• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.467-476
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• 2009

As web technology and educational environments are in rapid progress, web-based cooperative learning systems have gained a lot of interests. Recently some studies have attempted to combine a learning system and simple games that enable learners to actively participate and have high interests in learning. These studies are based on TGT model, a cooperative learning model using games, and mostly remain system design levels. A few implemented systems have many problems because they focus only on pure TGT model. To solve these problems, this paper builds a extended TGT model and a new web-based cooperative learning system using this new model. The extended part contains ideas such as expert learning from Jigsaw II model, improvement scores from STAD model and making game problems by learners. A system using pure TGT model and a suggested system are implemented and used by two classes of middle school students to evaluate our system. The experimental results show that our system outperforms the other system.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.391-400
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• 2020

While artificial intelligence (AI) is attracting attention as a core technology in the era of the 4th industrial revolution, needs for artificial intelligence education to cultivate AI literacy is emerging. In this regard, we developed and applied a project-based AI education program for elementary and middle school students, and analyzed its effects. Participants were assigned into teams with three members, and each team engaged in a project-based AI education program for two nights and three days. In the project, they selected an real-world problem they wanted and devised an AI-enabled artifact to solve it. The effectiveness of the program was investigated with the changes in attitude and efficacy of learners toward artificial intelligence. The results showed that the AI project learning positively changed both attitudes and efficacy toward artificial intelligence at a statistically significant level. This change was more pronounced as the level of perceived programming skills increased, and the level of interest in the project learning increased.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.357-372
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to 1) segment female adolescent consumers into consumer groups displaying different consumer decision-making styles 2) to determine the consumer characteristics(clothing involvement information search store patronage and demographic variables) that related to each consumer segment and 3) to identify the interrelationship between the consumer characteristics. Decision-making styles were measured by 32 seven-point Likert type scales adapted from Sproles & Kendall and Shim & Kot A total of 78 statements dealing with three aspects of consumer characteristics was adapted from previous research. Data were collected from 567 2nd grade female middle and high school students in Seoul via self-administered questionnaires. and were analysed by frequency factor analysis ANOVA cluster analysis χ2 -test and Duncan's multiple range test. The results of this study were as follows: As a results of cluster analysis and ANOVA on seven factors of desion-making styles(1. brand-consiousness 2. novelty/fashion-consciousness 3. recreational/hedonis-tic orientation, 4. impulsive/carelessness, 5. price-consciousness/value-for-money, 6. perfectionism/high quality orientation 7. habitual/brand-royal consciousness) three consumer groups were identified and labeled as puality-oriented/non-utlitarian shoppers price-oriented shoppers and apathetic shoppers. Quality-oriented/non-utilitarian shoppers showed the highest clothing involvement scores of all aspects the highest consumer knowledge/experience most active ongoing information search and prepurchase information search. They preferred department store and franchise store for apparel shopping and considered service/reliability atmosphere variety of goods as important store attributes, Price-oriented shoppers showed prepurchase information search and planned purchase behavior actively. They preferred factory outlet store specialty stre and considered price very important as store attributes. Apathetic shoppers showed the lowest scores of all aspects of clothing involvement and most passive behavior in information search activities except showing the highest planned purchase. They preferred regional markets.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.425-441
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• 2002

This study focused on the geographical concepts development and its zone of proximal development(ZPD) through the collaborative interaction. Among the conclusions are: 1) Students who have higher cognitive structure represented the Creator Seoul Metropolitan Area(GSMA) as a geographical concepts, not as a spontaneous concepts. The concepts is developed from concrete facts, subordinate element concept to basic element concept hierarchically. The most difficult concept that the learner should internalize was represented as the basic element concept. 2) Although ZPD of GSMA is individualized, it could be divided into 9 types. The ZPD was developed differently according to the qualitative differences how much more and how systematically represented the geographical concepts. The characteristics shown in this development procedure was that there was a quality change based on quantity extensive.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.226-233
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to test whether the degrees of desyncronization in cranial nerves were related to correlation coefficient between brain waves measured on scalp. Based on the hypothesis. this research intended to describe the patterns of brain wave during scientific reasoning. EEG (electroencephalography) signals in 19 electrodes were recorded from elementary (6th grade) and middle (7th, 8th grade) school students as they performed roller-ball tasks: planning experiment, cognitive conflict, bridging, metacognition, and at rest (eyes closed and eyes opened). The results showed that the smaller the correlation coefficient was, the bigger the degrees of desyncronization. As compared to resting periods, the correlation coefficients in prefrontal and frontal lobe decreased during scientific reasoning. And the nerves in prefrontal and frontal lobes were most active during scientific reasoning. These results suggest that the correlation coefficient in addition to frequency of brain waves be analysed to get meaningful results of researches on scientific reasoning by brain wave.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.35-48
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between attachment and automatic thoughts of adolescents. A sample of 443 students at middle and high schools participated. Adolescents reported parent and peer attachment using the modified version of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) and automatic thoughts using the modified version of Automatic Thought Questionnaire (Hollon & Kendall, 1980; Ingram & Wisnicki, 1988). Multiple regression analyses indicated that effects of attachments were different by the type of automatic thoughts. Specifically, trust in peer relations, trust in father-adolescent relations and communication in mother-adolescent relations were important predictors of positive automatic thought, whereas alienation in father-adolescent relations, alienation in peer relations and trust in mother-adolescent relations were important predictors of negative automatic thought.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1-20
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• 2008

