• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.65-70
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• 1976

세가지 종합액비(綜合液肥)(Compresal 1호(號) 및 2호(號)와 3p)를 농가수도(農家水稻)(미네히까리) 포장(圃場)에서 출수(出穗) 10일전(日前)과 10일후(日後) 및 20일후(日後) 3회(回)에 걸쳐 살포(撒布)(1,000배액(倍液) $80{\ell}$/10a)하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 모든 액비(液肥)에서 등숙율(登熟率)이 높았으며(10% 수준(水準)에서 유의(有意)) 수확지수(收穫指數)도 높아(5%수준(水準)) 균일포장(均一圃場)에서는 수량(收量)에도 유의성(有意性)있는 효과(効果)가 기대되었다. 2. 수확기(收穫期)에 있는 지엽분석결과(止葉分析結果)로 고찰(考察)한 바로는 철과다(鐵過多), 인산결핍지(燐酸缺乏地)로 액비(液肥)의 시용(施用)은 인산(燐酸)을 보충(補充)하고 철(鐵)의 이동(移動)을 막은것으로 보였다. 지엽중(止葉中)의 Mn농도(濃度)는 처리(處理)를 하므로써 증가(增加)되였으며(5% 수준(水準) 유의성(有意性)) 액비중(液肥中) Mn은 인산(燐酸)에 의(依)하여 상위부(上位部) 이동(移動)이 촉진(促進)되어 Fe/Mn 균형유지(均衡維持)에 기여한 것 같다. 4. 지엽중(止葉中)의 질소(窒素)는 불충분(不充分)하였으나 액비(液肥)의 효과(効果)가 등숙율(登熟率)에 관여된 것으로 보였다. 5. Ca농도(濃度)는 처리지엽(處理止葉)에서 증가(增加)하였으나 Mg B. Zn은 감소(減少)하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2003

In order to find the feasibility of feeding raw or processed cotton (Gossypium) seed meal (CSM), 30 male crossbred lambs were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 6 animals each. Lambs were fed each of the isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures containing 30% deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC) (reference diet), 40% raw, 45 minute cooked, 1% $Ca(OH)_2$ or iron (1 part free gossypol:0.3 parts iron) treated CSM (replacing about 50% nitrogen moiety of reference concentrate mixture). The concentrate mixture was fed to meet 80% of CP requirements (NRC, 1985) along with ad libitum maize (Zea mays) hay for 180 days. Incorporation of raw or processed CSM did not affect the palatability of diets as evidenced by higher (p<0.01) or comparable overall daily intakes of DM and protein (CP and Digestible CP) per kg $W^{0.75}$ by lambs in comparison to reference group. Intakes of DE and ME increased (p<0.01) due to inclusion $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM in diets, while the intakes were lower (p<0.01) on iron treated CSM based diet when compared with reference diet. The intakes of DM, CP, TDN, DE and ME by reference and experimental lambs were higher than the requirements stipulated by NRC (1985). The growth rate was highest (p<0.01) in lambs fed on diets with cooked CSM followed by those fed raw or $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM based diets. The growth of lambs fed on iron treated CSM diets was depressed (p<0.01) in comparison to that of other experimental lambs probably due to increased iron intake (889 mg/kg DM of diet) which was much higher than the toxic levels of 500 ppm (NRC, 1980). The lambs on various diets utilized DM with similar efficiency while the utilization of energy (TDN, DE and ME) was more efficient (p<0.01) when the diets contained raw or cooked CSM in comparison to that of reference diet. The lambs fed raw and $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM incorporated diets utilized DCP with higher (p<0.01) efficiency than the lambs fed reference diet. The feed cost per kg weight gain was lower (p<0.01) on raw, cooked and $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM based diets in comparison to reference diet. Cooking of CSM for 45 minutes further reduced the feed cost of weight gain.

