• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.115-129
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the physical-related stress on the appearance management behavior of middle-aged women. The questionnaires were administered to 414 middle-aged women living in Gwang-ju city, Korea. For analysis of data, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, ANOVA and Duncan-test were applied. The result was as follows. First, the middle-aged women's physical-related stress was classified as follows: 1) body-related stress, 2) face-related stress, 3) hair-related stress. The middle-aged women were under a lot of pressures from hair. Second, usually, between the group of physical-related much stress and a little stress. There was not significant difference in appearance management behavior: existence in a purchasing experience. But there were significant differences in it: intention of purchasing. Third, among demographic factors(age, educated level, job, income, and existence or nonexistence menstruation), there were significant differences on a physical-related stress. Finally, among demographic factors(age, educated level, job, income, existence or nonexistence her husband, and existence or nonexistence menstruation), there were significant differences in appearance management behavior.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of treadmill walking exercise on the BMD (Bone Mineral Density) and BMI (Body Mass Index) of middle-aged women in their forties. Method: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used for this study. The experiment was conducted for 10 weeks from May 17 to July 25, 2004 with 29 middle-aged women in their forties, who were assigned to a walking exercise group (16) or a control group (13). The experimental group had not exercised regularly before participating in this program. The control group received no exercise treatment during the research period. The BMD and BMI were measured with peripheral dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impidence analysis, respectively. $X^2-test$ and Mann-Whitney U test with the SPSS version 11.0 program were used to analyze the data. Result: Treadmill walking exercise was effective for middle-aged women in increasing BMD and decreasing BMI. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate a need to develop walking exercise protocols for middle-aged women to help them achieve a healthy life.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 2013

Purpose: In this study, the effects of laughter therapy on a laughter index, cortisol and immunoglobulin of middle aged women were examined. Methods: A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group pre/post-test design were used. The participants (n=54) included 27 in the experimental group and 27 in the control group. The data were collected from February through March of 2013. The experimental group participated in laughter therapy for 40 minutes per session, five times a week for a period of 2 weeks. The tool was used to measure pre/post-test laughter index, cortisol and immunoglobulin of middle aged women. Results: The results showed that laughter therapy was effective in increasing the laughter index (p<.001), and immunoglobulin IgA (p<.001), IgG (p<.001), and IgM (p=.010). Also, the stress hormone, cortisol of middle aged women decreased but non-significantly (p=.158). Conclusion: The result of the study indicates that laughter therapy may have an influence on nursing intervention and treatment effects to improve the laughter index and immunoglobulin of middle aged women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.31
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• pp.119-130
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to examine differences between real somatotypes and cog-nitive somatotypes by considering the degree of satisfaction of body parts. The subjects were 250 middle-aged women from 40-54. Data was collected through anthropometry and surveys. Data was analyzed by correlation analysis anova duncan multiple range test factor analysis regression analysis crosstabulation analysis. The results were as follows: 1. Middle-aged women tend to prefer having a slim truck long and slim limbs and their hope was to be tall in height and light in weight slim at the waist and abdomen. 2. The consciousness about thickness was in-tensified more than that about length of the body. 3. The slim somatotype group were more satisfied with their body than those of obese somatotype group. 4. The average R hrer Index of middle-aged women is 1.55 and the slim somatotype group is 1.33 and the standard somatotype group is 1.53 obese somatotype group is 1.82. Age has much influence on the body change of middle-aged women. Especially 45-49 years old the slim body type declined heavily. 5. When analyzing the elements of body sat-isfaction the biggest elements are in the sub-ject of girth related to the expansion of trunk. Therefore trunk girth has more influence on body satisfaction than height and limbs. So the obession of trunk girth is the most important factor in body satisfaction. 6. Most middle-aged women although not judged to be obese by measurements believed themselves to be obese.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.233-243
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• 2002

