Evaluation of soy milk as an iron-rich milk substitute was conducted by feeding commercial soy milk , cow milk and mixed formula(soy and cow milk) to Wistar rats for 8 weeks. Body weight gains were significantly lower in the soy milk and mixed formula groups. Hematocrit, serum iron concentration and TIBC (total iron binding capacity) were measured to determine the iron status of the rats. In these respects, the iron status of the soy milk group was normal. Both serum iron concentration and TIBC as well as hematocrit were abnormal in the cow milk group , which is indictive of severe iron deficiency . Although hematocrit was normal in the mixed formula group, serum iron concentration was lightly low. The work capacities of each group were correlated with serum iron concentration and tIBC rather than hematocrit. The running distance of the soy milk group was about 10 -fold longer than that of the cow milk group. Soy milk may be considered an iron- rich substitute for cow milk due to its higher iron content and bioavailability.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.28
no.3
/
pp.705-709
/
1999
To evaluate iron bioavailability in iron fortified milk, in vitro and in vivo method were used. Low molecular weight components(ILC) from milk was isolated and iron was added, then soluble iron from ILC iron complex was determined. Each iron sources and extrinsically labelled with FeCl3 was used for measuring absorption rate of iron from ILC radiolabelled iron complexes as radioiron absorption into the blood one hour after injection into ligated duodenal loops of iron deficient rats. Iron absorption rate was in the order of ferrous lactate(25.56%)$\geq$ferric citrate(24.71%)$\geq$ferrous sulfate(19.67%) when 100ppm iron was used. In separate experiments, iron fortified milks with each iron sources were gavaged into iron deficient rats. When 25ppm iron was added to milk, the order of iron absorption was ferrous sulfate(12.52%)>ferrous lactate(8.07%)>ferric citrate(6.52%) (p<0.05). When 100ppm iron was added to milk, absorption rate was decreased compared to the treatments with added 25ppm of iron. Absorption rate of ferrous sulfate(5.34%) from milk added 100ppm iron was highly lowered, but ferric citrate(6.45%) was not significantly changed. The absorption rate of ferrous lactate(5.82%) was 70% of 25ppm iron added milk.
The objectives of the present study were to measure the content of iron, copper and zinc in human milk and to estimate the intake of iron, copper and zinc of breast-fed infants during the early period of lactation. Twenty-five lactating women who delivered in a hospital in Seoul volunteered for the study. Milk samples were collected at day 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15 and 30 postpartum. The contents of iron, copper and zinc were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer after wet digestion. The intakes of iron, copper and zinc of infants were estimated by multiplization with the infant milk intake reported in our laboratory. The content of iron was 0.58 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in colostrum, 0.48 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in transitional milk and 0.39 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in mature milk while the estimated iron intake of infants was 271, 255 and 259 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, respectively. The content of copper in the milk was 0.45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in colostrum, 0.43 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in transitional milk and 0.33 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in mature milk while the estimated copper intake of infants was 210, 229 and 220 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, respectively. The content of zinc in the milk was 5.24 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in colostrum, 3.70 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in transitional milk, 2.93 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in mature milk while the estimated zinc intake of infants was 2452, 1968, and 1949 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, respectively. These results suggest that copper and zinc intake of infants are met to RDA but iron is not.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.28
no.4
/
pp.755-759
/
1999
To evaluate the effect of sterilizing method on the quality of iron fortified market milk, HTST(high temperature, short time) or LTLT(low temperture, long time) method was adopted after addition of 100ppm ferrous sulfate, ferric citrate, ferric ammonium citrate, or ferrous lactate in market milk. Sterilized iron fortified market milk was stored at 4oC and then pH, lipid oxidation, color change, and sensory quality were observed. The range of pH change in iron fortified market milk sterilized by HTST or LTLT was 6.51~6.74. The order of pH was control>ferric ammonium citrate>ferrous lactate>ferrous sulfate>ferric citrate. Oxygen consumption of ferric ammonium citrate and ferric citrate was lower than ferrous lactate and ferrous sulfate. This trend was same in HTST and LTLT method, but generally oxygen consumption was lower in iron fortified market milk sterilized by LTLT method than by HTST. In total color change, ferrous lactate treatment was closer to control than other treatments. Also sensory characteristics of ferrous lactate treatment was showed better quality than other treatment. From these results, LTLT method was more suitable than HTST method for iron fortified market milk and ferrous lactate was comparably suitable among iron salts used in this study.