• 약학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.428-437
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• 1996

The in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a new fluoroquinolone, DWP20364(1-cyclopropyl-5-amino-6,8-difluoro-7-(2,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]oto-4-ene-7-yl)-1 ,4-di-hydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) were evaluated in comparison with those of ciprofloxacin(CPFX), sparfloxacin(SPFX) and ofloxacin(OFLX). DWP20364 was more potent than CPFX and OFLX against Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus faecium MD8b and it was similarly or slightly less active than CPFX against Escherichia spp. and Pseudomonas spp.. For MRSA and OFLX resistant strains (Staphylococcus spp.(14),Enterococcus spp.(4), Acinetobacter spp.(2), Pseudomonas spp.(9), Klebsiella spp.(2) and Serratia spp.(6)),DWP20364(MICs for 90% of strains,0.025 and 12.5${\mu}$g/ml, respectively) was 4 to 32 folds more potent than SPFX and CPFX. The activity of DWP20364 decreased moderately in the presence of 5mM $Mg^{2+}$. However, various pHs and the concentrations of various serum had no effect on the activity of DWP20364. DWP20364 possessed a bacteriocidal effect at the 1MIC against gram positive and gram negative strains. The protective effect of DWP20364 against systemic infections in mice caused by S. aureus Smith or S. aureus L2379 was superior to that of CPFX and SPFX but it was less active than that of CPFX against infection by P. aeruginosa E-2.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.337-345
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• 2008

There are accumulating evidences that high levels of dietary iron may play a role in colon carcinogenesis. Elevated iron status has been associated with oxidative stress. Phytic acid (PA) functions as an antioxidant by chelating divalent cations and prevents formation of reactive oxygen species responsible for cell injury and carcinogenesis. The protective effect of PA was investigated on formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) in iron-overloaded male F344 rats. After acclimation with AIN-93G purified diet (35 ppm Fe, normal control diet) for one week, animals were fed iron-overloaded diet (350 ppm Fe) and PA (0.5% or 2% PA in water) for 8 weeks. Animals received two (1st and 2nd week) injections of AOM (15 mg/kg b.w.) to induce colonic ACF. The colonic mucosa was examined for the total numbers of aberrant crypt (AC) and ACF after staining with methylene blue. The blood and serum were analyzed with a blood cell differential counter and an automatic serum analyzer. Iron-overloaded diet increased the concentration of iron in liver of the rats. But iron-related parameters in blood were not changed among experimental groups. The numbers of ACF per colon and AC per colon were $178.8{\pm}33.2$ and $448.4{\pm}110.2$ in the iron-overloaded F344 rats. The total AC was significantly increased, compared with normal-diet AOM control group (p < 0.05). The treatments of PA at the dose of 0.5% slightly decreased the number of ACF and AC per colon to $153.6{\pm}29.5$ and $396.3{\pm}107.5$. However, there were no significant differences in the total numbers of ACF and AC between the AOM control group and PA (0.5% or 2%)-treated groups. These results suggest that PA may not affect the formation of ACF or AC induced by AOM in ironoverloaded F344 rats.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2003

본 실험은 토마토 양액재배에서 펄라이트 배지를 순환식 재배방법에 적용하고자 수행되었다. 펄라이트 배지의 입자를 소립(ø1∼2mm 미만), 중립(ø2∼3mm), 대립(ø4∼5 mm)으로 분리하여 양액공급량에 따른 토마토의 생육을 검토한 결과는 아래와 같다. 제 3화방 개화(초기생육)시 초장은 중립과 대립에서는 양액공급량이 많을수록 길었으나 소립에서는 양액공급량에 관계없이 길어 초기에 생육관리는 대립일수록 1일 양액공급량이 많아야 할 것으로 생각되었다. 그러나 제 3화방 개화기 이후는 소립에서는 주당 1일 공급량을 1.5L로, 그리고 중립과 대립에서는 주당 1일 3.0L로 관리하는 것이 착과수가 많고 수량이 높았다 기형과율은 펄라이트 입자의 크기에 관계없이 양액공급량이 많을수록 적었다. 근활력은 정식 후 50일까지는 입자크기 및 양액공급량에 관계없이 증가하였으나, 50일 이후부터는 감소하기 시작하여 정식 후 100일에는 소립에서는 양액공급량이 많을수록, 그리고 중립과 대립에서는 양액공급량이 적을수록 감소하는 경향이 컸다. 소립에서는 앙액공급량이 증가할수록 모든 무기성분함량이 감소하는 경향이었으나 중립과 대립에서는 증가하는 경향이었다 N. K. Ca및 Mg의 함량은 소립에서는 양액공급량이 1일 3.0L/주 처리구에서 가장 적었으나 대립과 중립에서는 1일 3.0L/주 처리구에서 가장 많았다. 이상의 결과에서 토마토 순환식 양액재배시 펄라이트 입자는 중립과 대립의 사용이 유리하고 양액공급량은 주당 1일 3.0L 관리하는 것이 유리하였다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2006

