• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.177-190
• /
• 2013

Air pollution trends in Japan between 1970 and 2012 were analyzed, and the impact of air pollution countermeasures was evaluated. Concentrations of CO decreased from 1970 to 2012, and in 2012, the Japanese environmental quality standard (EQS) for CO was satisfied. Concentrations of $SO_2$ dropped markedly in the 1970s, owing to use of desulfurization technologies and low-sulfur heavy oil. Major reductions in the sulfur content of diesel fuel in the 1990s resulted in further decreases of $SO_2$ levels. In 2012, the EQS for $SO_2$ was satisfied at most air quality monitoring stations. Concentrations of $NO_2$ decreased from 1970 to 1985, but increased from 1985 to 1995. After 1995, $NO_2$ concentrations decreased, especially after 2006. In 2012, the EQS for $NO_2$ was satisfied at most air quality monitoring stations, except those alongside roads. The annual mean for the daily maximum concentrations of photochemical oxidants (OX) increased from 1980 to 2010, but after 2006, the $98^{th}$ percentile values of the OX concentrations decreased. In 2012, the EQS for OX was not satisfied at most air quality monitoring stations. Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) concentrations generally decreased from 1976 to 2012. In 2011, NMHC concentrations near roads and in the general environment were nearly the same. The concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) generally decreased. In 2011, the EQS for SPM was satisfied at 69.2% of ambient air monitoring stations, and 72.9% of roadside air-monitoring stations. Impacts from mineral dust from continental Asia were especially pronounced in the western part of Japan in spring, and year-round variation was large. The concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ generally decreased, but the EQS for $PM_{2.5}$ is still not satisfied. The air pollution trends were closely synchronized with promulgation of regulations designed to limit pollutant emissions. Trans-boundary OX and $PM_{2.5}$ has become a big issue which contains global warming chemical species such as ozone and black carbon (so called SLCP: Short Lived Climate Pollutants). Cobeneficial reduction approach for these pollutants will be important to improve both in regional and global atmospheric environmental conditions.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.532-541
• /
• 2019

Even though shotcrete is a main support for securing the stability of tunnel, the performance of shotcrete is not properly checked due to various difficulties arisen from the characteristics of materials themselves which constitute shotcrete, such as steel fibers and accelerators, and the on-site quality control. In this study, the actual conditions of shotcrete applied to expressway tunnel construction sites were tried to find out, and then some improvement was tried to derive. For this purpose, the characteristics of steel fibers and accelerators supplied to the expressway construction sites were investigated. Also, shotcrete specimens were prepared at the tunnel sites and performance tests were carried out. For steel fiber, domestic production states were investigated, and carbon content and tensile strength were measured using the steel fibers collected in the construction sites. For three types of accelerators such as aluminate, cement mineral and alkali-free, basic properties and total amount of alkali contents were analyzed. Shotcrete specimens were prepared using on-site shotcrete machine with regard to mix designs and types of accelerators. Using these specimens, uniaxial compression tests and flexural tests were performed. As the results, compressive strength, flexural strength, flexural toughness, and etc. were compared with types of acclerators and mix designs.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2010

The soil tests have been performed on the specimens obtained from about 1,150 sites including landslides and non-landslides areas in natural terrains for last 10 years. Based on the results of those tests, the average soil properties are estimated and the simple equations for estimating permeability are proposed according to geologic conditions. The average permeability in Granite and Mudstone sites is higher than other sites and the content of silt and clay in Mudstone and Gneiss sites is higher than other sites. The correlation analysis and the regression analysis were performed to estimate the coefficient of permeability according to geological conditions. As the result of the correlation analysis, the coefficient of permeability is selected as a dependent variable, and the silt and clay contents, the water contents and the dry unit weights are selected as independent variables. As the result of the regression analysis, the silt and clay contents and the void ratio were involved commonly in the linear regression equations according to geological conditions. To verify the proposed the linear regression equations, the measured result of the coefficient of permeability at other sites was compared with the result predicted with the proposed equations. As the result of comparison, there were a little bit different between them for some data. However the difference was relatively small. Therefore, the linear regression equations for estimating the coefficient of permeability according to geological conditions may be applied to Korean soils. However, these equations should be verified and corrected continuously to improve the accuracy.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.209-221
• /
• 2020

Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum), 'Duke', 'Bluecrop', and 'Elliott', were applied with ground cover mulch systems to evaluate bush growth and fruit characteristics. Soil temperature variation was lower in the woodchip mulching plot. Therefore, CEC, soil pH, phosphate, mineral ions were not significantly different among mulching materials. The number of main stem was higher in woodchip > sawdust > rice husk > plastic film mulching plot, respectively. Total shoot number was also higher in organic mulching plots than in plastic film plot. However, total shoot number was not significantly different among the organic mulching plots. Fruit weight was the highest in the woodchip mulching plot of all blueberry cultivars, however, soluble sugar content, organic acidity, fruit firmness were not significantly different in mulching materials. Yield was higher in organic mulching plots than in plastic film plot in all blueberry cultivars. Especially, yield per shrub of woodchip plots was the highest about 3.6 kg in 'Duke', 2.7 kg in 'Bluecrop', and 2.6 kg in 'Elliott'. Furthermore, correlation of main stem number and yield was highly significant (r² = 0.8413). Therefore, woodchip mulching is expected to be an eco-friendly method to increase the number of stems and the yield of blueberries.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.281-287
• /
• 2012

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of various type of Magma seawater (MSW) concentrations on plant growth and useful mineral contents in Bletilla striata. In the RO (Reverse Osmosis) and ED (Electronic Distal) treatment, hardness of medium was poored in 3.0 g/L gelrite but increased in 8.0 g/L plant agar, 38,000 and $2,000g/cm^2$ respectably. We analyzed the morphological and physiological characteristics differences of B. striata treated various MSW. Survival frequency of plant and growth (shoot length, shoot diameter, root length, root diameter, shoot/root ratio) were significantly increased in RO and ED treatment at 50% and 10%, especially. Chlorophyll contents in ED treatments were higher than those in control and RO treatment. The content of strontium (Sr) in 20, 50, 75, 100% ED treatment, were higher than those in the control and RO, ED 1, 5, 10% treatment. These results showed that treatment of ED with the range of 20~100% could be used to supply the strontium enriched orchid plant. It is considered that MSW may be applied for use in Magma seawater to promotion of growth and produced functional plant.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.305-311
• /
• 2013

Effects of cultivation methods on quality characteristics, pasting characteristics, chemical components, and antioxidant activities of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) were determined. The Brix degree, hunter color value, pasting characteristics, moisture, protein, and mineral contents of the sweet potatoes showed significant differences from cultivation methods. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the methanolic extracts of the sweet potato's pericarp were higher than sweet potato's sarcocarp. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the sweet potato's pericarp on the conventional culture and successful cropped hairy vetch culture was 776.38 and 715.20 mg TE/100 g sample. The 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity of the sweet potato's pericarp on the conventional culture and successful cropped hairy vetch culture was 708.03 and 708.58 mg TE/100 g sample. Generally, there was a difference in antioxidant compound content and radical scavenging activity on the methanolic extract of sweet potato with cultivation methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.57-69
• /
• 2013

