• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.1 s.100
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• pp.44-55
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of man's boots in the Joseon Dynasty and compared them with those of the Ming and Qing Dynasty to find the influential relationships between them. Boots in the Joseon Dynasty are divided into several kinds such as Heukgwejapihwa, Hheuksapihwa(黑斜皮靴), Heukpihwa(黑皮靴), Mokhwa(木靴), Hyeopgeumhwa(挾金靴), Suhwaja (水靴子), Jeonpihwa, Gijahwa(起子靴), and Baekhwa(白靴). In addition, Jeong(精: footwear) was put inside boots. They tend to be named according to their materials or ornaments on them. First, Jeong put inside the boots is regarded as footwear for the comfort of the feet or protection against cold. Mokhwa appears in literature around the 19th century. As shown by remains and paintings of those days, it is considered to have become the common name of boots as it underwent many changes. On the other hand, a book in the era of King Gojong includes pictures of Suhwaja. Compared to Hukpihwa in the same book. The topside seems to have been raised in order to make the wearer who put on a military uniform feel comfortable when walking, since the bottom piece is hard. Baekhwa is worn not only with funeral garments but also with Sibok(時服), one of official uniforms. Boots in the Joseon Dynasty had been made following the design of the Ming Dynasty since official uniforms were conferred upon King Gongmin in the late Koryo Dynasty. But turning the late Joseon Dynasty its detailed design changed little by little. The topside of the boots became more round, the entrance part became wider, height of the shoes became taller, and the bottom piece became parallel to the ground.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.331-336
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• 2020

Consequence management (CM) remains a relatively unknown or underdeveloped concept in Republic of Korea. This study was conducted as a literature study, perceiving that good CM is critical when viewed under contemporary disaster types and comprehensive security. From the perspectives of integrated disaster control and comprehensive security, it would be necessary for South Korea to implement the concept of CM widely used in countries with advanced disaster control. In particular, this study verifies the need of the military to respond actively to Chemical, Biological, Radiation, Nuclear, and high yield Explosives (CBRNE) situations. A plan for the development of the CM organization of the ROK Armed Forces is proposed by using the CBRNE-CM response organization of the United States as a model.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.101-111
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of oral hygiene products in Korean adult population. And it was conducted to make a baseline in planning the operation of the oral health for the Korean adult. Methods : The National Survey data of Oral Health was used. The use of each oral hygiene product was analysed according to socioeconomic status (Age, Occupation, Residential district), smoking status and concern about one's oral health. The subject of this study were 14,368 of 2000 year, 3,526 of 2003 year and 2,439 of 2006 year. They were organized from 20s to 60s. Data was analysed into Pearson chi-square test and Fisher's exact test using SAS 8.01 program. Results : 1. The rate of using oral hygiene product was increased, but the rate of non-using people remains 65.8% on the 2006 data. 2. The non-using group of the oral hygiene products was the age of sixty, farmer, rancher, fisherman, military, ruralist, smoker and the people do not concern about their oral health(p<0.05). Conclusion : To improve the rate of using oral hygiene products, effective motivation method would be necessary. In addition, It is required to educate the group more individually. This is for them to have a interesting about oral hygiene products and learn how to choice appropriate product. In the future, study about the reason of non-using oral hygiene products, and more concrete method for improving their behavior would be needed.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.623-630
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• 2007