본 연구는 황토의 첨가가 육계의 성장, 사료 이용율, 체조성, 장기의 무게 및 분중 암모니아 생산에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 공시동물은 Ross broiler 216수로 6처리 6반복 반복당 6수씩 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 1) 대조구, 2) 황토 0.5% 첨가구, 3) 황토 1.0% 첨가구, 4) 황토 2.0% 첨가구, 5) 황토 4.0% 첨가구, 6) 황토 8.0% 첨가구로 총 6처리로 나누어 실시하였다. 증체량은 황토의 첨가 수준이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다(P<0.05). 하지만 사료 섭취량과 사료 요구율은 황토 첨가구와 대조구에서 통계적인 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 산패도는 황토 첨가구와 대조구에서 통계적인 유의차를 보이지 않았다. (P>0.05). 도체내 콜레스테롤 함량은 대조구보다 황토 첨가구에서 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 통계적인 유의차를 보였다(P<0.05). 암모니아가스 농도를 측정한 결과 평균 농도는 대조구에 비해서 황토 첨가구의 농도가 전체적으로 모두 감소하였다.(P<0.05). 광물질 분석에서 Mn 함량은 황토 8.0% 첨가구가 대조구보다 높은 수치를 보였으며, 통계적인 유의차를 보였다.(P<0.05). 대장의 무게는 황토 2.0, 4.0 및 8.0% 첨가구에서 감소하였으며, 통계적인 유의차를 보였다.(P<0.05). 본 연구를 통하여 황토를 소량 첨가하였을 경우 증체율 개선 효과를 보였으며, 분중 암모니아 가스 농도가 대조구보다 현저히 낮아 사료 첨가제로서의 가능성을 보였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.445-451
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is positively associated with atherosclerosis via elevating macrophage cell death and plaque formation, in which oxidative stress plays a pivotal role. Antioxidative, lipid-lowering, and anti-atherogenic effects of kimchi, a Korean fermented vegetable, have been established, wherein capsaicin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, 3-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid, and lactic acids were identified. In this study, mechanisms of action of kimchi methanol extracts (KME) on fatty streak formation via suppression of ER stress and apoptosis in aorta were examined in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice fed a high cholesterol diet with an oral administration of KME (KME group, $200 mg{\cdot}kg-bw^{-1}{\cdot}day^{-1}$) or distilled water (control group) for 8 weeks (n = 20 for group). Plasma lipid and oxidative stress levels were evaluated. Protein expression was measured by western blot assay. Fatty streak lesion size and the degree of apoptosis were examined in the aorta. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, in the KME group, plasma lipids levels were decreased and oxidative stress was alleviated (P < 0.05). Protein expression levels of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-mediated antioxidants in aorta were increased whereas those for ER stress markers, glucose regulated protein 78, phospho-protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 subunit ${\alpha}$, X-box binding protein 1, and C/EBP homologous protein were decreased in the KME group (P < 0.05). Moreover, apoptosis was suppressed via downregulation of phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase, bcl-2-associated X protein, caspases-9, and -3 with a concomitant upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein, B-cell lymphoma 2 (P < 0.05). Fatty streak lesion size was reduced and the degree of apoptosis was less severe in the KME group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, antioxidant activity of KME might prevent fatty streak formation through, in part, inhibition of ER stress and apoptosis in aortic sinus where macrophages are harbored.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.127-138
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• 1996

