• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.194-200
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• 2007

In order to enhance the functionality and storage period of traditional fermented foods, the strain CH-14, which To enhance the quality of traditional fermented foods, and to lengthen acceptable storage periods, a bacterial strain, CH-14, showing potent enzyme activities and antibacterial capabilities, was isolated and characterize4 The bacterium wn Gram-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, formed endospores, expressed flagella, was rod-shaped, and had dimensions of 0.5 0.7m and 3.5 4.2m. The bacterium CH-14 was identified as Bacillus subtilis using Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, and an API 50 CHL Carbohydrate Test Kit. An optimum growth medium contained 2% (w/v) cellobiose as a carbon source, a mixture of 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract and 0.5% (w/v) peptone as nitrogen sources, and 0.05% (w/v) $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$. The optimal culture temperature and the optimal initial pH were in the ranges of 30 $45^{\circ}C$ and 4.5 10.0, respectively. Maximum production of the antibacterial substance occurred after 24h of culture. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the antibacterial substance were 5mg bacterial dry weight/mL against E. coli and P. mirabilis, and 10 mg/mL against S. aureus, S. enteritidis and V. parahaemolyticus.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.168-178
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• 2010

Objective : The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobical effect of horseradish root extracts against Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum isolated from oral cavity compared with reference strain, and compared with that of chlorhexidine. Method : Horseradish root extracts and chlorhexidine were sequentially diluted and tested against anaerobes(E. faecalis, F. nucleatum) isolated from children's oral cavity. The microbes were anaerobically incubated and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) were detected. Results :1. Horseradish root extracts showed antimicrobial effect against E. faecalis isolated strain at same or slightly higher concentration compared with MIC of reference strain. 2. $625.0\sim1,250.0{\mu}g/ml$ horseradish root extracts showed similar antimicrobial effect with chlorhexidine($7.8\sim15.6{\mu}g/ml$). 3. Horseradish root extracts showed antimicrobial effect against F. nucleatum isolated strain at same or slightly higher concentration compared with MIC of reference strain. 4. $78.1\sim312.5{\mu}g/ml$ horseradish root extracts showed similar antimicrobial effect with chlorhexidine($7.8\sim15.6{\mu}g/ml$). Conclusions : The results of this study confirm that horseradish root extracts has antimicrobial effect against anaerobes isolated from oral cavity as well as reference strain. And we found the potential of horseradish root extracts as a canal irrigant or disinfectant.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.455-471
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• 2014

Objectives: This experiment was done for investigating antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and Scutellariae Radix extract, Phellodendri Cortex extract, Coptis Rhizoma extract, Gardenia Jasminoides extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: After administering S. aureus on a bacterial culture media plate, antimicrobial activity was tested by dripping $80{\mu}l$ diluted Hwangryunheadok-tang and Scutellariae Radix extract, Phellodendri Cortex extract, Coptis Rhizoma extract, and Gardenia Jasminoides extract (100%, 50%, 10%, 1%) on plates that were cultivated for a span of time from 16 to 72 hours. Also, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was tested by dripping the minimum dilution density solution that has antimicrobial activity between $80{\mu}l$ and $20{\mu}l$ ($80{\mu}l$, $60{\mu}l$, $40{\mu}l$, $20{\mu}l$) in measure of density. Antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and four kinds of extracts against S. aureus was continually displayed. Results: 1. S. aureus (Standard Microorganism, ATCC) (1) Antimicrobial activity was displayed for Hwangryunheadok-tang, Scutellariae Radix extract, and Phellodendri Cortex extract respectively in the undiluted solution and 50% of diluted magnification. Gardenia Jasminoides extract showed its activity only in the undiluted solution; Coptis Rhizoma extract showed its activity down to 10% of diluted magnification. The antimicrobial activity of the undiluted solution was increased when the volume of inoculation increased. But, there was no difference when time was extended for cultivation. (2) MIC of Hwangryunheadok-tang, Scutellariae Radix extract was 50%, $20{\mu}l$. Coptis Rhizoma extract was 10%, $20{\mu}l$, Phellodendri Cortex extract was 50%, $80{\mu}l$ and Gardenia Jasminoides extract was 100%, $60{\mu}l$. 2. S. aureus isolated from diarrheal patients (1) When compared to standard microorganism, MIC has decreased. As a result, their antimicrobial activity has increased. (2) Antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and four extracts was continually shown in extending of the time, 16, 24 and 72 hours. Conclusions: The author comes to the conclusion that Hwangryunheadok-tang, and four kinds of extracts have antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. Especially, when comparing standard microorganisms with S. aureus isolated from diarrheal patients, some cases showed that antimicrobial activity of all the extracts were better than antibiotics. Thus, if a further study is performed, the use of Hwangryunheadok-tang, and four kinds of extracts will be valuable and beneficial in clinical treatments.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2000

