• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1995

The Kamkye Cu-Pb-Zn-Au-Ag deposits occur as quartz veins that filled fault-related fractures of NW system developed in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang basin. Three major stages of mineral deposition are recognized: (1) the stage I associated with wall rock alteration, such as sericite, chlorite, epidote and pyrite, (2) the early stage II of base-metal mineralization such as pyrite, hematite, and small amounts of sphalerite and chalcopyrite. and the middle to late stage II of Cu-As-Sb-Au-Ag-S mineralization, such as sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena with tetrahedrite, tennantite, pearceite, Pb-Bi-Cu-S system, argentite and electrum. (3) the stage III of supergene mineralization, such as covellite, chalcocite and malachite. K-Ar dating of alteration sericite is a late Cretaceous ($74.0{\pm}1.6Ma$) and it may be associated with granitic activity of nearby biotite granite and quartz porphyry. Fluid inclusion data suggest a complex history of boiling, cooling and dilution of ore fluids. Stage II mineralization occurred at temperatures between 370 to $220^{\circ}C$ from fluids with salinities of 8.4 to 0.9 wt.% NaCl. Early stage II($320^{\circ}C$, 2.0 wt.% NaCl) may be boiled due to repeated fracturing which opened up the hydrothermal system to the land surface, and which resulted in a base-metal sulfide. Whilst the fractures were opened to the surface, mixing of middle-late stage II ore fluids with meteoric waters resulted in deposition of Cu-As-Sb-Au-Ag minerals from low temperature fluids(${\leq}290^{\circ}C$). Boiling of ore fluids may be occured at a pressure of 112 bar and a depth of 412 m. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation of sphalerite-tetraherite assemblages in middle stage II indicates that the ore-forming fluid had log fugacities of $S_2$ of -6.6~-9.4 atm.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 1993

We report Rb-Sr whole rock, K-Ar and fission track mineral ages for the Chuncheon granite in the Precambrian Gyeonggi massif. The Rb-Sr whole rock define an age of $196{\pm}9$ Ma with an initial ratio of $0.7159{\pm}0.0006$, suggesting that the granitic magma might have been generated from crustal sources (S-type), or probably mixed mantle and crustal materials, and emplaced into the massif in the late Triassic or the early Jurassic. K-Ar mineral ages of hornblende, muscovite and biotite are ~210 Ma, ~180 Ma and 166-170 Ma respectively, and fission track zircon and apatite ages are 65-70 Ma, ~35 Ma respectively. These ages indicate that the granitic magma might have been emplaced at about 7 to 9 km from the paleosurface, and rapidly cooled down up to $300^{\circ}C$ until middle Jurassic (~170 Ma) with a rate of about $10^{\circ}C$/Ma, due to thermal difference between the magma and the wall rock. During middle Jurassic to late Cretaceous (about 170-70 Ma), the granite pluton is assumed to have uplifted to 4 to 6 km level under the paleosurface with a rate of 30 m/Ma and slowly cooled down with a rate of about $1^{\circ}C$/Ma owing to relatively slow denudation of the massif. In late Cretaceous to the present, the pluton might have more rapidly uplifted to the present level with a rate of 85 m/Ma and rapidly cooled down with a rate of about $3^{\circ}C$/Ma compared to those of middle Jurassic to late Cretaceous time because of extensive igneous activities accompanied by tectonism in the Gyeonggi massif.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.191-204
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• 1999

