• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2008

Enterobacter sakazakii was initially referred to as yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae and reclassified in 1980. E. sakazakii infection cause life-threatening meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. Powdered infant formula (PIF) and baby foods may be the important vehicle of E. sakazakii infection. It has been reported that E. sakazakii was isolated from PIF and sunsik ingredients produced in Korea. Some infants have been fed sunsik as a weaning diet. Therefore, it is necessary that this organism should be inactivated on preparing PIF and sunsik at homes and in hospitals. The cocktail of three Korean E. sakazakii strains (human, sunsik and soil isolates) were used to investigate the inactivation of this organism with hot water at 50, 60, 65, 70 and $80^{\circ}C$ and microwave heating for 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 sec. Reconstituted PIF and sunsikwere inoculated with cocktailed vegetative cells of E. sakazakii at 6 log CFU/mL. Thermal inactivation of vegetative cells of E. sakazakii were achieved by reconstituted PIF and sunsik with hot water at $60^{\circ}C$ or greater and with microwave heating at 2,450 MHz for 75 sec or longer. Considering that biofilm formation of E. sakazakii was adapted to survive the dry environment that is PIF and sunsik and thermal resistance increased, it is suggested that inactivation of E. sakazakii was used by hot water at $70^{\circ}C$ or greater and microwave heating for 90 sec or longer. Reconstituted PIF and sunsik were inoculated with cocktailed vegetative cells of E. sakazakii at 2 to 3 log CFU/mL to investigate the growth curve of this organism and stored at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$. Viable counts slightly changed at 5, $10^{\circ}C$ during 48 h but grew at $15^{\circ}C$ or greater. Considering that E. sakazakii is able to grow in infant formula milk at refrigerator temperature, reconstituted PIF and sunsik that are not immediately consumed should be discarded or stored at refrigeration temperatures within 24 h.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.986-990
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• 2005

Purpose : Certain strains of lactobacilli are known to accelerate recovery from acute diarrhea. Lactobacillus reuteri is isolated from human breast milk and a commonly occurring Lactobacillus species with therapeutic potential in acute diarrhea. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of L. reuteri in acute diarrhea in young children. Methods : Fifty patients between 6 and 36 months of age hospitalized with acute diarrhea (rotavirus in 40 percent) were randomized into two groups to receive either $10^8$ colony-forming units of L. reuteri or a matching placebo, twice a day for their length of hospitalization, or for up to 5 days. Antidiarrheal drugs were not prescribed to either group. The clinical outcome of diarrhea was evaluated. Results : The mean duration of watery diarrhea after initiation of treatment was 2.3 days for the L. leuteri group(n=25) vs. 2.9 days for the placebo group(n=25)(P=0.072). By the second day of treatment, watery diarrhea persisted in 64 percent of patients receiving L. reuteri, compared to 84 percent of those receiving placebo(P=0.006). On the second day, the mean frequency of watery diarrhea was 1.9 in the L. leuteri group and 3.4 in the placebo(P=0.046). Also, vomiting continued to the second day in 16 percent of patients receiving L. reuteri and 40 percent of those recieving placebo(P=0.031). Conclusion : L. reuteri is effective as a therapeutic agent in acute diarrhea in children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 2016

Purpose: The current study was conducted for evaluation and comparison of dietary behavior and food intake in different regions of Lao PDR. Methods: The survey was conducted on 979 people aged 40~59 years old living in 25 urban provinces and 25 rural provinces in four districts (VTE Capital-Chanthabuly, Xaysetha, VTE Province-Phonhong, and Thoulakhom) of Laos. General demographic information, health status, and dietary behavior were surveyed using a questionnaire. Results: The literacy ratio (p = 0.000), education level (p = 0.000), asset ownership level (p = 0.000), and government and private employee ratio (p = 0.000) were higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. The mean value of weight (p = 0.000), waist circumference (p = 0.000), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.009) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.000), self-rated health status (p = 0.001), and the rate of obesity (p = 0.000) were significantly higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. However, the rate of current smoker was significantly higher in the rural group (p = 0.023). Meals are becoming more westernized by higher frequency of eating out, consumption of fatty meat and fried or stir-fried food in urban areas compared to rural areas. Urban subjects had relatively better balanced meals compared to rural subjects whereas they consumed insufficient meals per day and consumed meals irregularly compared to rural subjects. Intake of fruit and milk was significantly higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. However, the intake of vegetables was significantly higher in rural areas than urban areas. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the traditional Lao diet is being replaced by an unhealthy western dietary pattern, which may be a risk factor for increasing development of non-communicable disease (NCD) in Lao PDR. Planning of proper personalized nutritional intervention and education in each area is needed to decrease the health risks of NCD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.250-260
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• 2013

