• Title/Summary/Keyword: Mineral Water

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Mineral Contents in Bottled Natural Water and Estimation of Their Intake by Korean Adults (일부 무기질의 생수 중 함량 분석과 생수를 통한 섭취량 평가)

  • Kim, Moo-Kyung;Sim, Jin-Ah;Eom, Hee-Jung;Kim, Myung-Hee;Choi, Mi-Kyeong
    • Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.116-121
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    • 2010
  • Minerals play an important role in the body as essential nutrients. However, it is not easy to meet DRIs because food sources of minerals are limited. Recently, consumption of bottled natural water has been increasing in Korea due to water pollution and distrust of tap water. The present study was conducted to investigate mineral contents in bottled natural water and their intakes among Korean adults. We analyzed eight minerals in seven kinds of bottled natural water by ICP-spectrometry and conducted a survey on the intake status of water and bottled natural water with 400 Korean young adults. The mean contents of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, and Mo in bottled natural water were 22.45${\pm}$22.48 mg/L, 10.59${\pm}$9.97 mg/L, 0.27${\pm}$0.18 ${\mu}g/L$, 2.06${\pm}$1.48 ${\mu}g/L$, 5.47${\pm}$0.70 ${\mu}g/L$, 1.43${\pm}$0.37 ${\mu}g/L$, 1.90${\pm}$0.96 ${\mu}g/L$, and 3.34${\pm}$0.79 ${\mu}g/L$, respectively. The mean age, height, weight, and BMI were 22.76 years, 174.94 cm, 68.64 kg, and 22.41 $kg/m^2$ for males (n=150) and 21.25 years, 162.04 cm, 51.05 kg, and 19.46 $kg/m^2$ for females (n=250), respectively. The respective daily intakes of total water and bottled natural water as water itself were 670.30 ml and 212.20 ml for males and 488.04 ml and 132.72 ml for females. The daily intakes of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, and Mo from bottled natural water were 4.76 mg, 2.25 mg, 0.06 ${\mu}g$, 0.44 ${\mu}g$, 1.16 ${\mu}g$, 0.30 ${\mu}g$, 0.40 ${\mu}g$, and 0.71 ${\mu}g$ for males and 2.98 ${\mu}g$, 1.41 mg, 0.04 ${\mu}g$, 0.27 ${\mu}g$,0.73 ${\mu}g$, 0.19 ${\mu}g$,0.25 ${\mu}g$, and 0.44 ${\mu}g$ for females, respectively. Overall, the contents of Ca, Mg, and Se in bottled natural water were relatively high and the daily intakes of these minerals were 0.4~1.0% of the DRIs.

Dynamic Characteristics of Water Column Properties based on the Behavior of Water Mass and Inorganic Nutrients in the Western Pacific Seamount Area (서태평양 해저산 해역에서 수괴와 무기영양염 거동에 기초한 동적 수층환경 특성)

  • Son, Juwon;Shin, Hong-Ryeol;Mo, Ahra;Son, Seung-Kyu;Moon, Jai-Woon;Kim, Kyeong-Hong
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.143-156
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    • 2015
  • In order to understand the dynamic characteristics of water column environments in the Western Pacific seamount area (approximately $150.2^{\circ}E$, $20^{\circ}N$), we investigated the water mass and the behavior of water column parameters such as dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients (N, P), and chlorophyll-a. Physico-chemical properties of water column were obtained by CTD system at the nine stations which were selected along the east-west and south-north direction around the seamount (OSM14-2) in October 2014. From the temperature-salinity diagram, the main water masses were separated into North Pacific Tropical Water and Thermocline Water in the surface layer, North Pacific Intermediate Water in the intermediate layer, and North Pacific Deep Water in the bottom layer, respectively. Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ, mean $O_2$ $73.26{\mu}M$), known as dysoxic condition ($O_2<90{\mu}M$), was distributed in the depth range of 700~1,200 m throughout the study area. Inorganic nutrients typified by nitrite + nitrate and phosphate showed the lowest concentration in the surface mixed layer and then gradually increased downward with representing the maximum concentration in the OMZ, with lower N:P ratio (13.7), indicating that the nitrogen is regarded as limiting factor for primary production. Vertical distribution of water column parameters along the east-west and south-north station line around the seamount showed the effect of bottom water inflowing at around 500 m deep in the western and southern region, and concentrations of water column parameters in the bottom layer (below 2,500 m deep) of the western and southern region were differently distributed comparing to those of the other side regions (eastern and northern). The value of Excess N calculated from Redfield ratio (N:P=16:1) represented the negative value throughout the study area, which indicated the nitrogen sink dominant environments, and relative higher value of Excess N observed in the bottom layer of western and southern region. These observations suggest that the topographic features of a seamount influence the circulation of bottom current and its effects play a significant role in determining the behavior of water column environmental parameters.

