• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.527-533
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• 2019

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of three types of Chestnut Meals (CM) on chemical composition and rumen fermentation characteristics of the fermented diet. The inoculants consisted of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Sacaromyces cerevisiae and were applied to three different types of CM; Whole Chestnut (WC), endodermis (EN), and kernel (KE). All types of CMs were ensiled at $39^{\circ}C$ for 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 days. After ensiling, the fermented CMs were sub-sampled for laboratory assays. On day six of fermentation, counts of the lactic acid-producing Bacillus subtilis, and yeast were higher (P<0.05) in WC than in the other CM types. On day four, KE had higher (P<0.05) crude protein content but lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents than the other treatments. In terms of rumen digestibility, KE had the highest (P<0.05) in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), total volatile fatty acid (VFA), propionate, butyrate concentrations, and total gas volume, as well as the lowest (P<0.05) acetate concentration. On the other hand, EN had the highest (P<0.05) pH and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen. In the rumen, even though WC application produced the highest microbial count and fermentation characteristics, it did not have a beneficial effect on rumen digestibility. Therefore, this study concluded that application of KE could be recommended due to the observed improvements in IVDMD and IVNDFD.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.967-975
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• 2022

Kombucha mutualistic community (KMC) is composed by acetic acid bacteria and yeasts, producing fermented tea with health benefits. As part of the BIOlogy and Mars EXperiment (BIOMEX) project, the effect of Mars-like conditions on the KMC was analyzed. Here, we analyzed metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of the Komagataeibacter, which is a predominant genus in KMC, to understand their roles in the KMC after exposure to Mars-like conditions (outside the International Space Station) based on functional genetic elements. We constructed three MAGs: K. hansenii, K. rhaeticus, and K. oboediens. Our results showed that (i) K. oboediens MAG functionally more complex than K. hansenii, (ii) K. hansenii is a keystone in KMCs with specific functional features to tolerate extreme stress, and (iii) genes related to the PPDK, betaine biosynthesis, polyamines biosynthesis, sulfate-sulfur assimilation pathway as well as type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system, quorum sensing (QS) system, and cellulose production could play important roles in the resilience of KMC after exposure to Mars-like stress. Our findings show the potential mechanisms through which Komagataeibacter tolerates the extraterrestrial stress and will help to understand minimal microbial composition of KMC for space travelers.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1461-1478
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• 2022

The maintenance of poultry gut health is complex depending on the intricate balance among diet, the commensal microbiota, and the mucosa, including the gut epithelium and the superimposing mucus layer. Changes in microflora composition and abundance can confer beneficial or detrimental effects on fowl. Antibiotics have devastating impacts on altering the landscape of gut microbiota, which further leads to antibiotic resistance or spread the pathogenic populations. By eliciting the landscape of gut microbiota, strategies should be made to break down the regulatory signals of pathogenic bacteria. The optional strategy of conferring dietary fibers (DFs) can be used to counterbalance the gut microbiota. DFs are the non-starch carbohydrates indigestible by host endogenous enzymes but can be fermented by symbiotic microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This is one of the primary modes through which the gut microbiota interacts and communicate with the host. The majority of SCFAs are produced in the large intestine (particularly in the caecum), where they are taken up by the enterocytes or transported through portal vein circulation into the bloodstream. Recent shreds of evidence have elucidated that SCFAs affect the gut and modulate the tissues and organs either by activating G-protein-coupled receptors or affecting epigenetic modifications in the genome through inducing histone acetylase activities and inhibiting histone deacetylases. Thus, in this way, SCFAs vastly influence poultry health by promoting energy regulation, mucosal integrity, immune homeostasis, and immune maturation. In this review article, we will focus on DFs, which directly interact with gut microbes and lead to the production of SCFAs. Further, we will discuss the current molecular mechanisms of how SCFAs are generated, transported, and modulated the pro-and anti-inflammatory immune responses against pathogens and host physiology and gut health.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.709-717
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• 2024

