• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.11
• /
• pp.1523-1526
• /
• 2001

To study the secretion of trace elements during early lactation, twelve lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected from the herd of the institute. The buffaloes were divided into two groups of six each. Buffaloes of group I were not injected and served as control. Buffaloes of group II received oxytocin injection (2.5 I.U.) intramuscularly for a period of five days for let down of milk. Milk samples were collected from both groups of buffaloes five days before, during and after the administration of oxytocin. Aliquots of milk samples from each buffalo were composited in proportion to their milk yield and used for analysis of trace elements in milk. In both the groups of buffaloes Cu, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn contents did not vary significantly between animals. However, Ca levels varied significantly (p<0.01) between animals. Administration of oxytocin influenced (p<0.01) Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn secretion in milk. However, Ca secretion was not affected by oxytocin administration. Secretion of these elements also varied significantly during different days of the study. Zinc content of milk in the control group also varied significantly (p<0.01) during different days and periods of study indicating thereby no effect of oxytocin. The study indicated that administration of oxytocin increases Cu and Mn content and decreases Mg, Fe and Zn content without altering the Ca concentration of milk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.236-243
• /
• 2000

A number of developments have occurred over recent years that are being used commercially or have the potential to increase the milk yield and consequently the efficiency of dairy cows. Bovine growth hormone is the most widely known of several attempts that have been made to alter the metabolic endocrinology of dairy cows to increase the rate of milk secretion. The factors affecting the milk yield response to growth hormone, growth hormone-releasing factor, thyroxine and placental lactogen as well as to the immuno-neutralization of somatostatin are briefly considered. Secondly, the recent greater understanding of the mechanism by which the milk yield is increased following more frequent milking, which has resulted from the identification and characterization of the feedback inhibitor of lactation (FIL) protein, is reviewed. The identification of this protein provides new avenues of research which may lead to a reduction in the rate of decline in milk yield with advancing lactation or to undiminished milk yields despite a reduction in frequency with which the animals are milked.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 1999

In order to investigate the longitudinal changes on zinc secretion of lactating women and zinc intake of breast-fed infants, we examined 20 lactating women(10 primipare and 10 multipare) and their infants during the first 90 days postpartum. We measured the consumed volume of human milk by test-weighing method and zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectophotometry after wet digestion. Weight gain of infants was -5.7, 54.1, 46.3, 42.0 and 32.3g/day at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days postpartum, respectively. The secretion volume of human milk was 527, 608, 724, 841 and 798g/day respectively. The consumed volume of human milk of breast-fed infants was 432, 503, 603, 715 and 715g/day. The intake level of breast milk to secretion volume reached 85.0% in average. The zinc concentration of the milk was 4.29, 3.32, 2.52, 1.62 and 1.18mg/l, and the zinc intake of breast-fed infants was 1.80, 1.69, 1.45, 1.15 and 0.70mg/day. Zine intake per body weight of infants averaged 0.32mg/kg/day during the first 90 days postpartum. The average zinc intake of breast-fed infants was 1.36mg/day, which is 27.2% of the recommended daily allowance for 0-4-month-old infants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.27 no.10
• /
• pp.1018-1024
• /
• 1994

The longitudinal change of vitamin E($\alpha$-Tocopherol) content and secretion in transitional milk of 32 Korean lactating women and vitamin E intake of infants was studied 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum, Vitamin E content of the milk decreased at 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum with the respective amount of 784, 633 and 539$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml. The average vitaimin E secretion in the milk of mothers appeared 350$\mu\textrm{g}$/days. The average vitamin E intake in the milk was 3033 and 2424$\mu\textrm{g}$/day in boys and girls respectively and was 174.7% for infants of the recommended lower limit for vitamin E in infant formular of 0.5mg/100㎉. Vitamin E intake per body weight of infants in the milk were 929.731 and 676$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.9
• /
• pp.855-861
• /
• 1995

The longitudinal change of vitamin A concentration and secretion in transitional milk of 32 Korean lactating wormen and vitamin A intake of infants were studied 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum. Retinol concentration of the milk averaged 93.6$\pm$47.1, 80.1$\pm$41.6 and 66.7$\pm$33.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml at 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum respectively and showed decreasing trend in total mothers. $\beta$-carotene concentration showed similar decreasing trend averaged 13.4$\pm$10.6, 8.2$\pm$4.6 and 5.3$\pm$3.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml respectively. Vitamin A concentration decreased with the respective amount of 94.9$\pm$47.1, 80.5$\pm$41.5 and 67.3$\pm$33.0 R.E../100ml during the lactation. The average vitamin A secretion in the milk of all mothers appeared 410.0 R.E/day. Vitamin A secretion of multiparae (450.1 R.E./100ml) appeared not significantly higher than those of primiparae(370.0 R.E./100ml). The average vitamin A intake of infants in the milk averaged 333.7 R.E./day and was 95.3% of RDA for infants. Vitamin A intake per body weight of infants in the milk averaged 110.6, 91.9 and 79.2 R.E./kg/day respectively.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.329-338
• /
• 2005