Ninety two strains of Streptococcus pyogenes were isolated from patients with pharyngitis, scarlet fever, skin infection, and invasive streptococcal infections in Seoul, Korea from January to December, 1998. All isolates were epidemiologically characterized by T protein serotype, and serum opacity factor (OF) detection to phenotypes. To analyze the genetic relationship, fifty two isolates including 32 erythromycin-clindamycin (Em-Cm) resistant strains, 20 antimicrobial susceptible strains were attempted to the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). T protein serotype showed 16 kinds in distribution including T12 and T4. Among the total isolates, 40 strains (43.5%) belonged to the T12 serotype and twenty strains (21.7%) to T4 serotype. On the other hand, when infection aspect of S. pyogenes isolates were analysed by T serotype distribution, T12 type was predominant for pharyngitidis which contributed to 21 strains (53%) and for skin infection isolates which contributed to 11 strains (28%), respectively. In case of T4 type, it was the most predominant pharyngitidis isolates which contributed to 8 strains (40%). In T serotype distribution of Em-Cm resistant strains, 27 strains (84%) of the thirty two showed T12 serotype. In minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Em-Cm resistance isolates, thirty two isolates showed resistant to erythromycin 27 strains (84%), had high MIC of >$128\;{\mu}g/ml$. And also to clindamycin, twenty two strains (69%) had high MIC of >$128\;{\mu}g/ml$. When OF detection of Em-Cm resistance of S. pyogenes isolates were analyzed by T serotype distribution, T12 serotype isolates revealed that all of the isolates except one strain were OF negative. In PFGE profile analysis to Em-Cm resistance isolates, of the twenty seven, Em-Cm resistance of T12 serotype isolates, 26 strains showed identical PFGE profile and all of these isolates revealed that OF negative. Eighty four percent of Em-Cm resistance S. pyogenes isolates had identical phenotype and PFGE profile. These results strongly suggested that the Em-Cm resistant S. pyogenes isolates from Seoul area showed close genetic correlation and PFGE could be available tool for molecular epidemiology.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.233-238
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• 2012

Diarrheal diseases constitute one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children globally. One of the main microorganisms causing diarrheal diseases is Campylobacter jejuni. For treatment of these diseases, Portulaca oleracea has been widely used as a folk remedy for a long time. This study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of P. oleracea against gastroenteritis pathogens including C. jejuni. P. oleracea was extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate, methanol, and hot water. The antimicrobial activity of the P. oleracea extracts was determined using the paper disc method, minimum inhibitory concentration, and the liquid culture method. The 10 $mg/m{\ell}$ ethylacetate extract showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteriditis, and Shigella spp.. The hot water extract from P. oleracea showed the highest anti-microbial activity against C. jejuni at 10~20 $mg/m{\ell}$. The hot water extract of P. oleracea retarded the growth of C. jejuni for 36 hr at $42^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.302-307
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• 2003

Although, in human medicine, strains of methicillin-resistant staphylococi have become the most important causative agents of nosocomial infections, studies on the small animals are very. limited. The aim of this study was to determine mecA gene and susceptibility to antibiotics of staphylococci strains isolated from clinically ill or healthy dogs and cats, during the period August 2002-July 2003. A total of 136 staphylococci (87 coagulase-positive and 49 coagulase-negative) were investigated for antibiotic resistance, using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The mecA gene was detected using the polymerase chain reaction. The isolates belonged to the species S. aureus (53 isolates), S. intermedius (34 isolates), S. epidermidis (26 isolates) and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS, 23 isolates). Of the 136 isolates, 43 (31.6%) were mecA-positive and the frequency of the ,presence of mecA gene varied among the different species. All S. aureus strains were mecA-negative and were found to be susceptible, with an oxacillin MIC $\leq$1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. Five (13.6%) isolates of 36 that exhibited oxacillin resistance on the MIC testing were found to be mecA-negative, suggesting not all mecA-positive strains may be an oxacillin resistant. However, the mecA presence of the strains was correlated with high oxacillin resistance: 71.4% (10 isolates of 14; P < 0.001) for mecA-positive S. intermedius and 72.4% (21 isolates of 29; P < 0.001) for mecA-positive CNS isolates. About 69% (94 isolates of 136) showed resistance to at least one drug, and 22.8% (31 isolates) were resistant to four or more different drug classes. Resistance (36 isolates, 71.7%) to penicillin G was a common finidng. This study suggest that the mecA-positive staphylococci are prevalent in small animals, and selection of antibiotics to treat infections caused by mecA-positive staphylococci may be very limited because of multi-drug resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 2006