Background: Nasal polyps are benign mass of nasal mucose, chronic sinusitis are swelling of nasal mucose, so nasal polyps and chronic sinusitis take a place at the same time. Nasal polyps are located lateral wall of nose, middle meatus, between middle nasal concha and inferior nasal concha. Objective: To demonstrate the effect of herbal medicine therapy in the chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps before and after treatment using computed tomography (CT). To compared before and after treatment of otitis media using earscope. Materials and methods: Five patients (4 mail and 1 femail) treated in our hospital between August 1998 and July 1999 were studied. Ages ranged from 9 to 23 years (mean age:13 years). All patients had a underlying family history, and past history(allergy or sinusitis of parents or brothers). Illness period was from 1 to 36 months (mean period:10.5 month). To ascertain the efficacy of treatment, CT were checked out. In the CT, three images were obtained 2cm interval on the coronal and axial plan. We classified treatment period into the type of allergic disease. Gamihyunggyeyungyo-tang was administered mainly. Gamigwaghyangjeungki-san, Gamizwakwi-eum and Gamihyangso-san were administered for through oral route additional symptoms. Results: Treatment period was from 126 to 157 days (mean period:140.7 days). To 3 patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyp, treatment period was 140.7 days, to 2 patients with otitis media and chronic sinusitis and nasal polyp, treatment period was 141.5 days. So they had no significance. Not nasal polyp from middle meatus, but also polypoid mucosal change of maxillary sinus is polyps Conclusion: We know that herbal medicine therapy is the effective treatment of pediatric chronic sinusitis and otitis media using earscope and CT. Herbal medicine therapy was effective in increasing immunity, inhibiting allergic reaction and inflammation of respiratory system. we practice ECP(eosinophil cataionic protein) and MAST examination, objectify herbal medicine therapy.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.504-510
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• 2017

Objective : To investigate the morphological and hemodynamic parameters associated with middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation aneurysm rupture. Methods : A retrospective study of 67 consecutive patients was carried out based on 3D digital subtraction angiography data. Morphological and hemodynamic parameters including aneurysm size parameters (dome width, height, and perpendicular height), longest dimension from the aneurysm neck to the dome tip, neck width, aneurysm area, aspect ratio, Longest dimension from the aneurysm neck to the dome tip (Dmax) to dome width, and height-width, Bottleneck factor, as well as wall shear stress (WSS), low WSS area (LSA), percentage of LSA (LSA%) and energy loss (EL) were estimated. Parameters between ruptured and un-ruptured groups were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristics were generated to check prediction performance of all significant variables. Results : Sixty-seven patients with MCA bifurcation aneurysm were included (31 unruptured, 36 ruptured). Dmax (p=0.008) was greater in ruptured group than that in un-ruptured group. D/W (p<0.001) and the percentage of the low WSS area ($0.09{\pm}0.13$ vs. $0.01{\pm}0.03$, p<0.001) were also greater in the ruptured group. Moreover, the EL in ruptured group was higher than that in unruptured group ($6.39{\pm}5.04$ vs. $1.53{\pm}0.86$, p<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis suggested D/W and EL were significant predictors of rupture of MCA bifurcation aneurysms. Correlation analyses revealed the D/W value was positively associated with the EL (R=0.442, p<0.01). Conclusion : D/W and EL might be the most two favorable factors to predict rupture risk of MCA bifurcation aneurysms.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2022

Focusing on the creation of a new han ok, especially a mid-rise hybrid-structured Han-ok, this study proposes a middle-rise (four-story) Han-ok on one and two lots located in Seoun-dong, the existing Han-ok intensive housing site in downtown Cheongju. 1) In terms of layout and function, according to the existing L-shaped Han-ok corresponding to the road and the direction, the parking lots and shops on the 1st floor, the business facility on the 2nd floor, the Han-ok on the 3rd and 4th floors are placed. There are yards, open roof yards, and semi-open Daecheong(大廳, main hall), which can be shared by residents. 2) In terms of structure and form, one or two floors (some 3 floors) are 5.4m square and 5.4×6.6m modules of the RC(Reinforced Concrete) group, and the upper floor reflects the 2.7m module, size and shape of the existing Han-ok. By extending the outer wall of the RC group in the lower floors (1st to 3rd floors) to the wooden exterior of the upper floors (2nd to 4th floors), it is attempted to avoid the awkward appearance of the RC group being exposed to wooden structures. And it is also attempted to reflect the wooden shape and design elements through the elevation elements such as horizontal windows, corner windows, picture frames, and vertical slits. 3) In environmental control and facilities, it is attempted to smooth the ventilation of the building by forming a vertical upward airflow from the dark space of the low floor to the positive of the upper floor. This doubles the effect through a vertical rise of cold air generated in a narrow alleyway, piloti parking lot, and the various voids. In addition to the Daecheong and Numaru(loft) of Han ok, the rooftop yard, the terrace, and the balcony, horizontal natural ventilation is generated through divided doors and transom windows.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.187-187
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• 2022

