• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.344-352
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of the non-destructive quality evaluation for food by the acoustic non-linear parameter B/A which is a measure of the non-linearity of the state equation of the medium in terms of pressure and density. The B/A of water, corn oil O/W(oil in water) emulsion and milk were measured by using a sound velocity measuring system. The B/A value of water was measured for ascertaining reliability of our experimental system. Corn oil W/W emulsion was prepared as a model of milk . It was proved that the B/A value of O/W emulsion was related to the oil concentration by a law of mixture. We applied this result to milk and obtained satisfactory results for predicting the milk fat concentration.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1110-1120
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• 2024

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of offering (OSF) or not (NSF) supplemental feed at milking on temperament (TS), udder hygiene (UHS) and body condition (BCS) scores, and milk yield per milking (MYM), milk quality traits, and profitability of primiparous Anatolian buffalo cows at 90 days of lactation confined in closed-tied (CB) or semi-open free-stall (OB) barns. Methods: In Experiment I, 108 cows were selected to encompass four treatments (OBOSF, OB-NSF, CB-OSF, and CB-NSF) of 27 cows, considering barn type (OB and CB) and supplementary feed (OSF and NSF) at milking. In Experiment II, 60 OB cows were selected to encompass one of five groups of 12 cows each: i) no supplemental feed (CON), ii) commercial concentrate (CC), iii) CC + corn silage (CCS), iv) CCS + alfalfa hay (CSA), or v) CC + ryegrass silage (CRS) at milking. Results: The TS and UHS of the OB and OSF cows were lower (better) than those of the CB and NSF cows, respectively. The OSF increased milk protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat but decreased milk freezing point and electrical conductivity compared with the NSF. The MYM and milk fat of the OB-OSF cows were higher than those of the OB-NSF and CBNSF cows. The TS and UHS of the cows negatively correlated with MYM and some milk chemicals (fat, protein, and solids-not-fat), but BCS correlated positively. The TS and milk electrical conductivity of the CCS, CSA, and CRS cows were lower than those of the CON and CC cows, but BCS, MYM, and milk fat were higher. Partial budget analysis identified a higher net profit for supplemental feed-offered groups (OB-OSF, CCS, CSA, and CRS). Conclusion: Offering roughage with concentrates at milking for indoor primiparous buffalo cows is more conducive to well-being, milk yield, milk quality, and economy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.517-524
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• 2011

The effect on sow milk of variable levels of cassava in lactating sow diets was analyzed in an attempt to explain the beneficial effects reported by producers of including cassava as a basal feed. Twenty crossbred lactating sows were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments. The treatments were: i) broken rice (BR) as the basal feed (BR100), ii) 50% of BR replaced with cassava chip meal (CCM) (CM50), iii) 75% of BR replaced with CCM (CM75), iv) CCM as the basal feed (CM100), and v) dried boiled cassava chips (CCB) as the basal feed (CB100). The hydrocyanide (HCN) content of CCB was reduced to be intermediate between HCN in the no cassava (BR100) and the 50% cassava (CB50) diets. Hydrocyanide was 0.54, 3.24, 4.41, 5.43 and 1.77 ppm in the BR100, CM50, CM75, CM100 and CB100 diets, respectively. Increasing cassava did not affect feed intake (p>0.05), but increased HCN intake (p<0.01). Milk composition was analyzed for protein, fat, lactose, solids not fat (SNF) and total solids (TS). Milk quality was analyzed for total microbes, coliform bacteria, thiocyanate ($SCN^-$), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. At farrowing, sow milk composition was not affected by experimental diets (p>0.05), but milk $SCN^-$ increased as the intake of HCN increased in sows diets (p<0.01), $r^2$ = 0.96. At mid-lactation (day 14), milk composition was not affected (p>0.05). The milk quality levels of $SCN^-$ were 9.4, 10.3, 10.5, 11.6 and 9.1 ppm for the BR100, CM50, CM75, CM100 and CB100 diets, respectively (p = 0.01). The LPO contents were 16.41, 42.13, 51.42, 53.94 and 22.81 unit/L, respectively (p = 0.03). There was no GPx activity found in sow milk. When BR was replaced with cassava meal, total microbes and coliforms were reduced 78% and 87%, respectively, by the influences of HCN. The reported beneficial effects of cassava chip meal as a basal feed in lactating sow diets is manifested by improved performance of suckling pigs. This is due to beneficial, non-toxic levels of HCN in the diets. Besides passing HCN to suckling pigs in the form of $SCN^-$, sow milk may also benefit suckling pigs with the observed (day 14) increase in lactoperoxidase content and reduction in coliform bacteria.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.189-194
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• 2012