Objective: Abnormally increased somatic cell counts (SCCs) in milk is usually a sign of bovine subclinical mastitis. Mutual interaction between the host and its associated microbiota plays an important role in developing such diseases. The main objective of this study was to explore the difference between cows with elevated SCCs and healthy cattle from the perspective of host-microbe interplay. Methods: A total of 31 milk samples and 23 bovine peripheral blood samples were collected from Holstein dairy cattle to conduct an integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metagenomics. Results: The results showed that Ralstonia and Sphingomonas were enriched in cows with subclinical mastitis. The relative abundance of the two bacteria was positively correlated with the expression level of bovine transcobalamin 1 and uridine phosphorylase 1 encoding gene. Moreover, functional analysis revealed a distinct alternation in some important microbial biological processes. Conclusion: These results reveal the relative abundance of Ralstonia and Sphingomonas other than common mastitis-causing pathogens varied from healthy cows to those with subclinical mastitis and might be associated with elevated SCCs. Potential association was observed between bovine milk microbiota composition and the transcriptional pattern of some genes, thus providing new insights to understand homeostasis of bovine udder.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.235-241
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• 2003

The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the characteristics of algae-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) was examined by comparing the biodegradability and DOM fraction distribution of algal DOM before and after UV exposure. Algal DOM from two axenic cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria agardhii were irradiated for 24 h at a UV intensity of 42 W/$m^2$. A complete degradation of algal DOM during the UV exposure did not occur, remaining at constant concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC). After UV exposure, however, microbial degradations were reduced by 17% in M. aeruginosa and 53% in O. agardhii, respectively, and decomposition rates also were two times lower in UV exposed algal DOM. In addition, the chemical compositions of algal DOM altered substantially after UV radiation exposure. The proportions of hydrophilic bases (HiB; protein-like DOM) decreased considerably in both algal DOM sources after UV exposure (16.8% and 20.0% of DOM, respectively), whereas those of hydrophilic acids (HiA; carboxylic acids-like DOM) increased as much as the decrease of the HiB fraction. Capillary ion electrophoresis (CE) analysis showed that several carboxylic acids increased significantly after UV exposure, further confirming an increase in HiA fractions. The results of this study clearly indicate that algal DOM can be changed in its chemical composition as well as biodegradability without complete degradation by UV radiation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.920-926
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• 1998

To investigate the effects of yellow loess on the microbial community after applying into C. polykrikoides as a red tide centrol method during decomposition process, we conducted this study using microcosm experiments, which consisted of sediment collected from Jinhae and Masan bay. The composition, number of bacteria and respiratory electron transport system activity (ETSA) were analyzed. The number of heterotrophic bacteria examined in the samples of both stations reached maximum value within 12 hrs with $10^7$ cells/dry g, independent with the yellow loess applied. In addition, a differenee in the variation of heterotrophic bacterial composition was not observed by adding the yellow loess, and Vibrio spp. always appeared during the culture periods, However, in day 8 culture, the sulfate reducing bacteria was $3.8\times10^7$ cells/dry g in Masan bay and $5.5\times10^6$ cells/dry g in Jinhae bay samples without yellow loess, and these were 120, 350 fold-and 160, 420 fold-increased when yellow loess was added (1 : 1, 1 : 2). The average ETSA was 6.8$\~$7.6 $\mu$g formazan $h^{-1}$ dry $g^{-1}$ independently with yellow loess in aerobic condition for both samples, but activity was decreased by addition of yellow loess in anaerobic. Thus the addition of yellow loess to marine sediment seems to have an effect to inhibit the anaerobic decomposition process and growth of sulfate reducing bacteria which lead to the bad condition of marine environments.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Essential oils of various plants have been known for potential biological effects such as antibacterial, antifungal, spasmolytic, antiplasmodial activities and insect-repellent property. Recently, the essential oils have attracted considerable interest in oral disease therapy. This essential oil has been known as being effective on easing sick house syndrome, giving forest aroma therapy effect and acting as repellent against pest. The essential oil of Pinus koraiensi, a native plant from Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do, was obtained by hydrodistillation. In light of its medicinal importance, in this study its composition, antibacterial activity and the reducing effect of offensive odor have been analyzed. The composition of essential oil was determined by GC and GC-MS. We have identified 14 compounds, of which 1R-${\alpha}$-pinene (19.38 %), 3-carene (10.21 %), camphene (9.82 %), limonene (9.00 %), bicyclo[2,2,1] heptan-2-ol (8.76 %) and ${\beta}$-phellandrene (7.98 %) were the main components. Essential oils from P. koraiensis, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Abies holophylla and Pinus densiflora were compared in terms of alleviating effect of malodors caused from formaldehyde, ammonia, trimethylamine and methylmercaptan. P. koraiensis essential oil was found to decrease the amounts of ammonia and trimethylamine by 75.17 % and 77.36 %, respectively. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, which were known as oral cavity inducer, was investigated using the paper disc agar diffusion method. The inhibition zone was observed against S. mutans (5.97 mm) and S. sobrinus (1.40 mm), respectively. P. koraiensis essential oil shown effective deodorization and inhibitory activity against oral cavity in this study might be potential material in oral sanitary industry.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2018