Purple-discoloration of the uppermost leaves has been observed in some soybean cultivars in recent years. The purpose of this study was to characterize the novel phenotypic changes between the uppermost and middle leaves via multiple approaches. First, quantitative trait loci mapping was conducted to detect loci associated with the novel phenotype using 85 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the 'Daepung' × PI 96983 population. 180K SNP data, a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) was identified at around 60 cM of chromosome 6, which accounts for 56% of total phenotypic variance. The genomic interval is about ~700kb, and a list of annotated genes includes the T-gene which is known to control pubescence and seed coat color and is presumed to encode flavonoid 35-hydroxylase (F3'H). Based on Hyperspectral imaging, the reflectance at 528-554 nm wavelength band was extremely reduced in the uppermost leaves compared to the middle (green leaves), which is presumed die to the accumulation of anthocyanins. In addition, purple-discolored leaf tissues were observed and compared to normal leaves using a transmission electronic microscope (TEM). Base on observations of the cell organelles, the purple-discolored uppermost leaves had many pigments formed in the epidermal cells unlike the normal middle leaves, and the cell wall thickness was twice as thick in the discolored leaves. The thickness of the thylakoid layer in the chloroplast the number of starch grains, the size of starch all decreased in the discolored leaves, while the number of plastoglobule and mitochondria increased.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2021

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of CaCl₂ foliar spraying on the inhibition of blossom-end rot (BER) in hot summer paprika (Capsicum annum L. 'Special') cultivation. The effect of CaCl₂ application was examined by the foliar application based on different fruit size, frequency, and spraying time. Also, it was investigated the occurrence and alleviation effect of BER symptom. Foliar application of CaCl₂ (Ca 0.4%) was conducted by treating a fruit and leaf at 4 to 9 nodes above the crown flowers of each plant with 350 mL per week from June 3 to July 1. When the CaCl₂ was sprayed at 7-day intervals for 4 weeks, the Ca content was the lowest in the fruit harvested with BER symptom in 11 to 20 mm of fruit width (FW). Four different regions in both BER symptom and normal fruits showed significant differences of Ca content, the highest was in pedicel, followed by stem-end, middle, and blossom-end. The Ca content increased sharply in normal paprika with 31-40 mm FW, in which Ca content was 78% higher than that of BER. Ca content in the middle and blossom-end of paprika over 21 mm in FW ranged 19.8% to 28.8% in normal fruits and 15.7% to 18.5% in BER, respectively. The incidence of BER increased rapidly by more than 60% in fruits with 31-40 mm FW. While there was no difference in fruit weight among the FW treatment, marketable yield rate was highest in the 21-30 mm FW, and the sugar content was high in the 11-30mm FW. When CaCl₂ was applied three times for 7 days to a paprika having a 21- 30 mm FW, the cell wall-bound (CWB) Ca content was the highest and the rate of BER was lowest with 6.3%. After 10 days of CaCl₂ foliar spray treatment, the CWB Ca content of paprika increased by 2.9 to 3.5 times compared to the control in all treatments. At 7 days after the CaCl₂ foliar spraying once a day at varying spraying time, the leaf burn observed from 9:30 a.m. to 17:00 p.m. and the proline content increased as the spraying time was delayed. Therefore, the CaCl₂ foliar spraying method for reducing of BER occurrence during paprika summer cultivation seems to be appropriate to spray 2-3 times at intervals of 3 days and before 8 a.m. at the time when the FW is 21-30 mm.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.557-568
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• 2018

