• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.269-273
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• 2023

After participating in the Second Boer War in 1899, the Australian Army participated in world wars such as World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. To overcome the decline in the social recognition of soldiers and the continuous shortage of troops caused by the protracted war, the status and role of female personnel were expanded. The use of female manpower, which started as medical support during the Second Boer War, expanded to combat support missions such as communications, maintenance, driving, secret document management, and radar surveillance during World War II. After the Vietnam War, the Chiefs of Staff of the Australian Army, Navy and Air Force established a committee to expand women's participation in the military, improved service conditions for female personnel and supplemented regulations so that they were treated as soldiers, not women, and reached a turning point in expanding the role of female personnel in the Australian military. As a result, all combat positions, including special forces, were opened to women in 2014, and a plan was established to increase the proportion of women in each service by 2030. As a result, all combat positions, including special forces, were opened to women in 2014, and the Australian Armed Forces set a plan to increase the proportion of women by 2030. Like the Australian military, South Korea is also experiencing a demographic cliff and shortage of troops due to the continuing low birthrate problem. Through the history and current state of the use of female personnel in the Australian military, we would like to draw implications for the direction our military should go.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.795-799
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• 2023

The Canadian military participated in World War I and felt the limitations of the recruitment system through the continuous shortage of troops caused by the prolonged war, therefore expanded the role and scope of female manpower. The use of female manpower, which began with medical support for the first time, increased its necessity and importance as medical support personnel were dispatched overseas and women's manpower was expanded to combat support missions for the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Since then, the proportion of female manpower has been limited to 1.5% of the total number of employees at the end of the Second World War and the reduction of troops and the dismantling of the women's unit. In this situation, the Austrian Defence Force gradually accepts the recommendation of the Royal Canadian Women's Status Committee to improve the service conditions of women, marking a turning point in expanding the role of women in the Canadian military. The the Austrian Defence Force conducted long-term combat experiments to increase the proportion and role of female manpower, increasing reliability through observation and analysis to prove whether female manpower is suitable for combat troops. Korea also wants to draw implications for the future direction by comparing the history and current appearance of the Canadian military's use of female manpower with the Korean military at a time when the problem of a shortage of troops is emerging due to the recent decline in fertility and low birth rates.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2024

The future military combat environment is rapidly expanding the role and importance of artificial intelligence (AI) in defense, aligning with the current trends of declining military populations and evolving dynamics. Particularly, in the civilian sector, AI development has surged into new domains based on foundation models, such as OpenAI's Chat-GPT, categorized as Super-Giant AI or Hyperscale AI. The U.S. Department of Defense has organized Task Force Lima under the Chief Digital and AI Office (CDAO) to conduct research on the application of Large Language Models (LLM) and generative AI. Advanced military nations like China and Israel are also actively researching the integration of Super-Giant AI into their military capabilities. Consequently, there is a growing need for research within our military regarding the potential applications and fields of application for Super-Giant AI in weapon systems. In this paper, we compare the characteristics and pros and cons of specialized AI and Super-Giant AI (Foundation Models) and explore new application areas for Super-Giant AI in weapon systems. Anticipating future application areas and potential challenges, this research aims to provide insights into effectively integrating Super-Giant Artificial Intelligence into defense operations. It is expected to contribute to the development of military capabilities, policy formulation, and international security strategies in the era of advanced artificial intelligence.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2024

Soldiers serving in military units and institutions are subject to strict security policies and technologies because they handle sensitive and confidential information related to national security, so they are likely to experience security stress. The purpose of this study is to recognize the need to manage the security stress of military personnel and to suggest management measures. To this end, a literature study was conducted on 12 KCI(Korean Journal Citation Index) journals dealing with security stress. Since 2016, research on security stress has been conducted mainly through empirical analysis through surveys. Studies related to security stress were divided into studies dealing with factors that affect stress, the relationship between security stress and security compliance intentions, and factors that reduce security stress. In particular, it was confirmed that factors such as organizational justice, organizational technical support, and security feedback can alleviate security stress. Next, by applying the results of this literature study to the defense security environment, we presented security stress management measures for military personnel in terms of improving security-related organizational justice awareness, technical support, and security feedback. The significance of this study is that we recognized the need to manage military personnel's security stress and reviewed practical measures related to this.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.389-395
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• 2024

This study aims to deeply analyze the military strategies and tactics used in the battles between Israel and Hamas, to understand the military approaches, technical capabilities, and their impact on the outcomes of the conflict. To achieve this, methodologies such as literature review, data analysis, and case studies were utilized. The research findings confirm that Hamas employed asymmetric tactics, such as rocket attacks and surprise attacks through underground tunnels, to counter Israel's military superiority. On the other hand, Israel responded to Hamas's attacks with the Iron Dome interception system and intelligence-gathering capabilities, but faced difficulties due to Hamas's underground tunnel network. After six months of fighting, the casualties in the Gaza Strip exceeded 30,000, and more than 1.7 million people became refugees. Israel also suffered over 1,200 deaths. Militarily, neither side achieved a decisive victory, resulting in a war of attrition. This study suggests that the Israel-Hamas war exemplifies the complexity of modern asymmetric warfare. Furthermore, it recommends that political compromise between the two sides and active mediation efforts by the international community are necessary for the peaceful resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.196-202
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• 2016