Recently, an interest in functional foods has been increasing. It was recommended placing a short definition. Therefore, we performed research on the chemical functions and antioxidant ability of broccoli. This research is vital for preparing the most favorable conditions and environment for highly-functional broccoli. Broccoli produced after applying sprouting and light sources were used for research. The chemical properties of the broccoli, including composition, free sugar, citric acid, mineral and vitamin (A, C, E) content, were analyzed. In addition, the ability of broccoli compounds to reduce total phenolic compounds, SOD-liked activity, EDA (electron donating ability), and hydroxyl radicals were inspected. Total analysis relied on the SAS (statistical analysis system). Broccoli sprouts produced through plant factory system's photosynthesis, treated under different light sources, had superior amounts of crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash, compared to normal sprouts under fluorescent light. Is it a facility or does it refer to the inner metabolism of the cell? Broccoli sprouts under red light had superior amounts of glucose, fructose, malic acid, and oxalic acid, while broccoli sprouts under turquoise light had superior amounts of citric acid. Broccoli sprouts under white light had superior amounts of various minerals, such as potassium, magnesium, and sodium. In terms of antioxidant activity, data from the plant factory system shows an increase in EDA antioxidants (1.63 mg/mL, 30.82%). Sprouts applied with turquoise light had superior amounts of hydroxyl radical scavenging (65.62%), and sprouts applied with white light had superior amounts of activated SOD-like activity (52.69%). Research on dehydrated broccoli sprouts showed that sprouts dehydrated with cold air had superior amount of malic, citric, oxalic acid compared to sprouts dehydrated with hot air. In terms of vitamin levels, sprouts dehydrated with cold air had five times the normal amount of vitamin A and E, whereas sprouts dehydrated with hot air had higher amounts of vitamin C. Dehydration at low temperature also produced a higher amount of activated antioxidants (1.6 mg/mL of activated antioxidant ability, 63.04% of SOD-like activity, and 67.76% of hydroxyl radical scavenging). Our results show that antioxidant ability can vary by the type of photosynthesis and temperature level in which the sprouts are dehydrated. Therefore, thorough foundational data is required to product the most functional broccoli.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.421-425
• /
• 1993

Hololeion maximowiczii root was analyzed for proximate composition, free sugar, fatty acids of crude lipid, amino acids and minerals after freeze dried (FD), hot air dried (HAD) and hot air dried after blanched (HADB), respectively. Proximate composition was little different among drying methods. Free sugar was abundant in order of sucrose $(28{\sim}29mg/g\;dw)$, fructose $(0.8{\sim}3mg/g\;dw)$, glucose and xylose (trace). Fructose was decreased in HADB. In fatty acid composition of crude lipids, linoleic acid was highest $(55{\sim}59%)$ and then palmitic and linolenic acid in abundance. These three fatty acids made $88{\sim}90%$ of total lipid, Low molecular fatty acids showed decreasing tendancy in HAD and HADB. Amino acid composition of hydrolyzed sample showed abundancy in order of arginine $(34{\sim}42mg/g)$, lysine, glutamic acid, glycine, aspartic acid, valine and histidine, while that of free amino acids was arginine, histidine, lysine, aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, isoleucine. Glycine and glutamic acid in hydrolyzed sample showed slight decreasing tendency in HADB. Mineral content was abundance in order of Ca $(1927{\sim}2379\;ppm),\;K\;(1159{\sim}1259ppm)$ and $Mg(760{\sim}777\;ppm)$. No difference was found in drying methods.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.84-89
• /
• 1992