The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate eating behaviors and patterns in breast cancer patients using a newly developed food frequency questionnaire and 2) to examine perception and use of nutritional information about breast cancer treatment among cancer patients treated with radiation therapy. Sixty breast cancer patients (case group) undergoing radiation therapy in Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea and 79 healthy women (control group) participated in this study. Mean age of subjects in the control group was $46.00{\pm}7.88$ years and BMI was $23.12{\pm}2.85kg/m^2$, and that of the case group was $50.06{\pm}11.64$ years and $22.32{\pm}3.24kg/m^2$. The results of eating behaviors showed several significant differences between control and case groups. Breast cancer patients ate meals on a more regular basis, on time, and more frequently compared to control subjects. In addition, they preferred more salty or spicy and bland food compared to healthy women. According to answers from the food frequency questionnaire, breast cancer patients consumed significantly lower amounts of boiled white rice, meats and processed food, fish and shellfish, coffee, milk, and cheese, whereas they consumed a significantly large amount of boiled multigrain rice, vegetable, seaweeds, soybean and processed food, and yoghurt compared to healthy women. This study also observed the way in which cancer patients and healthy control subjects obtain information about breast cancer treatment and its reliabilities. Results showed that healthy women did not hesitate to obtain information from mass media, while breast cancer patients would obtain nutritional information from specialists rather than mass media. Results of this survey confirmed that breast cancer patients avoided intake of red meat protein, even though they already recognized the importance of dietary protein intake for recuperation and treatment of the disease. These results could be used for future diet and nutrition guidelines for breast cancer patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.212-222
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• 2013

We studied the eating habits and sleeping patterns of 682 middle and high school students in their third year in Gwangju. According to the body mass index (BMI) of the subjects, obesity (over weight) was significantly higher in the third graders of high school students ($20.8{\pm}4.0$, 32.9%) than middle school students ($19.4{\pm}3.8$, 14.2%) (p<0.001). In addition, 71.1% of high school students experienced a lack of sleep compared to 48.8% of middle school students (p<0.001). There was a difference between good and bad sleepers in the number of times they ate snacks and the quantity of their snacks. Good sleepers had more fruit and dairy products (e.g. fruit juice 2~4 times (p<0.05), milk 2~4 times (p<0.001), apples 2~4 times, strawberries 2~4 times (p<0.01), and bananas 2~4 times a week), while bad sleepers consumed more beverages, frozen desserts, flour-based foods, fast food, bread, and rice cake. Bad sleepers clearly consumed snacks more frequently. From analyzing the correlations between sleep quality and snack intake, eating fruits 2~4 times a week (30 g~200 g/once) and drinking dairy products 2~4 times a week (120 mL~400 mL/once) appears to promote better sleeping habits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of excessive sugar, sodium, cholesterol, and saturated fat consumptions by elementary school students through processed food's intake. A survey study was conducted with 384 fourth and sixth grade students and their mothers from two schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. The data were analyzed for the frequency analysis, chi-square test and Pearson correlation using the SPSS/Windows (ver. 15.0). Results showed that students consumed high amounts of sugars through processed milk and carbonated beverages, and yogurt. Additionally, they had high sodium and saturated fat levels in their diet through Ramen. There was significant correlation (p<0.01) between mothers' purchasing and students' intake of processed food. Overall, both students and mothers had some knowledge on the impact of sodium on human health. About 50 percent of the respondents did not have accurate information about cholesterol, saturated fat, and trans fat. More than 50 percent of students and mothers had no nutritional education on the risk of excessive intake of sugar, sodium, cholesterol, saturated fat, and trans fat. Top twenty percent of the students had 39.7 g of sugar, 940.1 mg of sodium, 17.8 mg of cholesterol, and 11.2 g of saturated fat through processed foods per day on the average. These results suggest that execution of nutritional education about processed food is needed for high risk group of elementary school students and their mothers. Moreover, government must enact the regulation and policy for the food industry to reduce the risky nutrients from children's favorite processed food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.466-475
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• 2005