The remarkable fact regarding the History of Chosun Dynasty(from Jungjong- Youngjo) is that any slightest evidence can't be found that Pobeckchuck was used to measure clothes or various Pobecks. There remains the document that in the 22nd years of Myeonjong, Japan required that Pobeckchuck be used, but it couldn't be allowed because of the reason it was made in the former king. This fact raises the high possibility that Pobeckchuck could be the most trustworthy standardized ruler at that time, and in other point of view, it can be presumed that the measurement in the period of King Sejong continued to have been used until this time. It can be seen that the length of one Chuck of Pobeckchuck at this time must have been equivalent to 46. 73cm of Pobeckchuck of Samchuck in the period of Sejong. In the History of Sunjo Period, many records on Pobeckchuck can be found, which fact seemed to have rectified the measurement system which was disordered by military revolt, though the reason is not clear. Also a record can be found that in the period of Sunjo, Chinese envoy required the Sunjo Regime to use Pobeckchuck for the measurement of copper pillar, which record supports the fact that Pobeckchuck is the standardized ruler. Another record that in the 26th period of Youngjo, Pobeckchuck of Samchuck was corrected according to the Kyeongkukdaejeon shows that the length of Pobeckchuck was 46.80cm at that time. Also, the record which rectified many rulers with the comparison of Hwangjong-chuck, Ju-chuck, Joryeki-chuck, Yongjo-chuck, etc. with one another reveals that the rulers used in the period of Sejong continued to have been used unchanged until in the period of Youngjo.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.4875-4883
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• 2016

Background and objective: Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a disabling complication with long term impact on quality on life after breast cancer treatment. Its management remains a major challenge for patients and health care professionals; the goal of this overview was to summarize effects of different treatment strategies for patients with BCRL. Methods: A thorough search was undertaken to allow a systematic review or meta-analysis of treatments for BCRL. Two investigators independently selected studies and abstracted the data. Results: Combined physical therapy (CPT) with different combinations of surgery, oral pharmaceuticals, low-level laser therapy, weight reduction, mesenchymal stem cell therapy, kinesio tex taping, and acupuncture might be effective in reducing lymphoedema, but exercise demonstrated no obvious benefit. The results of direct comparisons showed CPT might be more effective than standard physiotherapy (ST). Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) may not offer additional benefits to ST for swelling reduction, but could facilitate compression bandaging. MLD seemed to have similar effects with self-administered simple lymphatic drainage (SLD) or using an intermittent pneumatic compression pump (IPC). IPC might also not be associated with additional effectiveness for CPT. Efficacy of stem cell therapy vs. compression sleeve or CPT, as well as the effects of daflon and coumarin could not be established. Conclusion: Although many treatments for BCRL might reduce lymphoedema volume, their effects were not well established. The quality of many of the original studies in the included reviews was not optimal, so that in future randomized control trials are a high priority.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.29-37
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• 2013

The modern town houses in Philippines has been changed through Spanish colonization over 300years and American military administration in 20C. Especially Cebu, the first contemporary capital of colonized Philippines by Spain, has various cultural characteristics and historical remains including old houses. By the economy condition in Cebu growing up, Bahay na bato, stone and wood house, has been settled for the elite or middle class of Cebu around 19C influenced by Spanish or Europe and Philippines native house called bahay kubo. Bahay na bato shows a common features, as revealed in this study, which all of them has a two stories with cut stone curtain wall and wooden beam and lintel, fronting the main street by approaching directly from street. And spatial separating also shown by setting living space to upper level instead of using storage or entrance hall called zaguan in lower level. Bahay na bato studied here shows a particular appearances in elevation, having volada and elaborate geometric or floral window pattern, also playing a role for ventilation with vetanilas below volada and main window in section. They have a rectangular plan with caida, sala, comedo, azotea almost similar to Spanish and ealier colonial Mexico style mixed with Philippines traditional style showing the strong spatial separation functionally and space wideness for party occasionally.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.113-120
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• 2006

C4I system is the centerpiece of the military force. The system is an information based system which facilitates information grid, collection of data and dissemination of the information. The C4I system seeks to assure information dominance by linking warfighting elements in the battlespace to information network which enables sharing of battlespace information and awareness; thereby shifting concept of warfare from platform-centric paradigm to Network Centric Warfare. Although, it is evident that C4I system is a constant target from the adversaries, the issues of vulnerability via cyberspace from attack still remains. Therefore, the protection of C4I system is critical. The roadmap I have constructed in this paper will guide through the direction to protect the system during peace and war time. Moreover, it will propose vision, objectives and necessary supporting framework to secure the system from the threat. In order to fulfill these tasks, enhanced investments and plans from the Joint chief of Staff and Defense of Acquisition and Program Administration (DAPA) is critical; thereby enabling the establishment of rapid and efficient security system.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.135-156
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• 2005