The effects of adenosine analogues on the electrically-evoked acetylcholine(ACh) release and the influence of ischemia on the effects were studied in the rat hippocampus. Slices from the rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $0.1{\mu}M$ $[^3H]-choline$ and the release of the labelled product, $[^3H]-ACh$, was evoked by electrical stimulation(3 Hz, 2 ms, 5 $VCm^{-1}$ and rectangular pulses for 2 min), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritiumoutflow was investigated. Ischemia(10 min with 95% $N_2$ + 5% $CO_2$) increased both the basal and evoked ACh release. These increases were abolished by glucose addition into the superfused medium, and they significantly inhibited either by 0.1 & $0.3{\mu}M$ TTX pretreatment or by removing $Ca^{++}$ in the medium. MK-801($1{\sim}10{\mu}M$), a specific NMDA receptor antagonist, and glibenclamide $(1{\mu}M)$, a $K^+-channel$ inhibitor, did not alter the evoked ACh release and nor did they affect the ischemia-induced increases In ACh release. However, polymyxin B(0.03 mg), a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, significantly inhibited the effects of ischemia on the evoked ACh release. Adenosine and $N^6-cyclopentyladenosine$ decreased the ACh release in a dose dependent manner in ischemic condition, though the magnitude of inhibition was far less than those in normal(normoxic) condition. However, the treatment with $5{\mu}M$ DPCPX, a potent $A_1-adenosine$ receptor antagonist, potentiated the ischemia-effect. These results indicate that the evoked-ACh release is potentiated by ischemia, and this process being most probably mediated by protein kinase C, and that the decreased effect of ACh release mediated by $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is significantly inhibited in ischemic state.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.296-302
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• 2003

본 연구는 마늘속에 alliin을 크로마토그래피에 의하여 함량을 알고 이들이 에탄올추출물에 향균효과를 알아보기 위하여 연구했다. HPLC를 이용하기 위하여 메탄올로 Alliin을 추출하고 유해세균에 대한 향균활성을 알아보기 위하여 Alliin을 에탄을 추출물 시료를 조제하여 사용하였다. 마늘에는 alliin의 함량은 0.34 ∼0.73% fresh weight를 나타내고 에탄을 추출물의 시료에서 동결건조 시료수율이 가장 높았는데 이는 효소적 분해가 최소화되는 것으로 사료되며 에탄을 추출물의 향균효과는 Table 3에서 각 균주에 대하여 억제효과는 각 균주에서 50∼80% 효과를 보았고, 각종 균에 대한 억제차원에서 향균성을 달리하는 것을 알 수 있었으며 유해세균에 대한 향균작용이 마늘 추출물은 미생물의 발육저지력이 강하고 지속적으로 인체에 무해하므로 보존료 개발이 바람직함을 알았고, 독특한 향미를 주는 황화합물이 많아 산도의 증가와 관계없이 항균력이 강함을 보았고, 각종 균에 대한 항균성을 달리 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이로 인해 마늘성분중 선택적인 항균물질의 개발이 요구됨을 알았다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 1998

This study was designed to evaluate the influence of pronuclear age on the survival and post-thawing development after cryopreservation of mouse embryos. Freezing and thawing were performed in the different pronuclear stages of mouse embryos after IVF. Embryos were obtained from $F_1$ hybrid mice and classified into 4 groups according to the pronuclear stage (6hr, 9hr, 12hr and 15hr after insemination). Pronuclear ova were slowly cooled in a biological freezer using 1.5M 1,2-propanediol and 0.1M sucrose as cryoprotectant. Thawing was done at room temperature and 1,2-propanediol was removed by multi-step dilutions. Both frozen-thawed embryos and control fresh embryos were cultured in vitro in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with 4mg/ml BSA. In control group, the development rate after 48hr was 99.3%, and the complete hatching rate after 144hr was 61.3%. In experimental groups, the survival rate after thawing was 95.4% in 6hr, 88.7% in 9hr, 75.2% in 12hr and 62.4% in 15hr after insemination, the development rate after 48hr was 61.1, 77.0, 67.0 and 79.6%, respectively, and the complete hatching rate after 144hr was 25.7, 43.7, 42.2 and 60.0%, respectively. The survival rate in 15hr was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared with other groups. In vitro development rates after 48hr were similar in all groups, but complement hatching rate was significantly lower (p<0.05) in 6hr group. In conclusion, cryopreservation of mouse pronuclear ova with 2 distinct pronuclei (9hr and 12hr groups) showed better results after thawing compared with early (6hr group) or late pronuclear ova just prior to cleavage (15hr group).