• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1997

Most lipids in milk are dispetsed as the form of fat globules. Apical portion of plasma membrane is coated with fat globules, which are synthesized from mammary epithelial cells and then secreted into the lumen. The unique phenomenon in separation of the plasma membrane from the cell is observed only in mammary system. It has been suggested that milk fat globule membrane(MFGM) is formed from endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, secretory granule to plasma membrane. For this reason MFGM is important for nuderstanding the structure and function of biological membrane. Because MFGM also plays an important role in inhibition of lipase action, stimulation of nutrient digestion and absorption, emulsion or function as natural liposome, study of the major components in MFGM will provide the opportunity for more broad industrial uses of MFGM in the future.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 1999

An experiment was carried out using pots to investigate the effects of Chinese milk vetch on the seedling establishment and growth in rice. Four irrigations with five-day intervals and three different levels of vetch straw were investigated. Significantly higher panicle numbers were obtained in vetch-treated pots. Vetch levels were non-treatment as checks, vetch with top removed, root plus shoot 7.5 ton/ha, and root plus shoot 3.0 ton/ha. The time for complete degradation of vetch straws was reduced from 10 days to 5 days as submerged time was delayed, and was affected by the amount of mulched vetch straws. As the mulched vetch amount increased, the time for a complete degradation was extended from 4 days to 12 days. Grain yield and its components were significantly affected by irrigation time and mulched vetch amount. Effectively controlled, lowered reduction damage from the degrading vetch straw, irrigation date and vetch amount were the most important factors for the improving of seedling establishment in direct-sown rice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2011

Twenty-four Holstein dairy cows were used to evaluate the single and combined effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and monensin treatment during early lactation on blood metabolites, milk yield and digestion of dairy cows. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block with a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were three concentrations of CP supplement (19.5, 21.4, and 23.4% of dry matter) and two levels of monensin (0 and 350 mg per cow per day). The experiment consisted of three phases and each phase was 3 wk in length. Monensin did not affect milk yield, lactose, solids-non-fat (SNF), blood glucose, triglyceride and DMI, but increased blood cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), insulin and reduced blood ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), milk fat and protein percentage. Monensin premix significantly decreased rumen ammonia, but rumen pH and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by monensin treatment. Increasing dietary CP improved milk and protein production, but did not alter the other components of milk. Digestibility of NDF, ADF, CP were improved by increasing dietary CP. Increasing dietary CP from 19.5 to 21.4% had no significant effect on ruminal ammonia, but increasing CP to 23.4% significantly increased ruminal ammonia. There was a linear relationship between level of crude protein in the diet and volume of urine excretion. Microbial protein synthesis was affected by increasing CP level; in this way maximum protein synthesis was achieved at 23.4% CP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1239-1241
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• 2003

Korean cattle breeders have shown interest in genetic improvement of milking ability because poor milking ability and short suckling period of Korean cattle is a hindrance to growth of calves. In this study, daily milk yields by period in Korean cattle were analyzed with an animal model. The milk yields were actually measured at sequential intervals from 1 to 4 months after calving: daily milk yields from delivery to 1 month (DMY1), from 1 to 2 months (DMY2), from 2 to 3 months (DMY3), and from 3 to 4 months (DMY4). Genetic variance estimates gradually increased by the periods while environmental variance estimates gradually decreased. This resulted in a dramatic increase in the heritability by periods: 0.02 for DMY1, 0.11 for DMY2, 0.16 for DMY3, and 0.42 for DMY4. In multi-trait analyses with daily milk yield and body weight of calf, genetic correlation estimates between milk yield and body weight were quite small (-0.08 to 0.02 for birth weight and -0.10 to 0.00 for weaning weight). The trends of the heritability estimated in this study showed that the genetic effects were more influential when the milking period was longer, suggesting genetic evaluations with daily milk yield collected at a longer period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.658-664
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine a proper feeding regime for lactating Holstein cows during the warm season in Taiwan. In Feeding Trial, 21 lactating Holstein cows were randomly allotted into three feeding regimes in a Completely Randomized Design. The feeding regimes were roughage fed ad libitum along with concentrate fed either twice daily (2C) or four times daily (4C), and total mixed ration (TMR) for 8 weeks. No significant differences among the three feeding regimes were found in body weight changes, and intakes in terms of dry matter, crude protein and net energy. For milk yield and 4% FCM yield, 4C were higher than the other two feeding regimes (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in milk compositions or differences noted in the yields of the respective milk components. TMR was worse than 2C and 4C (p<0.05) in milk production efficiencies in terms of dry matter intake per kg milk yield, crude protein intake per kg milk protein yield, as well as dry matter intake, net energy intake and crude protein intake per kg 4% FCM yield. Three ruminally fistulated Holstein dry cows were randomly assigned into the same three feeding regimes in a 3${\times}$3 Latin Square Design. No significant differences were found among the feeding regimes in ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, total VFA concentration, molar percentages of VFA, and acetic acid: propionic acid ratio (C$_2$/C$_3$). Taken all together, roughage fed ad libitum and concentrate fed four times daily was the better feeding regime for lactating cows during the warm season in Taiwan.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2010