Measurement of compositions and somatic cells in raw milk by chemical methods usually requires a lot of time, skilled labor and expensive analytical equipments. Recently, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), which is a rapid, cost-effective and non-destructive technique, has been extensively used for safety and quality evaluation in the field of dairy products. However, less study has been performed to evaluate the effect of transmitted light on milk quality during NIRS analysis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the changes in milk quality using transmitted light. Raw milk samples collected from dairy farm from Siga prefecture in Japan were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, solids not fat, total solids, milk urea and citric acid using the Milko scan 4000. Somatic cells in raw milk samples were counted by the Fossomatic 5000. Transmittance spectra of 50 ml raw milk samples were obtained by the Lax-Cute lighter in the 400 nm or less, 689 nm, 773 nm, 900 nm and 979 nm. As a result, milk fat as well as somatic cell count was increased by 2.6% and 9.0%, respectively. The other compositions were, however, changed within the relative error of the measurement. Further studies are needed to apply raw milk quality evaluation using the UV band by accumulating more samples and more data.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2001

The quality changes of UHT market milk product were investigated by the season and storage conditions. Throughout the year, standard plate counts(SPC) wasnt increased significantly during storage at 5$\pm$1 and 7$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. And except for summer, SPC was lower than 20,000 cfu/ml after storage at 10$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ or 10 days. But SPC was rapidly increased from 3 days at 15$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, and there was gas forming by yeast growth after storage at 30$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. Values of pH and titratable acidity of market milk products were 6.49 to 6.71 and 0.155 to 0.16%, respectively. pH and titratable acidity were a lot changes at the temperature over 15$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, and milk products showed a curd at 30$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. Carbohydrate of market milk product had little difference throughout the year, whereas fat, protein and total solids of market milk products in autumn showed a little higher value than that of other seasons. There were no changes of milk composition during storage periods, but carbohydrate was decreased a little after storage over 20$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.206-218
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• 1991

The influence of stage of lactation on the moisture. total soilds, ash, calcium, phosphorus and Ca/P ratio of human milk was studied. A total number of 32 lactating mothers provided 101 samples collected at 4 consecutive stages of lactation : days o to 5 postpartum(colostrum); days 6 to 10 postpartum(transitional): days 25-35 postpartum(mature). and days 55-70 postpartum(mature). Moisture and total solids concentrations showed a little but significant difference at the 25-35 day stage as compared with those of colostrum and then remained stable, but ash levels decreased significantly with the elapse of lactation period. Calcium levels increased significantly from colostrum to transitional milk stage with a further less significant increase at mature stages. Between colostrum and transitional stages, phosphorus concentration showed a significant increase $(9.9\pm2.4$ vs $15.5\pm4.9$ mg/100 ml, p<0.001)but between the 25-35 day and the 55-70 day stage phosphorus values did not change significantly. Ca/P ratios for colostrum. transitional, the 25-35 day and the 55-70 day stages were 2.28, 1.76, 1.68 and 1.95, respectively. No significant relationship was found between ash. calcium, phosphorus or Ca/P ratio of milk and maternal parity. When modified milk formulas were reconstituted using the total solids of human mature milk as amount of the modified milk formula in 100 ml of infant feeding solution. ash, and Ca/P ratio were similar to those of human milk. However considerably higher concentrations of calcium and phosphorus exist in the reconstitution fluid than those observed in human milk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1711-1717
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was studied the effects of various levels of crude glycerin (CG) in dairy goat diet on daily intake, milk yield, milk composition, some physical properties and some quality changes of goat milk after sterilization. Methods: Twelve 75% Saanen dairy goats (body weight = $49{\pm}3kg$; days in milk = $60{\pm}12d$) were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of three experimental diets consisting of 0%, 5%, and 10% CG (dry matter basis) which were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of goats. Experimental dairy goats were evaluated for feed and milk yield. Milk samples were analyzed for their composition, including fatty acids, casein profile, fat globule size, and color, and were sterilized to evaluate milk heat stability. Results: There were no significant differences between 0% and 5% CG treatments infeed. Increasing CG supplementation from 0% to 5% increased milk yield from $2.38{\pm}0.12$ to $2.64{\pm}0.23kg/goat/d$. In addition, milk samples from 5% CG treatment had the highest total solids, fat content and lactose content, and largest fat globule size. Increasing CG to 10% resulted in a decrease in milk fat. After sterilizing at $116^{\circ}C$, $F_0=3min$, goat milk samples from 5% CG treatment had slightly higher sediment content and comparatively higher degree of browning. Conclusion: Considering milk yield, milk fat content and quality of sterilized milk, 5% CG supplementation in a total mixed ration has a potential for implementation in dairy goats.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.226-230
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• 1999