The manufacturing techniques were studied by investigating a precise analysis on wall structure, features of materials and the painting layer of the bracket mural paintings at Daeungbojeon Hall in Naesosa temple. The wall frame is a single-branch structure, and The mural paintings are composed of 3 layers which are a support layer, a finishing layer and a painting layer. The support layer and the finishing layer are an earth wall that sand and clay such as Quartz, Feldspar, and etc. are mixed. The support and the finishing layers have a combination of medium particle sand and smaller than fine particle sand in the approximate ratios of 0.8:9.2 and 6:4, respectively. Therefore, the aforementioned ratio of sand with medium or large particles is relatively higher in the finishing layer than the support layer. As a result of a precise analysis on the painting layer, it has a relatively thick ground layer for painting which is maximum $456.15{\mu}m$ by using Celadonite or Glauconite and the paintings were colored by using pigments such as Atacamite, Kaolinite or Halloysite, Oxidized steel, and etc. on it. The manufacturing style and the painting techniques of an earth wall are included in the category of the Joseon Dynasty style that have been studied up to now, but the facts that the finishing layer has a high content of sand and a middle layer and chopped straw have not been identified. These are remarkable points in terms of structure and materials, and can be crucial in the evaluation of the state of conservation of mural paintings or preparation of a conservation plan.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.455-462
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the number of the growing and mature follicles in each stage of estrus cycle in mature rats. Eighteen mature rats(Sprague-Dawley, initially 190~230gm) were randomly alloted into 4 groups(proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus) according to estrus cycles. The uteri and ovaries of rats were collected and then alternative sections of paraffin embedding ovaries were stained with H-E. Numbers of large, middle and small follicles or only large and middle follicles from secondary and tertiary follicles were investigated by LM photography of preparations. Small follicles were defined as secondary follicles with 2~5 cell layers of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte, and middle follicles were defined as secondary follicles with more than 5 cell layers or with early signs of antral cavity or with more than one small cleft on either side of the oocytes and large follicles were defined as tertiary follicles with a single medium or large antral cavity. The number of follicles in a pair ovary per rat was appeared to be ranged from 207 to 370 and the mean number of these follicles was $270.4{\pm}52.6$ and the mean number of follicles per ovary was $134.9{\pm}32.0$. The mean number of large, middle and small follicles per ovary was appeared to be $16.4{\pm}4.4$($12.2{\pm}3.3%$), $36.2{\pm}8.6$($26.8{\pm}6.4%$), and $82.7{\pm}24.0$($61.3{\pm}17.8%$), respectively. The mean number of large and middle follicles in each stage group of estrus cycle was appeared to be $17.8{\pm}2.1$ and $38.3{\pm}7.4$ at proestrus stage group, $15.7{\pm}5.2$ and $38.0{\pm}10.0$ at estrus stage group, $16.5{\pm}3.5$ and $33.8{\pm}7.0$ at metestrus stage group, $16.7{\pm}5.8$ and $29.7{\pm}5.5$ at diestrus group, respectively. In histological findings of large follicles during each estrus cycle, the large follicles in proestrus group contain single small antrum, thick granulosa cell layers, and were $300{\sim}500{\mu}m$ in diameter and were growing follicles with PCNA-positive cells in the granulosa cell layers, and other luteinizing follicles of proestrus cycle stage were decreased in size and were thicker in wall thickness and more luteinized than those in metestrus and diestrus stage groups. The large follicles in estrus stage group contain thick granulosa cell layers and nonprominent cumulus-oocyte complexes in antrum, and were $400{\sim}700{\mu}m$ in diameter and were growing follicles with PCNA-positive cells in the granulosa cell layers. The large follicles in metestrus and diestrus stage groups contain enlarged antrums, thinner layers of walls and prominent cumulus-oocyte complexes, and were $700-950{\mu}m$ in diameter, and were nongrowing follicles without PCNA-positive cells or another large follicles contain cells with dark stainability and distinct boundary.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.209-219
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• 2006

The supersonic combustion experiments are carried out using T3 free-piston shock tunnel. Different shock tube fill pressures have various inflow conditions. $15^{\circ}$ inclined hydrogen fuel injection is located before the cavity. Oblique shock is generated at the trailing edge of the cavity and reflects off the top and bottom wall. For non-reacting flow, static pressures in low equivalence ratio are similar to those in no fuel injection. As equivalence ratio is increased, static pressures are increased in the duct. In the similar equivalence ratio, static pressures are increased when total enthalpy is decreased. For reacting flow, the flame is occurred near the cavity. The combustion is weak locally in the middle of the duct. The up and down pressure distribution in the duct means that the supersonic combustion is generated.