• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.793-807
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of diethyl maleate(DEM) on the carcinogenesis of forestomach and pyloric glandular stomach in rats caused by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG). A total of 60 male 6-week-old Wistar rats were given twice intragastric injection of MMNG(200mg/kg BW), then were given diets containing 5% NaCl for 3 weeks until 4th week of the experiment. And then the animals of groups of 1 and 2 were placed on diets containing 0.2% DEM for 16 weeks until the end of 20 weeks of the experiment. On the other hand, the animals of groups of 3 and 4 were placed on basal diets for the same periods. The tissues of forestomach and liver of each group were frozen in liquid nitrogen and the activities of quinone reductase(QR) were determined by measurement of the dicoumarol-sensitive reduction of dichloro-indophenol by NADPH at 600nm. All rats were sacrificed at the end of 20 weeks of the experiment. Every animal was fasted for 24 hrs prior to sacrifice. The forestomach was fixed in 10% neutral phosphate buffered formalin for histology and the pyloric gland was fixed in sublimated formalin for immunohistochemistry of pepsinogen 1 altered pyloric gland(PAPG). The final body weight of the group given MNNG and treated with 5% NaCI and DEM was significantly decreased compared with that of the group 4(p<0.05). Food and water consumption rates were not significantly changed. The preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the forestomach given MNNG and treated with 5% NaCI and DEM were significantly increased compared to those of the group 4(p<0.0l). The incidence of PAPG in the groups treated with 0.2% DEM was significantly increased compared with that of the group 4(group 1:p<0.01, group 2:p<0.05). The activities of QR of forestomach in the groups treated with 0.2% DEM were significanitly increased compared with those of the group 4(p<0.001), but those of liver were not significant. These results indicate that DEM exert the enhancing effect of forestomach and glandular stomach carcinogenesis in rats pretreated with MNNG and NaCl.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2016

Objectives : Polygalae Radix (POL) has an ameliorating effect on learning and memory impairment caused by cerebral hypoperfusion. In regard to POL's action mechanism, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of POL on oxidative damage and neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral hypoperfusion in rats.Methods : The cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (pBCAO) in Sprague-Dawley rats. POL was administered orally once a day (130 mg/kg of water-extract) for 28 days starting at 4 weeks after the pBCAO. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain tissue were measured using ELISA method. Expressions of 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) and 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were observed using immunohistochemistry. In addition, neuronal apoptosis was evaluated with Cresyl violet staining, TUNEL labeling, and immunohistochemistry against Bax and caspase-3.Results : POL treatment significantly increased SOD activities and significantly reduced MDA levels in the cerebral cortex. The up-regulations of 4HNE and 8-OHdG expression caused by pBCAO in the CA1 of hippocampus were significantly attenuated by POL treatment. POL treatment also restored the reduction of CA1 thickness and CA1 neurons caused by pBCAO and significantly attenuated the apoptotic markers including TUNEL-positive cells, Bax, and caspase-3 expression in the CA1 of hippocampus.Conclusions : The results show that POL attenuated the oxidative damage in brain tissue and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus caused by the cerebral hypoperfusion. It suggests that POL can be a beneficial medicinal herb to treat the brain diseases related to cerebral hypoperfusion.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.3877-3880
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• 2016

