• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.387-394
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• 2020

A parametric study of a 2.5 kW class propeller type micro hydraulic turbine was performed. In order to analyze the internal flow characteristics in the hydraulic turbine, three dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with shear stress transport turbulence model were used and the hexahedral grid system was used to construct computational domain. To secure the reliability of the numerical analysis, the grid dependency test was performed using the grid convergence index method based on the Richardson extrapolation, and the grid dependency was removed when about 1.7 million nodes were used. For the parametric study, the axial distance at shroud span (L) between the inlet guide vane and the runner, and the inlet and outlet blade angles (β₁, β₂) of the runner were selected as the geometric parameters. The inlet and outlet angles of the runner were defined in the 3 spans from the hub to tip, and a total of 7 geometric parameters were investigated. It was confirmed that the outlet angles of the runner had the most sensitive effect on the power and efficiency of the micro hydraulic turbine.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.354-358
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• 2006

적층으로 구성되는 초소형 전자렌즈의 실리콘 렌즈와 절연체인 파이렉스는 접합과 정렬을 동시에 수행하여야 한다. 이를 위한 방법으로 회절을 이용한 정렬과 레이저 접합을 이용하였으며, source 렌즈와 Einzel 렌즈의 정렬오차는 가장 큰 개구를 기준으로 최대 $\pm$4% 이내에서 이루어졌다. 정렬 조건과 레이저 접합 조건을 제시하였으며, 접합을 견고히 하기 위한 양극 접합 방식을 기술하였다. 전류영상화를 통해 선폭이 9 $\mu$m인 Cu grid를 시험한 결과 완성된 전자렌즈는 감속모드보다 가속모드에서 분해능이 좋았으며, 작은 개구를 가진 렌즈의 정밀한 정렬과 조합으로 높은 분해능을 믿을 수 있었다.

• 한국조명전기설비학회지:조명전기설비
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.4-9
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• 2009

• 물과 미래
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• 제46권7호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2013

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제50권8호
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• pp.419-422
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• 2001

This paper presents the principle and fabrication of a novel micro mass spectrometer and emission test of hot electron for ionization. A micro mass spectrometer consists of a micro ion source and a micro ion separator. The micro ion source consists of a hot filament and grid electrodes. Electrons emitted from a hot filament are to ionize some sample molecules. The ions are accelerated to an ion detector by an electric field. Mass can be analyzed by using the time of fight depending on the mass-to-charge ratio. The current of hot electron emission from the hot filament is measured for various input voltages.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.73-76
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• 2010

A two-facet approach was used to investigate the parametric performance of functional high-speed DDR3 (Double Data Rate) DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) die placed in different types of BGA (Ball Grid Array) packages: wire-bonded BGA (FBGA, Fine Ball Grid Array), flip-chip (FCBGA) and lead-bonded $microBGA^{(R)}$. In the first section, packaged live DDR3 die were tested using automatic test equipment using high-resolution shmoo plots. It was found that the best timing and voltage margin was obtained using the lead-bonded microBGA, followed by the wire-bonded FBGA with the FCBGA exhibiting the worst performance of the three types tested. In particular the flip-chip packaged devices exhibited reduced operating voltage margin. In the second part of this work a test system was designed and constructed to mimic the electrical environment of the data bus in a PC's CPU-Memory subsystem that used a single DIMM (Dual In Line Memory Module) socket in point-to-point and point-to-two-point configurations. The emulation system was used to examine signal integrity for system-level operation at speeds in excess of 6 Gb/pin/sec in order to assess the frequency extensibility of the signal-carrying path of the microBGA considered for future high-speed DRAM packaging. The analyzed signal path was driven from either end of the data bus by a GaAs laser driver capable of operation beyond 10 GHz. Eye diagrams were measured using a high speed sampling oscilloscope with a pulse generator providing a pseudo-random bit sequence stimulus for the laser drivers. The memory controller was emulated using a circuit implemented on a BGA interposer employing the laser driver while the active DRAM was modeled using the same type of laser driver mounted to the DIMM module. A custom silicon loading die was designed and fabricated and placed into the microBGA packages that were attached to an instrumented DIMM module. It was found that 6.6 Gb/sec/pin operation appears feasible in both point to point and point to two point configurations when the input capacitance is limited to 2pF.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.258-264
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• 2018

