• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.54-58
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• 2005

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the time evolution and distribution of cerebral apoptosis using the middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats. Methods: A total of twenty four male rats - with 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion respectively - were studied. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling(TUNEL) method was used for the observation of the apoptotic cells. The apoptotic ratio was calculated and the distribution of apoptosis was inspected in the pyriform cortex, basal ganglia and middle cerebral artery territory cortex. The rats were divided into three groups(Group I : $2{\sim}4$ hours of occlusion, Group II : $6{\sim}$12 hours of occlusion, Group III : $24{\sim}48$ hours of occlusion). Results: In this study, the proportion of apoptosis increased with the duration of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reached a maximum after about 12 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The mean values of the apoptotic ratio were $30.7{\pm}11.3%$ in group I, $60.8{\pm}2.6%$ in group II and $48.7{\pm}0.7%$ in group III. The distribution of apoptosis differed in the pyriform cortex, basal ganglia and middle cerebral artery territory cortex according to the duration of time of the middle cerebral artery occlusion. Conclusion: In the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of the rats, apoptosis is found to increase according to the occlusion time, reaching a peak after 6 hours, and the distribution of apoptosis changed from the pyriform cortex to the basal ganglia and middle cerebral artery territory cortex.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.186-191
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• 2019

서론: 최근 노년층에서 뇌졸중 발병률이 증가하고 있다. 현재 뇌졸중 치료제 및 방법이 많이 개발되어 있으나 치료 후에도 후유증 등이 많이 남게 된다. 그래서 아직도 많은 과학자나 임상 의사들이 이를 치료하기 위한 약물 및 방법을 연구하고 있는 실정이다. 많은 연구 중 뇌졸중 치료 연구를 위한 표준화된 실험 동물연구는 드물며, 표준화된 Nylon thread를 이용한 중대뇌동맥 폐쇄모델(MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion)의 성공률에 대한 연구는 거의 없다 방법: 본연구는 $0.18{\pm}0.02mm$의 지름을 가진 5-0 Nylon thread를 중대뇌동맥에 삽입하였다. 60분 동안 삽입한 후에 봉합해 놓았던 부위를 다시 절개하여 Nylon thread를 빼내고, 막았던 혈관의 매듭을 풀어주어, 다시 혈액이 공급되게 하였다. 그로부터 23시간 후에 뇌를 내어 1mm 두께로 자른 후 1.5% TTC(2',3',5'-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride)로 15분간 염색하고, 4% PFA(paraformaldehyde)로 15분 동안 고정하였다. 결과: Nylon thread를 삽입하여, MCA occlusion 50마리, ICA occlusion 14마리, 제대로 된 MCAO model보다 좀 더 깊게 들어간 distal MCAO model 36마리, 너무 깊은 MCA나 ACA까지 들어가서 상보적인 괴사를 나타내는 occlusion model 1마리, 그리고 경색이 일어나지 않은 마우스 50마리를 확인하였다. 결론: 이에 본 연구에서는 Nylon Thread를 생쥐의 무게에 따라 32~36g 인 생쥐는 9mm로 삽입하여주고, 37~40g인 생쥐는 9mm+0.5mm의 깊이로 삽입하여서 1hr의 occlusion과 23hr의 reperfusion을 주어 생쥐를 TTC 염색을 통하여 괴사가 일어난 부분을 확인하였고, 생쥐에서 가역적인 뇌혈관 경색으로 151말중 101마리에서 뇌경색을 유도 할 수 있었다(66.9%).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.551-554
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• 2012

Alternative to carotid endarterectomy, carotid artery stenting (CAS) can be performed for symptomatic severe stenosis of internal carotid artery, especially for high-risk patients. Among several complications after CAS, subacute in-stent thrombosis is rare but important, because patient's condition can deteriorate rapidly. Subacute in-stent thrombosis with carotid artery occlusion can be managed by superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis. We report two cases of STA-MCA anastomosis for internal carotid artery occlusion by subacute in-stent thrombosis after CAS.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.149-152
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• 2016

We report a case of a 5-year-old girl who developed left hemiparesis and left facial palsy, 6 days after the initiation of fever and respiratory symptoms due to pneumonia. Chest radiography, conducted upon admission, showed pneumonic infiltration and pleural effusion in the left lung field. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed acute ischemic infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory. Brain magnetic resonance angiography and transfemoral cerebral angiography revealed complete occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was identified by a 4-fold increase in IgG antibodies to M. pneumoniae between acute and convalescent sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fibrinogen and D-dimer levels were elevated, while laboratory exams in order to identify other predisposing factors of pediatric stroke were all negative. This is the first reported pediatric case in English literature of a M. pneumoniae-associated cerebral infarction involving complete occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.478-480
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• 2007

Unruptured non-traumatic dissecting aneurysm in the M4 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) accompanied by complete occlusion of the ipsilateral internal cerebral artery (ICA) has never been reported. A 41-year-old man presented with an infarction manifesting as left-sided weakness and dysarthria. Magnetic resonance angiography revealed a subacute stage infarction in the right MCA territory and complete occlusion of the right ICA. Angiography demonstrated aneurysmal dilatation of the M4 segment of the right MCA. Surgery was performed to prevent hemorrhage from the aneurysm. The aneurysm was proximally clipped guided by Navigation-CT angiography and flow to the distal MCA was restored by superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastornosis. We report this rare case with literature review.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.99-102
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• 2014