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) is highly enriched in membrane of brain and retina, and plays an important role in maintaining an optimal function of the central nervous system. We investigated the effect of n-3 fatty acid deficiency on rat brain, retina and liver fatty acyl composition at two different ages (3 wks and 15 wks) under DHA deficient condition. Rat pups born to dams fed a diet with $3.1\%$ of total fatty acids as $\alpha-linolenic$ acid (LNA) were fed using an artificial rearing system either an n-3 deficient (n-3 Def) or n-3 adequate (n-3 Adq) diet. Both diets contained $17.1\%$ linoleic acid (LA) but the n-3 Adq diet also contained $3.1\%$ LNA. Rats consuming the n-3 Def diet showed a lower brain $(50\%\;in\;13\;wks\;and\;70\%\;in\;15\;wks,\;p<0.05)$ and retinal $(50\%\;in\;13\;wks\;and\;63\%\;in\;15\;wks,\;p<0.05)$ DHA than those on the n-3 Adq diet, which was largely compensated for by an increase in docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6, DPAn-6). In the liver of the n-3 Def group, the percentage of DHA decreased by $97\%$ at 3 wks of age with an apparent increase in DPAn-6 relative to the n-3 Adq group (p<0.05), while there was a $65\%$ lower liver DHA in n-3 Def group at 15 wks of age than the n-3 Adq group (p<0.05). Liver arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA) was increased at 3 wks of age but decreased at 15 wks of age in the n-3 Def group compared with n-3 Adq group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the replacement of DHA by DPAn-6 in brain and retina fatty acid composition may be related to the suboptimal function in spatial learning, memory and visual acuity. This artificial rearing method presents a first generation model for n-3 deficiency that is similar to the case of human nutrition that commonly employed two generation model.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.257-264
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• 2012

Penicillins belong to the ${\beta}$-lactam class of antibiotics, and are frequently used in human and veterinary medicine. Despite the positive effects of these drugs, improper use of penicillins poses a potential health risk to consumers. This study has been undertaken to determinate multi-residues of penicillins, including amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, bezylpenicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin, using liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The developed method was validated for specificity, precision, recovery, and linearity in livestock and marine products. The analytes were extracted with 80% acetonitrile and clean-up by a single reversed-phase solid-phase extraction step. Six penicillins presented recoveries higher than 76% with the exception of Amoxicillin. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were not more than 10%. The method was applied to 225 real samples. Benzylpenicillin was detected in 12 livestock products and 7 marine products. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacilllin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin and oxacillin were not detected. The detected levels were 0.001~0.009 mg/kg in livestock products excluding eggs and milk. In marine products, the detected levels were under 0.03 mg/kg. They were under the MRL levels. As monitoring results, it is identified to be safe but it is considered that safety management of antibiotics should continue by monitoring.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1256-1264
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• 2011

Infant formula is one of the main nutritional sources for infants. In this study, the fatty acid compositions of Korean (domestic, n=8) and foreign infant formulas (n=3) were analyzed. Crude fats were extracted using the Folch method, and fatty acid compositions (total and positional) were analyzed by gas chromatography. In the fatty acid compositions of infant formulas, oleic (19.88~44.64%), palmitic (7.59~21.65%) and linoleic acids (16.72~25.87%) were the major fatty acids. Domestic infant formula products contained 35.94~56.55% total saturated fatty acid content, whereas that of foreign infant formula ranged from 34.40~42.88%. The content of monounsaturated fatty acids ranged from 20.23~44.99% in domestic products and 34.11~45.07% in foreign products. In addition, 0.17~2.57% arachidonic acid/docosahexaenoic acid and 10~13% linoleic acid/linolenic acid were detected in the analyzed products (domestic and foreign products). A small amount of trans fatty acids (0.25~1.69%) were found. In sn-2 position analysis, palmitic acids (1.84~38.74%) were detected in the analyzed formulas. Further, typical triacylglycerols in human milk, including 1,3-di-monounsaturated-2-saturated triacylglycerol, were not detected in the analyzed formulas.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.557-565
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of soybean leaves in different cultivars and to develop a soybean curd prepared with soybean leave powder as a functional food. Four cultivars (Daewonkong leaf, Daepungkong leaf, Hwangguemkong leaf, and Seoritae leaf) were selected for this experiment. A significant difference was observed in the proximate composition of soybeans leaves (p<0.05). Soybean leaves had the highest content of carbohydrates. The mineral composition and isoflavone content in soybean leaves were significantly different among the cultivars (p<0.05). In particular, Daepongkong leaf had the highest content of genistein, daidzein, and total isoflavones. This study was also conducted to determine the quality characteristics of a soybean curd developed from daepongkong leaf with various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%) of soybean leaf powder (SLP). The soybean curd yield rate increased according to the level of SLP added, whereas the L and a color values decreased. In the sensory evaluation, intensity scores for color, after taste, leafy taste, and chewiness were highest for the 0.3% soybean curd. The soybean curd with 0.2% SLP soybean milk attained the highest overall acceptability score. These results showed that soybean leaf was preferred over soybean curd containing 0.2% soybean leaf powder.