The present study was designed to develop a microencapsulated L-ascorbic acid and iron that could be used to fortify milk and to determine the sensory properties of milk fortified with microencapuslation. Coating material was medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT), and selected core material was ferric ammonium sulfate and L-ascorbic acid. The highest efficiency of microencapsulation was 95.0% in the ratio of 15:1 as coating to core material. Ascorbic acid release was increased sharply up to 5 d storage as 6.5%. TBA value was the lowest when both capsulated iron and ascorbic acid were added during 12 d storage, compared with other treatments. In sensory analysis, most aspects were not significantly different between control and capsulated ascorbic acid fortified milk at 5 d storage. The present study indicated that the use of microencapsulated ascorbic acid with MCT is effective for fortifying milk. In addition, these results suggest that acceptable milk products can be prepared with microencapsulated ascorbic acid and iron.
Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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v.12
no.2
/
pp.47-64
/
2000
The purpose of this study was to search the calcium and iron rich foods in Korean people. The food sources presented in the current home economics textbooks of middle and high school were investigated. And 40 kinds of calcium and iron rich foods were selected by the quantity in 100g edible portion. one serving size and according to 1997 food supply data. Also 3 major food groups of calcium and iron supply in Korean were identified, and 10 rich foods for each food groups were selected. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The food sources of calcium 1) The food sources of calcium presented in the home economics textbooks of middle and high school are milk and dairy products. small fishes such as anchovy icefish and dried strip and green vegetables etc. 2) The calcium rich foods by 100g edible portion were in order of skim milk powder river snail sesame sea mustard. whole milk powder. snapping turtle loach sea tangle(dried) opossum shrimp and sea lettuce(dried). And the calcium rich foods by the calcium content in one serving were in order of river snail snapping turtle opossum shrimp loach spiny lobster skate skim milk powder small alaska pollack freshwater crab condensed milk whole milk powder skate ray and milk. 3) The 3 major calcium supply food groups in Korean were vegetables fish and shellfishes and milk and dairy products. 4) The calcium supply foods according to the quantity of food supply in 1997 was in order of sea mustard, milk anchovy chinese cabbage soybean skin milk powder laver shrimp welsh onion and maize. The vegetables were the important sources of calcium in Korean. 2. The food sources of iron 1) The food sources of iron which are commonly presented in the textbooks of middle and high school were meat liver egg(egg yolk) and green vegetables etc 2) The iron rich foods on the basis of the iron content in 100g edible portion were in order of surf clam marsh clam laver(dried)( sea lettuce(dried), crayfish pelilla seed little neck clam orient hard clam, venus clam, and freshwater carab. And the iron rich foods by the iron content in one serving were in order of surf clam marsh clam crayfish little neck clam orient hard clam freshwater crab venus clam hen cockle green confertii(fresh) pen shell and spiny lobster. 3) The 3 major iron supply food groups in Korean were cereals an cereal products fishes and shellfishes and vegetables. 4) The iron supply food according to the quantity of food supply in 1997 was in order of soybean sea mustard maize rice meat edible viscera laver wheat flour, pook, red pepper, egg and bovine meat.
Kang, Ji Ung;Jin, So Hee;Choi, Kyung Dan;Jang, Young Taek
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
/
v.49
no.2
/
pp.144-149
/
2006
Purpose : This study investigated the breast-feeding period, the milk bottle-using period, the age of cow's milk, introduced and the amount of cow's milk consumed in relation to anemia. Methods : Over the course of three years, 930 children(12 months to 36 months) who went to the Presbyterian Medical Center, Chonju, Korea were tested for anemia and their parents were surveyed for a history of their children's milk consumption. Results : Anemia appeared more likely between 30 months and 36 months, however, iron-deficiency anemia appeared more likely between 18 months and 23 months. Anemia, low serum ferritin levels and iron-deficiency anemia appeared more likely in children breast fed less than 6 months and greater than 12 months. Although there were survey reports of side effects with cow's milk, including constipation, diarrhea and skin rash, the milk bottle-using period, age of cow's milk introduced and amount of cow's milk consumed had no connection with anemia, serum ferritin levels and irondeficiency anemia. Conclusion : The data showed no correlation between the cow's milk, milk bottle-using period and iron deficiency. But the data revealed that iron deficiency anemia is more likely in children who are breast fed for less than 6 months and over 12 months, so we suggest careful attention during this period to prevent iron deficiency anemia.