Nausea and vomiting are among the most serious side effects of chemotherapy, in some cases leading to treatment interruption or chemotherapy dose reduction. Ginger has long been known as an antiemetic drug, used for conditions such as motion sickness, nausea-vomiting in pregnancy, and post-operation side effects. One hundred and fifty female patients with breast cancer entered this prospective study and were randomized to receive ginger (500 mg ginger powder, twice a day for 3 days) or placebo. One hundred and nineteen patients completed the study: 57 of them received ginger and 62 received ginger for the first 3 chemotherapy cycles. Mean age in all patients was 48.6 (25-79) years. After 1st chemotherapy, mean nausea in the ginger and control arms were 1.36 (${\pm}1.31$) and 1.46 (${\pm}1.28$) with no statistically significant difference. After the $2^{nd}$ chemotherapy session, nausea score was slightly more in the ginger group (1.36 versus 1.32). After $3^{rd}$ chemotherapy, mean nausea severity in control group was less than ginger group [1.37 (${\pm}1.14$), versus 1.42 (${\pm}1.30$)]. Considering all patients, nausea was slightly more severe in ginger arm. In ginger arm mean nausea score was 1.42 (${\pm}0.96$) and in control arm it was 1.40 (${\pm}0.92$). Mean vomiting scores after chemotherapy in ginger arm were 0.719 (${\pm}1.03$), 0.68 (${\pm}1.00$) and 0.77 (${\pm}1.18$). In control arm, mean vomiting was 0.983 (${\pm}1.23$), 1.03 (${\pm}1.22$) and 1.15 (${\pm}1.27$). In all sessions, ginger decreased vomiting severity from 1.4 (${\pm}1.04$) to 0.71 (${\pm}0.86$). None of the differences were significant. In those patients who received the AC regimen, vomiting was less severe ($0.64{\pm}0.87$) comparing to those who received placebo ($1.13{\pm}1.12$), which was statistically significant (p-Value <0.05). Further and larger studies are needed to draw conclusions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1139-1144
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Pueraria flos as natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of Pueraria flos a were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were 69.2%, 19.9%, 2.2% and 8.9%, respectively, and calories was 340.4 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 85.1% of total carbohydrates. The percentages of water soluble dietary fiber to insoluble dietary fiber were 12.0% and 46.7%, respectively. The protein contained 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 5.0 g and 6.7 g. The Ca was the largest mineral followed by K, Mg, and P, which means Pueraria flos is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 25.37%, 33.61% and 35.68%, respectively. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract and fractions of the Pueraria flos has been determined by the scavenging of the stable radical DPPH; the result showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, as the amount required for 50% reduction of DPPH after 30 mins ($RC_{50}$) was 109.9 ${\mu}g$, followed by 70% ethanol extract (217.3 ${\mu}g$), hexane fraction (134.5 ${\mu}g$), chloroform (116.7 ${\mu}g$), butanol faction (129.8 ${\mu}g$) and aqueous fraction (473.5 ${\mu}g$).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.251-257
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• 2011

Rice is the most important crop as a model plant for functional genomics of monocotyledons. Rice is usually transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. However, the transformation efficiency using previous method is still low. In this study, we established a new method by modifying the general Agrobacterium protocol especially in the inoculation and co-cultivation step. We directly inoculated Agrobacterium containing a CIPK15 gene under the control of CaMV 35S promoter and NOS terminator in the pCAM1300 vector into the pre-soaked seeds in N6D media for 24 hours. After 7 days of culture at $25^{\circ}C$, calli were formed on seeds cultured on the co-cultivation medium containing an antioxidant compound (1 mM dithiothreitol) and of Agrobacterium growth-inhibiting agent (3 mg/L silver nitrate). We obtained 35 and 22 transgenic plants in rice cultivars, Gopumbyeo and Ilpumbyeo, with increase of transformation efficiency by 30.4% and 22.6%, respectively compared to the general transformation method. The new method in this study would lead to reduction of substantial labor and time to generate transgenic plants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1784-1793
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of tributyrin (TB) on the growth performance, pro-inflammatory cytokines, intestinal morphology, energy status, disaccharidase activity, and antioxidative capacity of broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 160 one-day-old Cobb broilers were allocated to 1 of 4 treatments, with 4 replicated pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen. The experiment consisted of a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangements of treatments with TB supplementation (0 or 500 mg/kg) and LPS challenge (0 or $500{\mu}g/kg$ body weight [BW]). On days 22, 24, and 26 of the trial, broilers received an intraperitoneal administration of $500{\mu}g/kg$ BW LPS or saline. Dietary TB showed no effect on growth performance. However, LPS challenge decreased the average daily gain of broilers from day 22 to day 26 of the trial. Dietary TB supplementation inhibited the increase of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (in the jejunum and ileum), interleukin-6 (in the duodenum and jejunum), and prostaglandin $E_2$ (in the duodenum) of LPS-challenged broilers. Similar inhibitory effects of TB in the activities of total nitric oxide synthase (in the ileum) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (in the jejunum) were also observed in birds challenged with LPS. Additionally, TB supplementation mitigated the decrease of ileal adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate and total adenine nucleotide and the reduction of jejunal catalase activity induced by LPS. Taken together, these results suggest that the TB supplementation was able to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improve the energy status and anti-oxidative capacity in the small intestine of LPS-challenged broilers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6129-6132
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• 2012