This study investigates the influences of factors such as type and degree of family leisure among parents with five day work weeks on adolescents' perceived family strengths. Its findings are based on questionnaires collected from 525 male and female parents of middle school students. Factor analysis and MANOVA were employed for data analysis and $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ tests for post-hoc analysis. The main findings were as follows. First, adolescents whose parents work five days a week were at a higher level than other adolescents in terms of finances, family ties, communication, and social ties. Second, there were no significant differences concerning adolescents' family strength by type of family leisure. Third, adolescents with more family leisure activities scored higher than others in the areas of manageable strengths, financial levels, family ties, communication, and family social ties. Fourth, among families following the five day working system, adolescents who had more family leisure activities scored higher than the others in regards to manageable strengths, financial levels, family ties, communication, and family social ties. Additionally, where adolescents thought they had fewer family leisure activities, family-oriented adolescents tended to be engaged in higher physical-activity-oriented and hobby-oriented activities in relation to manageable strengths, financial level, family ties, and communication and hobby-oriented adolescents engaged in higher than average amounts of physical-activity, strengthening family social ties in the process. Fifth, concerning families not adhering to the five day working system, adolescents who had more family leisure activities scored higher than others in terms of manageable strengths, financial levels, family ties, communication, and family social ties. As the above results indicate, family leisure activities appear to be a key factor influencing family strength. Therefore, further support should be extended toward developing new forms of family leisure and additional studies should be devoted to the subject.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.313-330
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• 2015

The classification is an important activity that is directly related to concept formation. Thus it will need to be made meaningful learning to classification through learner-centered teaching. But we doubts weather teaching and learning to the classification are reflected in the constructivist philosophy of 'learner-centered' well or not. The purpose of this study was to analyze critically the content of elementary textbooks and guidebook for teachers relating to the classification of angles and triangles in terms of constructivism. As a result, there is a problem in the classification of angles that are not provided a reasonable chance to set criteria by agreement of the communities. There is a problem in the classification of triangles that has the characteristics of radical development in terms of diversity. In addition, response of students was predicted like anyone who already acquired knowledge. And it has the shortcomings that the opportunity to have a choice and a discussion to hierarchical and partition classification are not provided. The followings are proposed based on such features; faithful reflection of 'Learner-centered' principle, careful prediction of student response, teaching that focus on process than results.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.473-481
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• 1999

Objectives: In recent days, the problem of odor pollution in community near Sihwa Industrial complex, Kynuggi Province is becoming of significant public concern. We have investigated the health effects of the Sihwa residents from odor pollution comparing with other less polluted areas. Methods: The Ansan and Kuri Cities were selected as control areas. The parents of the elementary and middle school students in these three areas were surveyed with structured questionnaire twice, Nov 1997 and Jure 1998 each. As a exposure index, the ambient air concentrations of five major air pollutants(particulates, $O_3,\;SO_2,\;NO_2$, CO) and subjective odor perception were used. We have focused health outcomes such as the prevalence of nonspecific irritant symptoms, respiratory disease among family members and the score of qualify of life(QOL). Results: Although the mean concentrations of major air pollutants except particulates were similar or lower in Sihwa than other areas, the odor perception rate and the monthly odor perception days were significantly higher. It suggested that odor producing chemical compounds are the major source of environmental pollution problem. There were higher prevalence rates of nonspecific irritant symptoms and respiratory disease among family members in Sihwa than other control areas. The QOL score was also lower in Sihwa. The odor perception proved to be a most important factor in reporting adverse health effects and lowering the QOL score. Conclusion: The residents living near Sihwa industrial complex were suffering from more adverse health symptoms and poorer QOL status than control areas. And it may be due to environmental odor pollution from industrial complex. Therefore, further research will be needed for monitoring of the responsible chemicals emitted from industries.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.197-206
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to quantify the maximum EMG levels and determine if there are differences in these EMG levels with respect to different knee flexion angles. Eight university students with no known musculoskeletal disorders were recruited as the participants. The maximum voluntary isometric knee extensions and flexions were taken from each participant sat on the isokinetic exercise machine (Cybex 340) at five different knee flexion angles ($10^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $50^{\circ}$, $70^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$) After surface electrodes were attached to rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus laterlis, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus, maximum EMG levels at five different knee flexion angles were measured. The results showed that there was no significant difference in maximum EMG levels among five different knee flexion angles. Although there was no significant difference in EMG levels and were some variations among different knee flexion angles, the EMG signals of quadriceps in extension and biceps femoris in flexion were the greatest at $30^{\circ}$. It seems that different joint angles or relative locations of body segments might affect the magnitude of EMG levels. Because the maximum EMG levels could change with a different knee flexion angle, an attempt should be made to more accurately measure these values. If then, %MVIC measure provides more reliable data and is most appropriate for EMG normalization.