Purpose: This study is aimed at testing the effect of health promotion program on health promoting behavior and cardiovascular risk factors of middle-aged women. Method: The research design was the nonequivalent control group pre-post test. Twelve middle-aged women were the experimental group and ten were the control group. The 8-week health promotion program was given to the experimental group. There were health promotion theories, flexibility and muscle strength exercise, cardiopulmonary endurance exercise, nutrition, stress management, cancer prevention and early detection, management of menopause and wrap-up in health promotion program for middle-aged women. The measurement tool was Health Promoting Behavior developed by researcher using serum cholesterol, obesity rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure as cardiovascular risk factors. Result: The experimental group showed a higher score of health promoting behavior than the control group. There were no differences on cardiovascular risk factors(cholesterol, obesity rate, diastolic blood pressure) between the experimental and control groups except systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: Conclusively, this health promotion program for middle-aged women was effective in increasing health promotion behaviors, but wasn't effective in decreasing cardiovascular risk factors except the systolic blood pressure. It seems it's necessary to re-study this using more samples and a longer duration of the program, and smaller mortality rate.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.602-611
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factor to self actualization in middle-aged women. Method: The subjects for this study were 191 middle-aged women selected by convenience sampling in three cities. Data collection was done using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1. The relationship between self-efficacy, social support, self esteem, motivation for achievement, parental satisfaction with children and self-actualization were found to have statistically significant positive correlations. But the relationship between depression and self-actualization were found to have statistically significant negative correlation. 2. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was social support. Social support, motivation for achievement and self esteem accounted for 38.1% of the variance in self-actualization in middle aged women. Conclusion: According to these results, it is recommended that in order to enhance self-actualization in middle-aged women, empowerment of social support, motivation for achievement and self esteem should be pursued.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.6618-6626
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• 2015

This study was designed to explore the factors affecting economic preparations for aging of middle-old aged women. Using fourth Korean retirement and income study panel data of National Pension Reacher Institute. The researcher explored the characteristics of preparation for the old age life who middle-old aged women and analyzed the factors affecting economic preparations for aging of middle-old aged women. The results were as follows. The the factors affecting economic preparations for aging of middle-old aged women were education level, subjective health status, a number of adolescent children(14-19), a number of adolescent children(20-39), public pension, financial asset and debt. On the basis of this results, suggestions for policy were offered.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.201-209
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• 2012

This study was conducted to identify prevalence of sexual dysfunction and to determine factors influencing sexual dysfunction in middle aged women. The participants were 285 middle aged women. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires which were constructed to include general characteristics, FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index), sexual knowledge, sexual satisfaction. The mean score FSFI, sexual knowledge, sexual satisfaction were $14.82{\pm}5.74$, $11.25{\pm}2.67$, $45.84{\pm}8.60$, respectively. The score for sexual dysfunction showed significant difference age(F=3.52, p=.031) and health status(F=3.66, p=.013). Sexual dysfunction had significant positive correlation to sexual satisfaction(r=.46, p<001). Age and sexual satisfaction were significant predictor and accounted for 22% of the variance in sexual dysfunction middle aged women. Future sexual dysfunction management program for middle aged women should be considered their emotional, psychological, socio-environmental factors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1248-1257
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to examine the effects of an exercise program for middle-aged obese women. Method: The exercise program combined folk dance and resistance training. The subjects group consisted of 85 middle-aged obese women between 40 and 60 years of age. Three 8 week sessions consisted of a $55-80\%$ maximum heart rate (MHR) exercise for 60-90 minutes a day and 3 times a week from March to November, 2004. Data was collected through a pre- and post-exercise test before and after each session. Data was collected with Inbody, dynamometer and blood. This data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, and a paired t-test with an SPSS/PC(10.0 version) program. Results: There were significant positive changes in body weight, body fat mass, body mass index, percent body fat, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and balance quality, but no significant positive changes in skeletal mass, fat free mass, percent abdominal fat(waist-hip ratio), visceral fat area, agility, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triglycerides. Conclusion: This study showed that an exercise program has partially positive effects for middle-aged obese women. The results of this study show that exercise at community health centers should continue for middle-aged obese women's health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.301-312
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• 2000

This study conducted an analysis of the middle aged women whose ages are from 35 to 59 years old in order to give those ladies much external satisfaction and covered body lines. I have come to present a few characters of body types as silhouettes which resulted in the factors of the upper bodies of middle aged women. I have adopted SAS(statistical analysis system) as a data process method of this survey. The followings are the results analysis. 1. The item of height have decreased, but increased in the items of thickness among the late middle aged women. 2. The body componant factor of middle aged women are extracted as 10 items, and the rate of their cumulative contribution is 78.9%. The first is the thickness of upper body, the second is the thickness of side upper body, the third is the height of upper body, the fourth is the length of upper body the fifth is width of upper body, the sixth is the projected rate of back, the seventh is the projected rate of breast, the eighth is the squared rate of shoulder, the ninth is the crooked rate of neck, and the tenth is the upper from of breast. 3. The body types of middle aged women can be classified into 4 types, and the followings are their characters. Type 1 is a standard type as the most common body character of the middle aged women, showing the appearing rate of 42.4%. Type 2 is a semi-curved body type like the curved figure of side body, showing the appearing rate of 34.5%. Type 3 is a reverse body type with the projected breast feature of front body, showing the appearing rate of 20.9%. Type 4 is a crooked body type with a tall height and crooked neck, showing the appearing rate of 2.2%.