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of simultaneous accelerated radiation therapy (SMART) and concurrent weekly paclitaxel in the treatment of locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: Forty-one patients with pathologically confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated by SMART with concurrent weekly paclitaxel. Daily fraction doses of 2.5 Gy and 2.0 Gy were prescribed to the gross tumor volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV) to a total dose of 70 Gy and 56 Gy, respectively. Paclitaxel of $45mg/m^2$ was administered concurrently with radiation therapy every week. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given four weeks after the completion of the radiotherapy (RT) if the tumor demonstrated only a partial response (PR). Results: All patients completed the radiotherapy (RT) course. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 12 patients due to PR. The CR (complete remission) rate was 82.9% three months after RT. Thirty-nine (95.1%) patients completed the concurrent weekly chemotherapy with paclitaxel, and two patients skipped their sixth course. Seven patients had a 15% dosage reduction at the fifth and sixth course due to grade 3 mucositis. The median follow-up was 30 (range, 14-42) months. The three-year overall survival (OS), metastases-free survival (MFS), and local control rates were 77.0%, 64.4%, and 97.6%, respectively. No correlation between survival rate and T or N stage was observed. Grade 3 acute mucositis and xerostomia were present in 17.1% and 7.1%, respectively. Conclusion: SMART with concurrent weekly paclitaxel is a potentially effective and toxicity tolerable approach in the treatment of locally advanced NPC.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2006

This study was conducted to establish a low-input fertilization technique and increase of fertilization efficiency using the band spotty applicator(1999-2000) during the cultivation of mulching for chinese cabbage(Brassia campestris L.). The obtained results such as nitrogen efficiency, yield and soil improvement after cultivation of chinese cabbage were as follows. The content of $NO_3-N$ in soil increased in band spotty fertilization(BSF) by increasing application rate from the beginning stage to the middle stage. The content of total nitrogen increased but content of organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium decreased in comparison with the soil before experiment. Growth rate of Chinese cabbage increased in band spotty fertilization plot and uptake amount of nitrogen fertilized for chinese cabbage increased by increasing of the application rate. N use efficiency was higher by 5-21% in band spotty fertilization plot than in conventional fertilization(CF) plot. Yield of chinese cabbage increased by 16% in 70% band spotty fertilization plot and increased by 20% in 100% band spotty fertilization plot. It was found that 70% band spotty fertilization was more effective as fertilization method to reduce both environmental pollution and chemical nitrogen fertilizer in plastic film mulching cultivation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.465-471
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• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-Helicobacter pylori IgY powder to suppress infection of Helicobacter pylori in humans. Hens were immunized with H. pylori to produce a specific anti-H. pylori IgY in their egg yolks, and then anti-H. pylori IgY Powder was used a sample after egg yolks were harvested The safety tests of anti-H. pylori IgY powder were conducted a acute and subacute toxicity test, The result was that the mice fed IgY powder were normal state on a acute and subacute toxicity test The effect of anti-H. pylori IgY powder was evaluated by urease breath test, Volunteers who tested positive for H. pylori using a $^{13}C-urea$ breath test were divided in two groups, one was administrated with anti-H. pylori IgY powder (11.2g/day) and natural extract mixture and the other was administrated with water soluble protein fraction (3.2g/day) of anti-H. pylori IgY powder, The results of clinical test in two groups were shown reduction of UBT value about 23 and 18 respectively. This result indicates that anit-H. pylori IgY is safety and can be used toy the effective supplement as an ingredient of functional food.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.34-38
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• 2013

AC Losses for face to face stacks of four identical coated conductors (CCs) were numerically calculated using the H-formulation combined with the E-J power law and the Kim model. The motive sample was the face to face stack of four 2 mm-wide CC tapes with 2 ${\mu}m$ thick superconducting layer of which the critical current density, $J_c$, was $2.16{\times}10^6A/cm^2$ on IBAD-MgO template, which was suggested for the mitigation of ac loss as a round shaped wire by Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute. For the calculation the cross section of the stack was simply modeled as vertically aligned 4 rectangles of superconducting (SC) layers with $E=E_o(J(x,y,t)/J_c(B))^n$ in x-y plane where $E_o$ was $10^{-6}$ V/cm, $J_c$(B) was the field dependence of current density and n was 21. The field dependence of the critical current of the sample measured in four-probe method was employed for $J_c$(B) in the equation. The model was implemented in the finite element method program by commercial software. The ac loss properties for the stacks were compared with those of single 4 cm-wide SC layers with the same critical current density or the same critical current. The constraint for the simulation was imposed in two different ways that the total current of the stack obtained by integrating J(x,y,t) over the cross sections was the same as that of the applied transport current: one is that one fourth of the external current was enforced to flow through each SC. In this case, the ac loss values for the stacks were lower than those of single wide SC layer. This mitigation of the loss is attributed to the reduction of the normal component of the magnetic field near the SC layers due to the strong expulsion of the magnetic field by the enforced transport current. On the contrary, for the other case of no such enforcement, the ac loss values were greater than those of single 4cm-wide SC layer and. In this case, the phase difference of the current flowing through the inner and the outer SC layers of the stack was observed as the transport current was increased, which was a cause of the abrupt increase of ac loss for higher transport current.