Background: Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd), a main component of the root of Panax ginseng, exhibits anti-inflammation functions and decreases infarct size in many injuries and ischemia diseases such as focal cerebral ischemia. M1 Macrophages are regarded as one of the key inflammatory cells having functions for disease progression. Methods: To investigate the effect of GSRd on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and macrophage functional status, and their regulatory role on mouse polarized macrophages in vitro, GSRd (10-100 mg/kg) and vehicle were applied to mice 30 min before renal IRI modeling. Renal functions were reflected by blood serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level and histopathological examination. M1 polarized macrophages infiltration was identified by flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence staining with $CD11b^+$, $iNOS^+$/interleukin-12/tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ labeling. For the in vitro study, GSRd ($10-100{\mu}g/mL$) and vehicle were added in the culture medium of M1 macrophages to assess their regulatory function on polarization phenotype. Results: In vivo data showed a protective role of GSRd at 50 mg/kg on Day 3. Serum level of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen significantly dropped compared with other groups. Reduced renal tissue damage and M1 macrophage infiltration showed on hematoxylin-eosin staining and flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining confirmed this improvement. With GSRd administration, in vitro cultured M1 macrophages secreted less inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$. Furthermore, macrophage polarization-related pancake-like morphology gradually changed along with increasing concentration of GSRd in the medium. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that GSRd possess a protective function against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury via downregulating M1 macrophage polarization.

• Journal of architectural history
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.165-173
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• 1998

The Fort of Han and Jin period was not only a defence-system of military purpose, but also a production-system of national economy, and a administration-system of the state as well. So it took a great role in the protection of social order and the preservation of Chinese culture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.42-53
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to study doll's symbolism representing our social culture and the characteristics of clothing design. The ball joint doll was selected, that are pretty much resembled to human body in terms of facial expression, body proportion, joint movement, etc. Results of research are summarized as follows: the ball joint doll is indicated a doll whose joints are free to move with a round shaped joint, which originated by Yochilya simon, who adopted German Hans Bellmer's method.'rho ball joint doll, first, there appeared state of human isolation due to the material civilization and industrial revolution, and trend of adhering to one's own world made human possess dolls. Second, according to the doll play became a representing play culture among Kidult culture, dolls, that are resembled with human being, were recognized as personalized objects. Third, along of expanding digital culture that makes easy to exchange information via Internet, so, ball joint doll market is growing fast, for which various levels of mania are being formed. Take a look at the doll fashion in modern society. In accordance to form of Look, it is largely categorized Young Casual look, Office look, Ethnic look and Military look. When take a look at design specialty, young casual look was presented as a comfortable silhouette and also made of elastic materials and expressed vivid bright tones. Office look image was expressed as a suit of jacket with skirt, and cotton wool polyester materials and acro-matic colors. Ethnic look was represented by Japanese traditional dress and Chinese traditional clothing. The Military look was generally emphasized army uniforms of straight silhouette and shoulder straps.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.795-803
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• 2005

This paper discusses the late nineteenth-century Korean intellectuals' understanding of Japanese customs on the basis of Ki-Su Kim(金綺秀)'s records. Ki-Su Kim was conservative on his inspection and observation trip to Japan Even though he was loyal to Chinese philosophy, he expressed his great interest when he was reluctant to see the Western technology flowered in Japan because it is not mentioned in Confucianism(朱子學). However, he, like mordern scholars in the later period of the Chosun dynasty, took an objective view of the military matters, such as the military training of soldiers, weapons, and others. On the one hand, he appreciated the western garment in that it, fitting the human body perfectly, makes people comfortable. In the later period of the Chosun dynasty, the Koreans had a sense of their superiority to the Japanese and held them in contempt, which had been rooted in the Japanese invasion of Chosun in the year of Imjin(AD 1592). Even around AD 1870, the Koreans regarded the Japanese as a barbarian or a savage, even though the Japanese had attempted to modernize their country with the introduction of the Western civilization since the renovation of Meizi(明治).

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.523-531
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to trace the origins of the costume terminologies and to identify the meanings of the names of costumes of the Chosun Period. Such terms as dukgai 得盖, murot gai 무롯지 or murukai 무루깨, bal 발, bigya 비갸, bium 비음, samachi 사마치, chiene 처네, chienui 薦衣 were included in this research can be summarized as follows: It appeared that similar words to dukagai were found in the languages such as the language of the arctic regions, Mongolians, English, Sumerian, and Latin. It is considered that dukgai of Chosun was related to L. toga. The word murot gai or murukai as a kind of head covering had its origins in Korean meaning to cover or to wear. Also it was found that the word bal was derived from L.palla meaning a robe, cloak or mantle. Korean bal 발 meant a dang jugori 당저고리 or dang go ui, a kind of women\`s formal outer dress. It was found that word bium or biim, a garment of Yi Chosun was similar to Ass. birmu, a garment. The word, samachi of Yi Chosun was derived from the Manchurien word samachi meaning a kind of military skirt. The word, chiene 처네 or chienui was derived from the Chinese chien (Equatopms. See Full-text) that means a skirt, a child\`s covering, a sheet, and women\`s underwear.