\le}P{\le}min(m,n))$. We describe a minimal free resolution of $S/I_{p}$, in the case m = n = p + 2 over $\mathbb{Z}$.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2005

목 적 : 청소년들이 주로 담배를 어디서 구입하는 지와 담배 구입시 어느 정도 신분 확인이 이루어지고 있는 가를 조사하고, 성별과 학력에 따른 흡연율 및 흡연 습관, 신분 확인이 담배 구입에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 방 법 : 수도권 지역의 위성도시에 거주하고 있는 남녀 중, 고등학생 2,200명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 통계처리는 Chi-square test, chi-square for trend 및 백분율로 나타내었다. 결 과 : 담배를 한 번이라도 피워 본 경험이 있는 사람은 전체 응답자의 20%였으며, 대체로 남학생이 여학생보다 흡연율이 높았고, 남학생인 경우 고학력일수록 흡연율이 높았다(P<0.001). 담배를 구입하는 가장 흔한 경로는 상점에서 직접 사는 것(36.3%)이었고, 다음으로 친구나 가족에게 빌리는 경우(29.2%), 다른 사람에게 부탁하여 사는 경우(15.8%) 순이었다. 남녀로 나누어 분석한 결과 남녀 모두 직접 상점에서 사는 경우와 다른 사람에게 빌리는 방법이 담배를 구입하는 주된 경로이었으며, 그 외 여학생인 경우 남학생에 비해 다른 사람에게 부탁하여 사거나 훔치는 방법을 많이 이용하였다. 학년별로는 저학년의 경우 빌리는 방법을 이용하였으며 고학년일수록 직접 상점에서 담배를 구입하였다. 담배 구입시 48.8%에서 미성년자 신분 확인을 받았으며, 신분 확인을 받았던 경우 그렇지 않았던 경우에 비해 담배 구입이 어려웠다고 하였으며(P<0.001), 신분확인은 단순히 나이를 묻는 경우보다 주민등록증을 요구하는 경우 더 담배구입에 어려움이 있었다(P=0.019). 결 론 : 앞으로 청소년들의 담배 접근을 줄이기 위하여 미성년자에게 담배 판매를 금지시키는 방법을 다양하게 개발하여야하며 담배 소매업자와 사회 공동체의 교육이 강화되어져야 하겠다. 이를 통하여 청소년과 성인 모두 금연을 위한 포괄적인 접근, 즉 지역 공동체와 학교 프로그램, 담배 대체물의 마케팅, 흡연율의 변화를 볼 수 있는 시스템의 평가와 감시 등이 이루어져야 할 것으로 보인다.