Since July 7 mutual declaration in 1988 which is a landmark for South-North Korean relations, Inter-Korean Trade has been set out. During the period, the Inter-Korean Trade has been ups and downs depending on the Inter-Korean relations and economic situation of both countries. South Korea became one of the major three trading countries of North Korea's trading partners in 2000, when the sum of annual trade volume reached the record 425million US dollars. A rapidly increasing number of countries including North Korea are developing national policies and strategies to promote the digital economy, recognizing the potential benefits of e-business as an engine of growth and development. However, the trade structure of South-North Korea remains very simple in terms of its contents. Furthermore trade procedure many limitations especially electronic commerce in North Korea has many obstacles to working properly. The information in Inter-Korean trade cannot be shared in common. South Korean firms have suffered repeatedly trial and error and excessive competition took place among South Korean firms. Institutional inertia related to mutual trade, political and military Impacts on Inter-Korean economic relations, abnormal industrial structure of North Korea and insufficiency of SOC could be mentioned as major problems in Inter-Korean trade as well. Several measures should be taken in order to cope with those problems. First of all, South Korean government should provide valuable information to business firms about North Korean economy and business environments. It is suggested that forums related to inter-Korean trade hold in regular base between South and North Koreas and establish the system of business information sharing. Second, the government should improve various laws and regulations to respond to the realistic needs of inter-Korean trade. That is, detailed measures should be taken to guarantee investment in electronic commerce. Third, it is desirable to start with the mutual agreement between South and North Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.5229-5235
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• 2016

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the most widespread and perplexing of all human malignancies. Assessment of gene expression is thought to have an important impact on cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic decisions. In this context, we explored combined expression of PCa related target genes AMACR and PCA3 in 126 formalin fixed paraffin embedded prostate tissues (FFPE) from Moroccan patients, using quantitative real time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR). This quantification required data normalization accomplished using stably expressed reference genes (RGs). A panel of twelve RG was assessed, data being analyzed using GenEx V6 based on geNorm, NormFinder and statistical methods. Accordingly, the hnRNP A1 gene was identified and selected as the most stably expressed RG for reliable and accurate gene expression quantification in prostate tissues. The ratios of both PCA3 and AMACR gene expression relative to that of the hnRNP A1 gene were calculated and the performance of each target gene for PCa diagnosis was evaluated using receiver-operating characteristics. PCA3 and AMACR mRNA quantification based on RT-qPCR may prove useful in PCa diagnosis. Of particular interesting, combining PCA3 and AMACR quantification improved PCa prediction by increasing sensitivity with retention of good specificity.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2023

Surveillance and reconnaissance intelligence in the space domain will become increasingly important in future battlefield environments. Moreover, to assimilate the military provocations and trends of hostile countries, imagery intelligence of the highest possible resolution is required. There are many methods for improving the resolution of optical satellites when observing the ground, such as designing satellite optical systems with a larger diameter and lowering the operating altitude. In this paper, we propose a method for improving ground observation resolution by using an optical system for a previously designed low orbit satellite and lowering the operating altitude of the satellite. When the altitude of a satellite is reduced in a circular orbit, a large amount of thrust fuel is required to maintain altitude because the satellite's altitude can decrease rapidly due to atmospheric drag. However, by using the critical inclination, which can fix the position of the perigee in an elliptical orbit to the observation area, the operating altitude of the satellite can be reduced using less fuel compared to a circular orbit. This method makes it possible to obtain a similar observational resolution of a medium-sized satellite with the same weight and volume as a small satellite. In addition, this method has the advantage of reducing development and launch costs to that of a small-sized satellite. As a result, we designed an elliptical orbit. The perigee of the orbit is 300 km, the apogee is 8,366.52 km, and the critical inclination is 116.56°. This orbit remains at its lowest altitude to the Korean peninsula constantly with much less orbit maintenance fuel compared to the 300 km circular orbit.