대황(Rhubarb)은 중국과 일본에서 혈액 순환제, 진통제, 신장치료제 등으로 전통적으로 사용되고 있는 약용식물이다. 이 연구에서는 한국산 R. undulatum L.의 뿌리 추출물, 미국산 R. rhabarbarum L.과 중국산 R. palmatum L.의 줄기 추출물의 두부 부패에 관여하는 미생물에 대한 항균 활성을 평가하였다. Rhubarb의 최적 추출을 위해서 각각 50%, 70%, 80% 에탄올을 용매로 사용하였으며, 항균 활성은 Kirby-Bauert test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)과 minimum bactericide concentration (MBC)에 의해서 평가되었다. Kirby-Bauert test 결과, R. undulatum L.의 뿌리 추출물은 대부분 두부 부패균에 대해서 항균 활성을 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, R. rhabarbarum L.의 줄기 추출물의 경우는 $20{\mu}g/disc$의 농도에서는 항균 활성이 거의 나타나질 않았으나, 고농도로 갈수록 높은 항균 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 R. palmatum L.의 줄기 추출물은 고농도로 갈수록 항균 활성이 높아졌으나, Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 관해서는 항균 활성이 나타나지 않았다. MIC와 MBC에 의한 항균 활성 평가실험에서는, 세 종류의 rhubarb 추출물 중에서 phenolic 화합물이 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 R. undulatum L.의 뿌리 추출물보다 R. rhabarbarum L.의 줄기 추출물이 MIC와 MBC 값이 낮았다. 이는 phenolic 화합물의 양 이외에 낮은 pH가 항균 활성에 영향을 준 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해서 rhubarb 추출물은 두부 부패에 관여하는 미생물에 대해서 항균 활성을 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, 천연 항균제로써 식품에 적용 가능성이 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 87.1%이었으며, 아침을 매일 먹는 채식남학생은 78.8%, 비채식남학생은 33.3%, 채식여학생 47.1%, 비채식여학생 39.6%이었다. 또한 식사의 양은 과식한다는 응답이 채식남학생 24.2%, 비채식남학생 38.1%, 채식여학생은 29.4%, 비채식여학생 40.6%으로 비책식군의 과식율이 높았다. 5. 식품 섭취빈도는 두부 및 콩제품을 매일 섭취하는 경우는 채식남학생 54.6%, 비채식남학생 16.7%, 채식여학생은 38.2%, 비채식여학생이 16.8%이었다. 우유 및 유제품을 매일 섭취하는 경우는 채식남학생 6.1%, 비채식남학생 33.3%, 채식여학생 14.7%, 비채식여학생은 21.8%이었으며, 녹차, 커피 등 차를 마시지 않는다는 비율은 채식남학생 69.7%, 비채식남학생 28.6%, 채식여학생 29.4%, 비채식여학생 25.7%이었다. 인스턴트 식품을 매일 섭취한다는 응답율이 채식남학생 9.1%, 비채식남학생 21.4%, 채식여학생은 17.7%, 비채식여학생은 14.9%이었다. 6. 운동, 체중 조절 등에 대한 조사 결과 항상 운동을 하는 경우는 채식남학생 30.3%, 비채식남학생 28.6%, 채식여학생 14.7%, 비채식여학생 18.8%이었으며 운동시간은 $1{\sim}2$시간 하는 경우는 채식남학생 30.3%, 비채식남학생 38.1%, 채식여학생은 8.8%, 비채식여학생은 17.8%이었다. 체중에 만족하는 정도를 보면 채식남학생 57.6%, 비채식남학생 23.8%, 채식여학생은 23.5%, 비채식여학생은 15.8%가 만족한다고 하였다. 체중 조절 경험에서 경험이 있는 경우가 채식남학생 3.0%, 비채식남학생 31.0%, 채식여학생은 23.5%, 비채식여학생 31.7%이었다. 7. 골밀도 BQI값과와 몇가지 요인의 상관관계를 살펴보았을때, 채식남학생은 영양보충제의 섭취와 유의적인 양의 상관관계를, 해조류의 섭취정도와 유의적인 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.4
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• pp.132-140
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• 1986