Concentrations of major minerals(Ca, p, Na, K, Mg) and trace elements (Fe, Zn) were measured in human milk samples collected from 19 selected, healthy lactating women at 2~5 days, and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum. Decreases in the contents of m) or minerals and trace elements were found with the increase of time postpartum. Mean Ca contents of 2~5 days, 4 week, 8 week and 12 week in human milk were 243.02$\pm$50.90ug/ml, 295.0$\pm$65.70ug/ml, 295.0$\pm$41.50ug/ml, 349.90$\pm$83.50ug/ml, respectively And mean P contents of 2~5 days, 4 week, 8 week and 12 week in human milk were 134.70$\pm$49.4ug/ml, 134.90$\pm$19.70ug/ml, 117.60$\pm$18.90ug/ml, 130.60$\pm$28.20ug/ml, respectively. Ca/P of them were 1.81, 2.19, 2.20, 2.68, respectively. Mean Mg contents of them were 22.30$\pm$5.60ug/ml, 25.70$\pm$3.70ug/ml, 25.10$\pm$3.60ug/ml, 32.10$\pm$4.50ug/ml, respectively. And mean Na contents of them were 171.20$\pm$90.50ug/ml, 158.70$\pm$47.00ug/ml, 104.50$\pm$24.70ug/ml, 115.90$\pm$12.50ug/ml, respectively. Mean K contents of them were 506.10$\pm$156.10ug/ml, 520.90$\pm$55.00ug/ml, 370.10$\pm$29.00ug/ml, 468.40$\pm$75.70ug/ml, respectively. Na/K of them were 0.34, 0.30, 0.28, 0.25, respectively. Mean Fe contents of them were 2.80$\pm$1.80ug/ml, 2.70$\pm$0.40ug/ml, 2.60$\pm$0.40ug/ml, 2.10$\pm$0.10ug/ml, respectively. And mean Zn contents of them were 3.70$\pm$1.60ug/ml, 2.78$\pm$9.70ug/ml, 2.70$\pm$0.70ug/ml, 2.30$\pm$0.20ug/ml, respectively, These determinations will provide the basic information on the variability of major minerals and trace elements as lactation proceeds and on the composition of components between term and preterm milk.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.127-135
• /
• 1974

The samples were taken from the following localities previously classified as "Akiochi" area: Yangpyung, Puchun, and Pyungtaik, all of Kyonggi-do province. Five soil profiles were described in the field, and taken to the laboratory for physical and chemical analysis and mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction. The predominant clay minerals consist mainly of illite, vermiculite, chlorites and intergrade with vermiculite, and kaolinite. Illite or mica was found present in all samples and in all horizons. This was identified by the 9.83 to $10{\AA}$ (0.01) and $3.32{\AA}$ (003) basal reflections, Interhorizontal variations in mineral content and crystallinity are illustrated in their respective Xray diffractogram. Comparing the peak intensity, of the $14{\AA}$, $10{\AA}$ and $7{\AA}$ indicated the degree of weathering from the surface to the lower horizons. In general, the weathering of illite on the surface produced less pronounced $10{\AA}$ and $14{\AA}$ peak as compared to the lower horizons. The same may be said with kaolinite. On K-saturation, the $14{\AA}$ peak broadening on the low angle side was observed. This is interpreted to be due to chlorization. Heat treament from $100^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$, and $800^{\circ}C$. caused significant changes in the different diffractograms. Heating caused collasped of the $14{\AA}$ to $10{\AA}$ and the appearance of scattered peaks between $10-14{\AA}$. This is interpreted to the presence of vermiculite chlorite intergradient. The complete collapse of the $14{\AA}$ at $800^{\circ}C$ to $10{\AA}$ with increased intensity was attributed to the preservce of vermiculite. The principal difference among the clay minerals in each horizon is the concomitant increase and decrease in intensity with depth of the $14{\AA}$, $10{\AA}$ and $7{\AA}$ diffraction spacings. Apparently the weathering of illite ($10{\AA}$) is resulting in the formation of vermiculite ($14{\AA}$) and the interstratified material being an intermediate stage and the beginning of the formation of vermiculite. Some broadening- in the 17 to $18{\AA}$ was observed in Puchun-1 Pyungtaik-1 and Pyungtaik-2 specially so in the lower horizon in the Ca or Mg-saturated sample. Heated treatment tend to shift this peak to $14{\AA}$ indicating the presence of regular layering of the interstratified complex. The high amount of extractable aluminum and iron coupled with low exchange capacity indicate that iron and aluminum plays an important role in the weathering of these soils and is responsible to the low exchange capacity, high acidity and high phosphate absorptive capacity. The results presented substantiated the weathering sequence of Jackson in that mica ${\rightarrow}$ vermiculite ${\rightarrow}$ chloritezed vermiculite ${\rightarrow}$ kaolinite.