This study was done to determine how added vegetable oils affect the physical, chemical and microbial properties of experimental frozen desserts. There were no differences in the percentages of total fat and total solids in the seven frozen desserts. Freezing points did not differ among treatments. There were significant differences in viscosity among the frozen desserts containing up to 80% of vegetable oils. Oil substitution at 30% or higher significantly decreased viscosity when compared to the milk fat control. The hardness of frozen desserts decreased significantly with increasing addition of oils. Oil substitution at 20% or higher significantly decreased hardness. Substitution of canola and soybean oils for milk fat increased melting rate. Initiation of fluid release in the control was slower than in frozen products with added oils. The SPC values and coliform counts of all frozen products were not significantly changed. Cholesterol content decreased significantly in the products as the vegetable oil content was raised. Frozen desserts containing 10% or 60% of vegetable oils in the total fat contained 91.8%, 73.5% or 32.5%, respectively, of the cholesterol in the control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1549-1554
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• 2001

The application of rumen undegradable intake protein (UIP) on lactating dairy goats was studied. Thirty 2-year-old lactating dairy goats were selected and assigned to dietary treatments begun from the third week to the fourth month postpartum. Experimental diets were formulated into three, low (32% CP), med (35% CP) and high (38% CP), iso-nitrogenous (16% CP) and iso-energetic ($NE_L$ 1.68 Mcal/kg) UIP levels. Results showed that feed intake was not significantly different among the treatment groups. The milk yield in the High UIP group (3.17 kg) was significantly higher than the med (2.95 kg) and low UIP (2.45 kg) groups (p<0.05). The milk compositions, milk fat, milk lactose and milk solids-non-fat (SNF) showed no significant differences among the three treatment groups. The milk protein however was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the low UIP than in the other treatment groups. The milk urea-N was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the low UIP than in the other treatment groups. The mean serum aspartate amino transferase (AST), urinary-N and total protein concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the high and the med UIP groups than in the low UIP group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.459-466
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• 2019

Objective: This study assessed the possible existence of genotype by environment interactions for milk, fat and protein yields in Holstein cattle raised in one of the most important milk production basins in Brazil. Methods: Changes in the genetic parameters and breeding values were evaluated for 57,967 animals from three distinct regions of southern Brazil, divided according to differences in climate. The genotype by environment interaction was determined by genetic correlations between regions, estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood, considering the animal model. Bull rankings were investigated to verify the ratio of coincident selected animals between regions for each trait. Results: The estimates of heritability coefficients were similar between two regions, but were lower in the third evaluated area, for all traits. Genetic correlations between regions were high, ranging from 0.91 to 0.99 for milk, fat and protein yields, representing the absence of a genotype by environment interaction for productive traits. The percentage of selection error between regions for the top 10% of animals ranged from 0.88% to 2.07% for milk yield, 0.99% to 2.46% for fat yield and 0.59% to 3.15% for protein yield. Conclusion: A slight change in genotype between areas was expected since no significant genotype by environment interactions were identified, facilitating the process of selecting Holstein cattle in southern Brazil.