Eighty one products from 36 kinds of vitamin and mineral feed supplement collected during August, 1984 to February, 1985 were examined for microbiological contamination. In addition, 83 strains of coliform isolated from the samples were tested for the resistance to 8 kinds of antimicrobial drugs and distribution of R plasmid. General bacteria were detected in all of samples tested. Bacterial population was varied from less than 10 per gram of the sample to 1,400,000 per gram and 34 (42%) of 81 samples were contaminated with 100 to 1,000 cells per gram. Coliform isolation, which was more frequent in samples with larger number of general bacteria, was possible in 14 (17.3%) out of 81 samples tested and 6 (33.3%) out of 18 companies were coliform positive in their products. Forty one (49.4%) out of 83 coliform isolates were fecal coliform. The frequency of resistant strains was the highest to sulfadimethoxine (Sa) with 92.8% and followed by streptomycin (Sm, 67.5%), tetracycline (Tc, 50.6%), kanamycin (Km, 26.5%), chloramphenicol (Cm, 18.1%) and ampicillin (Am, 15.7%). No strain was resistant to nalidixic acid (Na) and gentamicin (Gm). The resistance frequency of fecal coliform strains were higher compare to non-fecal coliform strains. There were minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of $3,200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ or higher in 7 strains to Am, 3 to Sm and 3 to Km, and 70 strains had MIC of $1,600{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of higher to Sa while Tc had MICs from $1.6{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ to $400{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. All strains had MICs of $6.3{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of lower to Na and $3.1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of lower to Gm. Seventy nine (95.2%) of 83 strains were resistant to one or more drugs tested. The most frequent resistance patterns were SaSm (14.5%) and followed by SaSmTc(12%), SaSmTcKm(8.4%) SaTc (8.4%) and SaSmKm (7.2%) ; total 19 different patterns were noted. Thirty two (40.5%) of 79 resistant strains were transferred all of a part of their resistance to Escherichia coli ML 1410. The frequency of transferable resistance was high in Am (100%) and Cm (80%) while low in Tc (38.1%), Sa (18.2%), Sm (17.9%) and Km (4.5%).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.667-673
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• 2017

This study was carried out to verify the antimicrobial effect of Graviola leaves against pathogenic bacteria for the purpose of developing an antibacterial material. The extraction conditions of graviola leaves were $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ and $98^{\circ}C$, and graviloa leaves werewater extracted at $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ and $98^{\circ}C$.The extraction yields and extraction conditions were determined. The antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis, S. aureus and E. coli TOP10 was evaluated by agar diffusion method. The extraction yields were 3.02%, 14.73% and 20.76% at $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ and $98^{\circ}C$, respectively. The antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis, S. aureus and E. coli TOP10 was found in S. epidermidis.In the samples extracted at $98^{\circ}C$, a clear zone of 13 mm was observed at 200 mg/mL and of 20 mm at 500 mg/mL. The MIC was 100 mg/mL. The higher the extraction temperature and concentration, the better was the growth inhibition effect. As a result, the natural antimicrobial activity contained in natural materials can solve the problem of resistance to antibiotics. It is considered that antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis in skin is highly applicable to basic cosmetics and cosmetic materials.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2011

In this study, we examined antimicrobial activity of the bee venom isolated from honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) against fish pathogenic bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio ichthyoenteri and Streptococcus iniae of cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olvaceus. The bee venom exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against the both Gram-negative bacteria, E. tarda and V. ichthyoenteri and Gram-positive bacteria, S. iniae. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimun bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the bee venom were 17.6 ${\mu}g$/ml 34.6 ${\mu}g$/ml against E. tarda., and 1.76 ${\mu}g$/ml, 6.8 ${\mu}g$/ml against V. ichthyoenteri, respectively. MIC and MBC of the bee venom were 3.49 ${\mu}g$/ml, 11 ${\mu}g$/ml, respectively against S. iniae. The postantibiotic effect (PAE) of the bee venom was 5 hr, 6 hr, and 7 hr against E. tarda, V ichthyoenteri, and S. iniae, respectively. In addition, its antimicrobial activity was stable under various pH conditions. According to these results, the bee venom showed the excellent antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogenic bacteria.