The prevalence of iron deficiency in later infancy and the toddler years(25% to 40% at 1 year of age) has not decreased remarkably , except in Western countries. The purpose of this study was to 1) determine the relationship between current feeding practices and iron status, and 2) assess compliance to infant feeding instructions. Two groupsof infants were examined. The first group of 302 infants aged 6 to 24months was seen at a well baby clinic while the second group of 135 infants of the same age group was assessed by venipuncture. Cutoff values for laboratory tests were as follows ; hemoglobin<11g/dL, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) <72fl ; red cell distribution width(RDW)>15% ; serum ferritin level<10ng/ml ; and transferrin saturation (serum iron(TIBC)<10%. The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was made when a low hemoglobin level was associated with either low ferritin orlow transferrin saturation . Of the 302 children brought to the well baby clinic , 12.3%(n=37) were found to have anemia (hemoglobin<11.0/dL). In terms of children grouped according to feeding practices, it was found that children with anemial comprised 32.0% (24/75) of the prolonged breast-fed group (Group A), significantly more than the 4.0%(7/176) of the artificial milk feeding group(Group B). and 3.9%(2/51) of the switched from breast milk to iron -fortified weaning foods group(Group C).Among the 107 children with IDA , iron deficiency in 105 children(98.1%) was suggested by their dietary histories ; exclusive or prolonged breast-feeding for more than 6 months without iron fortification in 98 infants ; cow's milk consumption> 500ml/day without iron fortification during infancy(n=12), or >800ml without iron-fortified foods after infancy(n=15) ; and the use of unfortified forumula or unbalanced diets, mainly limited to rice gruel. Despite the relatively high (79.6%) motivation on the part of the infants mothers and supervison by professional personnel, the poor results in the infants receiving iron fortified foods were due to poor compliance(85.75). Among the mothers of 98 IDA patients who were contacted by telephone , it was revealed that 29% did not give the oral iron preparation for more than 2 months. Furthermore, negligence or disregard by the parents occurred in 14% of the case , discontinuance of the oral iron preparation by the parents due to side effects occurred in 6%, and the children's refusal or poor oral intake and no further trial occurred in 6%. The dietary history of a large group of infants was highly predictive of their risk for anemia . Continued consumption of breast milk until the age of 1 year is not warranted unless iron-fortified foods are given concomitantly. Because there is a problem with compliance, more successful and safe strategies for preventing iron deficiency woold included dual coverage in the from of therapeutic iron supplementation as well use of iron-fortified foods for teddlers who are at risk of iron deficiency.
This study was conducted to assess the relationships between maternal dietary intakes and milk contents of minerals and trace elements, and the correlation among levels of these milk constituents. Maternal dietary intakes were measured and milk samples were collected at 2∼5 days, 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks postpartum from 29 lactating women. The results obtained are sumarized as follows: 1) The overall mean nutrient intakes of lactating women in this study were below the recommended allowances and there were extensive individual variations between subjects. 2) Concentrations of minerals and trace elements in matured human milk showed the same range reported from different countries with the exception of calcium, magnesium, manganese and molybdenum which were relatively high. 3) There were no significant relationships between maternal dietary intakes of minerals and the corresponding mineral levels of human milk. In addition, no significant correlations were found between maternal vitamin C intake and the iron contents of milk. These were significant positive correlations between maternal calcium intake and the magnesium level of milk ; between maternal protein intake and the contents of zinc and copper in human milk. Maternal energy intake was negatively correlated with milk sodium level. 4) Pearson correlation coefficient showed positive significant relationships between levels of 17 pairs of various mineral and trace elements : sodium and potassium, iron ; potassium and calcium, phosphors, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese ; calcium and magnesium, iron manganese, molybdenm, nickel ; magnesium and iron, molybdenum ; iron and copper ; nickel and manganese.
This study was carried out to longitudinally investigate the iron and zinc intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25 male breast-and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum, longitudinally. There were four groups breast fed(BF) and three formula fed groups((FFM, FFN and FFP). Milk intakes and the concentration of iron and zinc from human milk and the formulas were measured. The iron content of human milk was $2.07\pm{1.05(0.63~5.65)}\mu{g}$/ml. The zinc content was $2.43\pm{1.14(0.70~5.30)}\mu{/ml.}$ Both were not significantly different among postpartum months. The average iron intake of the breast-fed and formula-fed infants was $1.6\pm{0.7mg/}$day and $8.4\pm{2.3mg}$/day, respectively. The iron intake of breast-fed infants was higher than previous reports. And that of formula-fed infants was higher than the RDA. The average zinc intake of the breast-fed group was $1.9\pm{0.9mg/}$day and formula-fed infants' was $2.7\pm{0.7mg/}$day, which was higher than the RDA. There was no correlation between these mineral intakes and the growth performance during 1 to 3 postpartum months. So, extensive studies of the iron content of human milk and wide cross-sectional studies for establishing iron and zinc recommended dietary allowances for infants are needed.
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