A previously healthy 52-year-old man presented to the emergency room with acute onset left hemiparesis and dysarthria. Brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance examinations revealed acute cerebral infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory and a sphenoid ridge meningioma encasing the right carotid artery terminus. Cerebral angiography demonstrated complete occlusion of the right proximal M1 portion. A computed tomography perfusion study showed a wide area of perfusion-diffusion mismatch. Over the ensuing 48 hours, left sided weakness deteriorated despite medical treatment. Emergency extracranial-intracranial bypass was performed using a double-barrel technique, leaving the tumor as it was, and subsequently his neurological function was improved dramatically. We present a rare case of sphenoid ridge meningioma causing acute cerebral infarction as a result of middle cerebral artery compression.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.5-17
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• 2011

Objectives : Gliosis becomes physical and mechanical barrier to axonal regeneration. Reactive gliosis induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion is involved with up-regulation of CD81 and GFAP (Glial fibrillary acidic protein). The current study is to examine the effect of the Angelica gigas Nakai(intravenous injection. 100 mg/kg twice in a day) on CD81 and GFAP of the rat in the brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods : Cerebral infarction was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. And after intravenous injection of water extract of Angelica gigas Nakai, the size of cerebral infarction was measured. Examination of optical microscope were also used to detect the expression of CD81 and GFAP in the brain of the rat. Results : The following results were obtained : We found that size of cerebral infarcion induced by MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) in rats were decreased after intravenous injection of Angelica gigas Nakai. We injected the extract of Angelica gigas Nakai to the MCAO in rats, and the optical microscope study showed that Angelica gigas Nakai had effect on protecting the cells of hippocampus. We found that GFAP, CD81 and ERK of the brain in rats with cerebral infarction after MCAO were meaningfully decreased after intravenous injecting Angelica gigas Nakai. We found that c-Fos expression of the brain in rats with cerebral infarction after MCAO were significantly increased after intravenous injecting Angelica gigas Nakai. Conclusions : These results indicate that Angelica gigas Nakai could suppress the reactive gliosis, which disturbs the astrocyte regeneration in the brain of the rat with cerebral infarction after MCAO by controlling the expression of CD81 and GFAP. And the effect may be modulated by the up-regulation of c-Fos and ERK.

• Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2024

Since the first description of the possible utilization of the internal maxillary artery for bypass surgery, there are some reports of its use in aneurysm cases; however, there is no information about the possible advantages of this type of bypass for cerebral ischemic disease. We present a 77-year-old man with a history of diabetes, hypertension, systemic atherosclerosis, and two acute myocardial infarctions with left hemiparesis. Imaging studies reported total occlusion of the right internal carotid artery and 75% occlusion on the left side, with an old opercular infarction and repeated transient ischemic attacks in the right middle cerebral artery territory despite medical treatment. After a consensus, we decided to perform a bypass from the internal maxillary artery to the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery using a radial artery graft. After performing the proximal anastomosis, the calculated graft's free flow was 216 ml/min. Subsequently, after completing the bypass, the patency was confirmed with fluorescein videoangiography and intraoperative Doppler. Postoperatively, imaging studies showed improvement in the perfusion values and the hemiparesis from 3/5 to 4+/5. The patient was discharged one week after the operation, with a modified Rankin scale of 1, without added deficits. The use of revascularization techniques in steno-occlusive disease indicates a select group of patients that may benefit from this procedure. In addition, internal maxillary artery bypass has provided a safe option for large areas of ischemia that cannot be supplied with a superficial temporal artery - middle cerebral artery bypass.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2019

Background: This study investigated the effects of Vipera lebetina turanica snake venom (SV) on cerebral infarction induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Methods: Following cerebral infarction, SV was injected intravenously or added to BV2 cell culture. Tissue injury was detected using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, neurological deficit score, NO, ROS, and GSH/GSSG assays, qPCR, Western blot, and cell viability. Results: Cerebral infarction caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion as observed by TTC staining, showed SV inhibited cell death, reducing the number of brain cells injured due to infarction. SV treatment for cerebral infarction showed a significant decrease in abnormal behavior, as determined by the neurological deficit score. The oxidation and inflammation of the cells that had cerebral infarction caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (NO assay, ROS, GSH/GSSG assay, and qPCR), showed significant protection by SV. Western blot of brain infarction cells showed the expression of iNOS, COX-2, p-IkB-${\alpha}$, P38, p-JNK, p-ERK to be lower in the SV group. In addition, the expression of IkB increased. BV2 cells were viable when treated with SV at $20{\mu}g/mL$ or less. Western blot of BV2 cells, treated with 0.625, 1.5, $2.5{\mu}g/mL$ of SV, showed a significant decrease in the expression of p-IkB-${\alpha}$, p-JNK, iNOS, and COX-2 on BV2 cells induced by LPS. Conclusion: SV showed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects against cerebral infarction and inflammation.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of Semen Persicae (SP) on infarct volume, COX-2 protein expression in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rats. Methods: Twenty-eight rats were randomly assigned to four groups (MCAo experimental group, MCAo control group, sham experimental group, control group). The middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded in the MCAo group by proximal focal cerebral ischemia rat model, while the MCA was not occluded in the sham group. SP extraction was administrated for 4 days to each experimental group. Neuroprotective effects were investigated by measurement of brain damage using 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and analysis of COX-2 protein expression by western blotting. Results: The occurrence of infarct volume in the SP oral administration group decreased compared to the control group. COX-2 protein expression in the SP oral administration group decreased compared to the control group. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the effect of SP in reducing infarct volume and decreasing COX-2 expression.