The effects of distribution temperature due to season all changes on quality and storability of baby leaf beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was examined in modified atmosphere (MA) packages. The beet leaf had been harvested at the 10 cm leaf length stage and packaged with an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) film of $1,300cc{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}day^{-1}{\cdot}atm^{-1}$ and then held at 4 different distribution temperatures which were $-2^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, or $30^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs and then stored for 18 days at $8^{\circ}C$. The loss of fresh weight of packged baby leaf beet was lowest at the $4^{\circ}C$ treatment, and below 0.6% in all distribution temperature treatments. The atmosphere composition in packages did not show any significant differences among treatments. The oxygen conc. was the highest at 18.0% after the $4^{\circ}C$ treatment, carbon dioxide conc. showed the maximum value of 4% at the $30^{\circ}C$ and $-2^{\circ}C$ treatments, and ethylene conc. was highest at the $10^{\circ}C$ treatment after 10 days in storage. The hardness was the highest at the $4^{\circ}C$ treatment on the final storage day. The $4^{\circ}C$ treatment showed the highest visual quality and the lowest off-odor and aerobic plate count. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a low-temperature distribution system which is controlled under $4^{\circ}C$, because the baby leaf beet's storability and microbial growth are effected even during a short time of 5 hrs during the distribution process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.1966-1971
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• 2013

Pholiota adiposa is an edible as well as medicinal mushroom cultured in China and Japan with anti-tumor, anti-microbial, anti-hypertensive, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of cookies added with Pholiota adiposa powder. Chemical composition of Pholiota adiposa powder was as follows: 3.8% moisture, 6.9% ash, 1% crude lipids, 3% protein, 53.3% carbohydrates, and 31.9% crude dietary fiber. To analyze quality characteristics during the manufacture of cookies, pH, texture, color, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, and sensory evaluation were determined. As the content of Pholiota adiposa powder increased, the pH of cookies decreased from 6.7 to 6.02. Hardness of cookies decreased with increasing Pholiota adiposa powder content, and cookies added with 5% powder were softer than the control. Regarding surface color, L-value decreased with increasing powder content compared to that of the control, whereas in surface color among various powder levels was not significantly different. As the content of Pholiota adiposa powder increased, both antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content increased. In the sensory evaluation, cookies added with 3% Pholiota adiposa powder showed remarkably higher values compared to control and other amples in all aspects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2007

Five different commercial chungkukjang powders (A$\sim$E) were compared based on their physicochemical, organoleptic and functional properties. The proximate composition of the five samples ranged from 6.07 to 8.54% in moisture, 15.31 to 27.07% in crude protein, 20.19 to 24.75% in crude lipid, 34.84 to 52.41% in carbohydrate, and 3.69 to 5.26% in ash. The pH of the samples ranged from 5.58 to 6.11, and Hunter's colors showed 70.01$\sim$77.22 for L value, 0.91$\sim$4.64 for a value and 23.72$\sim$31.00 for b value depending on the product. The microbial counts were 8.16$\sim$g.60 log CFU/g for aerobic bacteria, $\sim$4.16 log CFU/g for yeasts & molds, and 1.07$\sim$3.88 log CFU/g for coliforms. The contents of reducing sugars and amino-N were 1.89$\sim$2.41% and 2.83$\sim$7.31%, respectively. Free amino acids were mainly composed of glutamic acid, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. The amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids were 108$\sim$302 mg% and 2.73$\sim$9.41, respectively, with some variations in the products. However, the isoflavone contents, which were composed of genistein (63.26$\sim$217.16${\mu}g/g$), daidzein (58.24$\sim$166.65${\mu}g/g$), genistin (2.66$\sim$55.68${\mu}g/g$), and glycitein (12.26$\sim$17.82${\mu}g/g$), were apparently different per product. The sensory scores for color, smell, taste and overall preference for the five chungkukjang products, which were evaluated by panels in their 20's and 30's using 7-point scoring test, ranged from 3.20 to 4.05.