This study was based on a survey of 100 sows which were raising in Jeonnam province for 11 months, from February to December 2008 in order to evaluate the medicinal herbs supplementation in sows on the effects of mortality in suckling pigs, and milk quality of sows. The medicinal herbs were supplemented in the feed of sows from 1 weeks before the expected date of delivery to 10 days after the delivery. As comparing stillbirth rate, test group was reduced 9.05%, and control group, 17.37%. It was certain that the medicinal herbs was very effective for reducing stillbirth rate. In comparison of mortality rate of suckling pig, test group was decreased by 1.52% as compared with control group. In analysis of milk components of sows, milk fat was 6.04% in test group and 5.22% in control group. Milk protein contents of test group and control group were 18.06% and 18.36%, respectively, showing no significant differences between two groups. Milk sugar contents showed also no difference between two groups. By milk somatic cell counts, test group ($582{\times}10^3$cells/ml) was found decreased number of milk somatic cell as compared with control group ($688{\times}10^3$cells/ml). These results imply that the medicinal herbs supplementation in sow might be effective for preventing stillbirth and mortality in piglets and mastitis in sow.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2013

A study was conducted to examine the physicochemical and sensory properties of milk supplemented with nanopowdered peanut sprouts (NPPS) at different concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9%, w/v) during the storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 16 d. The size of NPPS ranged from 300-350 nm as observed by the particle size analyzer. The pH values of all samples ranged from 6.8 to 6.6 during the storage of 16 d. In color, the $L^*$ value of milk samples were not remarkably influenced by NPPS supplementation, whereas the $b^*$ and $a^*$ values significantly increased with the NPPS supplementation at all concentrations at 0 d storage, due to the original yellow color of NPPS powder (p<0.05). DPPH study revealed that higher antioxidant activity of milk supplement with higher concentrations of NPPS. TBARS value found to lower at the lower concentrations (1 and 3%, w/v) of NPPS supplementation. The sensory test revealed that the overall acceptability scores of NPPS supplemented milk samples (1 and 3%, w/v) were quite similar to control throughout the storage period of 16 d. Based on the data obtained from the present study, it was concluded that the concentrations (1 and 3%, w/v) of NPPS could be used to produce NPPS-supplemented milk without significant adverse effects on physicochemical and sensory properties, and enhance functional components from the supplementation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.15-18
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• 1978

전북지방에서 시판되고 있는 4개회사의 우유를 수집하여 실험 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 수분함량에 있어서 A제품과 C제품은 기준보다 그 함량이 약간 많았으며 B제품과 D제품은 기준에 적합했다. 2) 우유중(中)의 조지방 조단백질함량은 전 제품이 기준치보다 약간 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 3) 우유중(中)의 조회분과 유당함량은 기준치보다 그 함량이 모두 낮았다. 4) 대장균 수는 동계임에도 불구하고 허용량보다 많이 나왔다. 이상의 결과에서 나타나듯이 아직도 시판되고 있는 우유가 일반성분의 함량에 있어서 기준치에 미달됨은 물론 대장균의 수도 허용량을 초과하고 있어 우유소비량의 증가추세 및 그것이 국민보건에 미치는 영향을 고려할 때 유제품 생산업체는 생산과정에서의 보다 과학적인 관리는 물론 유통과정에서의 그 취급방법의 개선을 위하여 보다 많은 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