Nutritional Assessment and Mineral Content of Wild and Cultured Catfish Silurus asotus (자연산 및 양식산 메기의 미네랄 함량 및 영양평가)

  • GYE, Hyeon-Jin;SHIM, Kil-Bo;LIM, Chi-Won;SONG, Mi-Young;KIM, Dae-Hee;KIM, Bo-Kyoung;CHO, Young-Je
    • Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.1364-1368
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    • 2015
  • This study was performed to evaluate mineral contents of catfish Silurus asotus. As a result of mineral content, the mean content of the macro mineral was (in descending order): K (310.36-412.66 mg/100 g), P (186.42-223.02 mg/100 g), Na (35.32-57.87 mg/100 g), Mg (22.88-31.87 mg/100 g), Ca (9.05-13.07 mg/100 g). In comparison, the mean content of the micro mineral was (in descending order): Fe (0.26-0.95 mg/100 g), Zn (0.26-1.02 mg/100 g), Cu (ND-0.08 mg/100 g), Mn (0.01-0.03 mg/100 g). A proportion of mineral intakes with the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) set by the Korean Nutrition Society. Nutrient uptake proportion of mineral intakes was (in descending order): P (62.16%), K (20.71%), Mg (16.82%), Fe (13.02%), Zn (11.38%) Cu (10.94%), Na (6.59%), Ca (3.09%), Mn (0.96%). The mineral content was compared with the major protein food sources according to the Korea Health Statistics (2013) such as polished rice, pork, chicken, beef, eggs and milk. The calcium content contains; lower level of milk and eggs, chicken whereas higher levels of rice, pork and beef. Catfish has less iron content than major protein food source. Phosphorus and potassium contain higher level of major protein food sources.

Evaluation of CO2 Emission to Changes of Soil Water Content, Soil Temperature and Mineral N with Different Soil Texture in Pepper Cultivation (고추재배에서 토성별 토양수분, 토양온도, 무기태질소 변화에 따른 CO2 배출량 평가)

  • Kim, Gun-Yeob;Song, Beom-Heon;Hong, Suk-Young;Ko, Byong-Gu;Roh, Kee-An;Shim, Kyo-Moon;Zhang, Yong-Seon
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.41 no.6
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    • pp.393-398
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    • 2008
  • Several researchers have proposed models or equations to predict soil $CO_2$ flux from more readily available biotic and abiotic measurement. Tree commonly used abiotic variables were N mineral and soil temperature and soil water content. This study was conducted to determine $CO_2$ emission to mineral N, soil water content and soil temperature with clay loam and sandy loam in pepper cultivation in 2004~2005. $CO_2$ flux in the upland with different levels of soil water potential was measured at least once in two weeks during the cropping period in the pepper cultivation plots. Soil water potential in the clay loam and sandy loam soils was established at -30kPa and -50kPa by measuring the soil gravimetric water content with two replications. $CO_2$ emission rate from the differently managed plots was highly correlation coefficient to between the mineral N ($R=0.830^{**}$, $0.876^{**}$) and soil temperature ($r^2=0.793^{**}$, $0.804^{**}$) in the clay loam and sandy loam, respectively. However, the relationships between $CO_2$ emission and soil water content were non-significant. $CO_2$ emissions at sandy loam soils was lower to 21~37% than at clay loam soils for both soil water conditions without differences in yield. At difference levels of soil water conditions, $CO_2$ emission at -50kPa decreased to 37.5% in comparison with that at -30kPa. From the path analysis as to contribution factors of GHGs, it appeared that contribution rate was in the order of soil temperature (54.9%), mineral N (32.7%), and soil moisture content (12.4%).

Effect of extraction conditions on mineral components and physical properties in cinnamon extracts (계피의 추출조건이 추출액의 무기성분과 물리적성질에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Na-Mi;Jeon, Byeong-Seon;Park, Chae-Kyu;Kim, Woo-Jung
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.249-254
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    • 1993
  • The dried cinnamon was extracted with water and 70% ethanol and studied for the several extraction conditions of temperature, time, solvent addition ratio and number of extraction on mineral components and physical properties of the extracts. Mineral components significantly increased as the extraction temperature increased. More than 8 hours of extraction showed a little improving while solvent ratio (V/W) up to 60 times (V/W) significantly increased the mineral components, particularly Cu, Zn, Fe, Na in water extracts and Fe, Mn, K in 70% ethanol extracts. Absorbance at 285 mm decreased as the temperature raised up to the range of $60{\sim}80^{\circ}C$. The Hunter a-value was much affected with extraction conditions and L-value and transmittance were changed similarily while pH was little changed.