본 논문은 마이크로 그리드 최적 운영을 위해 Differential Search (DS) 알고리즘을 적용하였다. DS 알고리즘은 이주하는 생물의 유사 브라운 운동 형태의 임의보행 (random-walk)을 모의하여 개발된 알고리즘이다. DS 알고리즘은 다른 최적화 알고리즘과 달리 한 개 이상의 개체를 동시에 사용 할 수 있고, 유사 최적해중에서 전역 최적 해를 선별하는 직진성 특성으로 multi-modal 함수들의 해법을 위한 성공적인 탐색 전력을 지니고 있으며, 높은 비선형성과 불연속성을 갖는 전력계통의 다른 분야에도 효율적으로 적용될 수 있다. 마이크로 그리드 시스템은 풍력 발전기, 디젤발전기, 연로전지 및 태양광 발전기로 구성된다. 풍력 발전기는 가변 출력특성을 이용하여 모델링 하였다. 연료비용과 연료가 전력으로 변환되는 경우의 효율을 포함시켜 시스템의 비용을 최소화 하였으며, 마이크로 그리드 단독 운용에 관해서만 분석하였다. 본 연구는 신재생 에너지원 기반의 마이크로 그리드의 최적 운영에 대해 코딩의 단순성, 빠른 수렴 속도, 정확성 및 효율성을 갖춘 DS 알고리즘을 적용하여 다른 알고리즘의 최적 값과 비교하였다.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.223-239
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• 2020

It is important for urban planners and policy makers to understand complex, diverse urban demands and social structure, but this is not easy due to lack of data that represents the dynamics of residents at micro-geographical level. This paper explores how to create population data at at a micro-level by allocating population data to building. It attempted to allocate population data stored in a grid layer (100 meters by 100 meters) into a building footprint layer that represents the appearance of physical buildings. For the allocation, this paper describes a systemic approach that classifies grid cells into five prototypical patterns based on the composition of residential building types in a grid cell. This approach enhances allocation accuracy by accommodating heterogeneity of urban space rather than relying on the assumption of uniform spatial homogeneity of populations within an aerial unit. Unlike the methods that disaggregate population data to the parcel, this approach is more applicable to Asian cities where large multifamily residential parcels are common. However, it should be noted that this paper does not demonstrate the validity of the allocated population since there is a lack of the actual data available to be compared with the current estimated population. In the case of water and electricity, the data is already attached to an individual address, and hence, it can be considered to the purpose of the validation for the allocation. By doing so, it will be possible to identify innovative methods that create a population distribution dataset representing the comprehensive and dynamic nature of the population at the micro geographical level.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2002

A focusing grating coupler (FGC) was not fabricated by the 'Continuous Path Control'writing strategy but by an electron-beam lithography system of more general exposure mode, which matches not only the address grid with the grating period but also an integer multiple of the address grid resolution (5 nm). To more simplify the fabrication, we are able to reduce a process step without large decrease of pattern quality by excluding a conducting material or layer such as metal (Al, Cr, Au), which are deposited on top or bottom of an e-beam resist to prevent charge build-up during e-beam exposure. A grating pitch period and an aperture feature size of the FGC designed and fabricated by e-beam lithography and reactive ion etching were ranged over 384.3 nm to 448.2 nm, and 0.5 $\times$ 0.5 mm$^2$area, respectively. This fabrication method presented will reduce processing time and improve the grating quality by means of a consideration of the address grid resolution, grating direction, pitch size and shapes when exposing. Here our investigations concentrate on the design and efficient fabrication results of the FGC for coupling from slab waveguide to a spot in free space.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

There are several methods of peak-shaving, which reduces grid power demand, electricity bought from electricity utility, through lowering "demand spike" during On-Peak period. An optimization method using linear programming is proposed, which can be used to perform peak-shaving of grid power demand for grid-connected PV+ system. Proposed peak shaving method is based on the forecast data for electricity load and photovoltaic power generation. Results from proposed method are compared with those from On-Off and Real Time methods which do not need forecast data. The results also compared to those from ideal case, an optimization method which use measured data for forecast data, that is, error-free forecast data. To see the effects of forecast error 36 error scenarios are developed, which consider error types of forecast, nMAE (normalizes Mean Absolute Error) for photovoltaic power forecast and MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) for load demand forecast. And the effects of forecast error are investigated including critical error scenarios which provide worse results compared to those of other scenarios. It is shown that proposed peak shaving method are much better than On-Off and Real Time methods under almost all the scenario of forecast error. And it is also shown that the results from our method are not so bad compared to the ideal case using error-free forecast.