Breast milk is general term for crude milk and mature that is secrete after two-three days of delivery. Because amount of milk secretion is different, disorder of milk secretion is to be classified into galactostasis and spontanous flow of milk. According to this point, we considered thirty four papers and got the conclusion about the concept, cause, therapeutic method and medication of secreation disorder. Therefore we report the result. galactostasis due to deficiency of the qi and blood, depression of liver qi, blood stasis of postpartum, excessiveness and so on. If the qi and blood is deficient, therapeutic method is enriching qi and benefiting blood, if the liver qi is deprssive, treatment is relieving the deprssive liver and regulating the circulation of qi. The milk is flowing spontanously and continously due to a prosperous condition of qi and blood, too deficiency of the qi and blood, depression of liver qi and so on. If the qi and blood is deficient, therapeutic method is tonifying and arresting the qi and blood, if Liver channel is stagnated fire, puring the liver of pathologic fire, relieving the deprssive liver and regulating the circulation of qi. Clinical study for the 1 case of the recurrent cervical cancer patient.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.8
• /
• pp.782-790
• /
• 1995

The longitudinal changes in protein secretion from 27 lactating women(primiparae = 10, multiparae=17) and protein intake of infants have been studied from 0.5 to 6 months postpartum in Chungju and Anseong area. The protein contents o breast milk in primiparae appeared significantly higher than in multipaae at 0.5 and 1 month postpartum. The protein secretion of primiparae and multiparae was not significantly different. In breast-feeding period, there was a tendency that protein secretion from 0.5 to 2 months postpartum was higher than thereafter. Average protein intake of boys from milk from 0.5 to 6 months postpartum was significantly higher than that of girls(p<0.05), because volume of milk intake of boys was much more than that of girls. In the amount of protein intake per infant weight, there was no significant difference between boys and girls. Protein intakes per infant weight decreased during lactation. Mean energy consumption of lactating women was 2,327㎉/day, which was 93.1% of recommended energy allowance for Koreans. Mean dietary protein consumption of lactating women was 81g/day, which was 101.3% of recemmended protein allowance for Koreans. Energy ratio of carbohydrate : protein : lipid was appeared to 68.8 : 13.9 : 17.3.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.301-307
• /
• 2005

Purpose: To investigate changes in mother's stress, degree of depression and level of milk secretion hormones when the mothers provided massage to their new born babies. Method: The study was conducted with 65 women who had delivered at a convalescence institute in Incheon between Sep 25, 2003 and Feb 10, 2004. The mothers were assigned to a control group or an experimental group. Infants of mothers in the experimental group received massage from their mothers twice a day for 10 days beginning on the 4th day after delivery. The data were processed using $x^2-test$, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA using the SAS program. Results: The level of cortisol, a stress hormone and depression were significantly different between the two groups (p=0.01 ;p=0.02). While fur plasma prolactin level, a milk secretion hormone, there was no significant difference(p=0.14). Conclusions: When massage was provided to new-born babies the cortisol level of the mothers decreased significantly compared to the control group which did not receive the massage. As the level of depression of the control group declined as time passed while the experiment group showed no difference and there was no difference in the plasma prolactin level, further study is suggested.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.83-89
• /
• 1999

The present study was conducted to investigate the yields of volume, thiamin and riboflavin from the milk of twenty-five Cesarean-section women, and their ingestion in infants. We measured the consumed volume of human milk of infants by the test-weighing method, and thiamin riboflavin contents were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy during the first 7 days postpartum. Thiamin contents of the milk averaged 24.3, 24.0, 27.4 and 30.2ug/100g. Thiamin and riboflavin contents of the milk both increased during the lactation ps mod(p<0.05). The first secretion of breast milk occurred from the 4th to 5th day postpartum in Cesarean-section women. The consumed volume of human milk was 63, 81, 104 and 133g/day at 4, 5, 6 and 7 days postpartum and the consumed volume of formula milk was 58, 176, 292, 323, 308, 321 and 318g/day at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days postpartum and the consumed volume of formula from the human and formula milk were 26.6, 91.0, 151.0, 172.5, 169.2, 175.9 and 172.9ug/day. Total daily riboflavin ingestion from the human and formula milk were 26.6, 91.0, 151.0, 172.5, 169.2, 175.9 and 172.9ug/day. Total daily riboflavin ingestion from the human and formula milk was 48.7, 166.8, 277.6, 318.2, 312.0, 327.0 and 335.7ug/day at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 postpartum. These results suggest that the milk secretion of Cesarean-section women is delayed a few days and the yield volume of milk is less than that of normal delivery women, but thiamin and riboflavin contents of the milk are not different from those of milk of normal-delivery women.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.185-191
• /
• 1998

Human milk and bovine milk in normal stage were fractionated four parts : whey, skimmilk membrane, and casein pellet. The specific activity (nmole / mim / mg protein) and distribution ratio(%) of suborganella marker enzymes in each separated milk fraction were determined. Especially, neutral $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase, acid $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase, NADH-cytochrome C reductase, and acid phosphatase were higher in human milk. However, both $Ca^{2+}$-ATPases were not detected in all fractions of bovine milk. On the other hand, 5'-nucleotidase, phosphodiesterase I, alkaline phosphatase, and $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in bovine milk were higher than in human milk. Most of the marker enzymes were highly distributed in cream fraction of either human milk or bovine milk, and their specific activities were high to 24 fold from 3 fold when compared with that of whole milk. These results suggest that marker enzymes in mammary epitherial cell are transfered into cream fraction by the membrane rearrangement, and different biochemical reaction between human and bovine exists for milk secretion in mammary gland.