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Analysis of Groundwater Level Changes Due to Earthquake in Jeju Island (For the Indonesian Earthquake with Magnitude 7.7 in 2010) (지진에 의한 제주도 지하수위 변동 분석 (2010년 인도네시아 규모 7.7 지진))

  • Lee, Soo-Hyoung;Hamm, Se-Yeong;Ha, Kyoo-Chul;Kim, Yong-Cheol;Cheong, Beom-Keun;Ko, Kyung-Seok;Koh, Gi-Won;Kim, Gee-Pyo
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.41-51
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    • 2011
  • This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between groundwater level change and a large earthquake using the data of groundwater and seawater intrusion monitoring wells in Jeju Island. Groundwater level data from 13 observation wells were analyzed with a large earthquake. The Earthquake occurred at Sumatra, Indonesia (Mw = 7.7) on 13 June 2010, and groundwater level anomalies which seems to be related to the Earthquake were found in 6 monitoring wells. They lasted for approximately 16~27 minutes and the range of groundwater level fluctuations were about 1.4~2.4 cm. Coefficient of determination values for relationship between groundwater level change and transmissivity, and response time were calculated to be $R^2$ = 0.76 and $R^2$ = 0.96, respectively. The study also indicates that the high transmissivity of aquifer showed the high goundwater level changes and longer response time.

Daily Water Consumption and its Contribution to Calcium Intake in Korean Adults (한국 일부 성인의 수분 섭취와 수분을 통한 칼슘 섭취량 평가)

  • Park, Eun-Sun;Lee, Yeon-Kyung;Kim, Mi-Hyun;Choi, Mi-Kyeong
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.18-23
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    • 2019
  • Objectives: Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults. Methods: This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with self-selected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium. Results: Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p<0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p<0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p<0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference. Conclusions: One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

Study on Carbon Dioxide Storage through Mineral Carbonation using Sea Water and Paper Sludge Ash (해수와 제지슬러지소각재의 광물탄산화 반응을 이용한 이산화탄소 저장 연구)

  • Kim, Dami;Kim, Myoung-jin
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.18-24
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    • 2016
  • Mineral carbonation is a technology for permanently storing carbon dioxide by reacting with metal oxides containing calcium and magnesium. In this study, we used sea water and alkaline industrial by-product such as paper sludge ash (PSA) for the storage of carbon dioxide through direct carbonation. We found the optimum conditions of both sea water content (mixing ratio of sea water and PSA) and reaction time required in the direct carbonation through various experiments using sea water and PSA. In addition, we compared the amounts of carbon dioxide storage with the cases when sea water and ultra-pure water were separately used as solvents in the direct carbonation with PSA. The amount of carbon dioxide storage was calculated by using both solid weight increase through the carbonation reaction and the contents of carbonate salts from thermal gravimetric analysis. PSA particle used in this study contained 67.2% of calcium. The optimum sea water content and reaction time in the carbonation reaction using sea water and PSA were 5 mL/g and 2 hours, respectively, under the conditions of 0.05 L/min flow rate of carbon dioxide injected at $25^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. The amounts of carbon dioxide stored when sea water and ultra-pure water were separately used as solvents in the direct carbonation with PSA were 113 and $101kg\;CO_2/(ton\;PSA)$, respectively. The solid obtained through the carbonation reaction using sea water and PSA was composed of mainly calcium carbonate in the form of calcite and a small amount of magnesium carbonate. The solid obtained by using ultra-pure water, also, was found to be carbonate salt in the form of calcite.

Geochemistry of Acid Mine Water and Stream Sediment around the Donghae Coal Mine (동해탄광 주변 산성광산폐수와 하상퇴적물의 지구화학)

  • Oh, Dae Gyun;Kim, Jung Youp;Chon, Hyo Taek
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.213-220
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    • 1995
  • Geochemistry of stream water and sediment collected in the vicinity of the Donghae coal mine in the Samchuk coalfied were investigated in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of acid mine drainage. The pH of stream water ranges from 2.85(at 2 km away from the mine) to 7.92(at uncontaminated tributary). The main cation and anion species in the upper stream are $Ca^{2+}$ and $SO_{4}{^2-}$, respectively. The level of pH and the amount of $HCO^{3-}$ in stream water increase to the downstream and where uncontaminated small tributaries are joining, and in the area covered with limestone. From the results of thermodynamic calculation, the main forms of iron in stream water are estimated as $Fe^{2+}$ and $FeSO_{4}{^0}$, and most of them could be precipitated as FeO(OH) with increase of pH. The white precipitates in stream sediments particularly found around the coal mine are proved to be $Al(OH)_3$ by XRD and XRF analysis. As a result of investigation for seasonal variation of AMD, the level of pH decreased and conductivity increased in dry season.

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