Studies on milk transfer of drugs in non-human primates (NHPs) are among the crucial components in the assessment of peri- and postnatal toxicity because of the similarity between NHPs and humans. To evaluate the milk transfer of valproic acid (VPA) in NHPs, the toxicokinetics of VPA, an antiepileptic drug, were studied in pregnant cynomolgus monkeys. VPA was administered once daily to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 0, 30, 90, and 270 mg/kg by oral gavage from Day 100 of gestation (GD 100) to Day 31 of lactation (LD 31). Concentrations of VPA and its metabolite, 4-ene-VPA, in the maternal plasma on GD 100, GD 140, and LD 30, and concentrations of VPA and 4-ene-VPA in the offspring plasma and milk on LDs 30 and 31, respectively, were quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). After administration of a single oral dose of VPA to pregnant monkeys on GD 100, the concentrations of VPA and 4-ene-VPA were generally quantifiable in the plasma of all treatment groups up to 24 hr after administration, which showed that VPA was absorbed and that the monkeys were systemically exposed to VPA and 4-ene-VPA. After administration of multiple doses of VPA to the monkeys, VPA was detected in the pup's plasma and in milk taken on LD 30 and LD 31, respectively, which showed that VPA was transferred via milk, and the pup was exposed to VPA. Further, the concentration of VPA in the milk increased with an increase in the dose. Extremely low concentrations of 4-ene VPA were detected in the milk and in the pup plasma. In conclusion, pregnant monkeys were exposed to VPA and 4-ene-VPA after oral administration of VPA at doses of 30, 90, and 270 mg/kg/day from GD 100 to LD 31. VPA was transferred via milk, and the VPA exposure to the pup increased with an increase in the dose of VPA. The metabolite, 4-ene VPA, was present in extremely low concentrations (< 0.5 ${\mu}g/ml$) in the milk and in the pup plasma. In this study, we established methods to confirm milk transfer in NHPs, such as mating and diagnosis of pregnancy by examining gestational sac with ultrasonography, collection of milk and pup plasma and determination of toxicokinetics, using cynomolgus monkeys.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of daily milk yield, somatic cell count(SCC), days in milk(DIM), and parity on the compositions of milk and blood in high or low producing dairy cows. To divide the high or low producing group, there were some restrictions in this study. 235 Holstein dairy cows had a average daily milk yield of 23.2 $\pm$ 6.8 kg were grouped into two classes with low producing(average daily milk 17kg) or high producing(average daily milk 29 kg). The other restrictions were two parities(first and second parity), two SCC groups(under $l{\times}10^5$cells/ml, and $l{\times}10^5$ to $7{\times}10^5$ celis/ml), and three DIM groups(under 80, 81 to 180, and 181 to 305DIM). The blood urea nitrogen(BUN), milk urea nitrogen(MUN) and glucose between two group with high and low somatic cell count were not affected by parity, DIM and SCC. But there were significantly different on BUN and glucose between high and low milk producing(p< 0.01), also was different on glucose between parities(p < 0.05). White blood cell(WBC) and lymphocyte were affected(p< 0.05) by SCC level, protein percent was also affected by DIM(p< 0.01). The least square means of protein in second parity was a 1.3 times higher than that in first parity(p < 0.05), and it showed a higher level in the low producing group than the high producing group(p < 0.0l). WBC and lymphocyte were lower in the $1{\sim}7{\times}10^5$ celis/ml than those under $1{\times}10^5$ celis/ml(p< 0.05). Neutrophil was a higher level in first parity than that in second parity(p < 0.05). Only protein and total solid were affected by parity, the other compositions were not affected by parity, DIM, SCC and milk yields. The results suggested that significant differences were in the blood components such as glucose, WBC, lymphocyte and neutrophil between high and low producing cows. The results also show that more studies are required to clarify the factors and markers related to milk yield, quality and mastitis.