• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 1989

Mature zygotic embryos dissected from ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium containing various concentrations of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2, 4-D) and kinetin. Somatic embryos were induced directly from cotyledonary tissue or from intervening callus. The induction frequency of somatic embryos was up to 55%. Upon transfer to half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/1 6-benzyladenine(BA) and 1 mg/1 GA3, most somatic embryos developed into plantlets. Over 50% of the plantlets flowered after 4 weeks of culture and then a few bore immature fruits in vitro. Therefore, it is suggested that the juvenility of the ginseng tissue which give rise to somatic embryos does not interfere with in vitro flowering of their regenerated plantlets.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 1991

This study has been carried out to investigate the ultrastructural changes, formation of storage materials in endosperm cells with electron microscope during the seed formation of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. In the early stage of seed formation with green seed coat, the endosperm was cellular type. Cell plate was largely composed of dictyosome vesicles in early stage of wall formation after mitosis. Central vacuole was gradually subdivided into several small-sized vacuoles. During the differentiation of plastids, some proplastid was replaced by amyloplast with starch grains and lamellar structure. A number of mitochondria with well developed cristae were distributed in cytoplasm. Rough endoplasmc reticulum, dictyosome, microbody, free ribosomes and polysomes were evenly distributed in cytoplasm. Spherical spherosomes were formed from dictyosome containing the lipid materials of even electron density. Protein bodies were formed by interfusing between vacuoles and vesicles derived from rough endoplasmic reticulum which contained the amorphous protein of high electron density.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1582-1589
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• 1994

The characteristics Prandt1-Meyer expansion of supersonic flow with condensation through a wavy wall in a channel are investigated by experiment and numerical direct marching method of characteristics. In the present study, for the case of moist air flow in the type of indraft supersonic wind tunnel, the dependency of location of formation and reflection of the oblique shock wave generated by the wavy wall and the distribution of flow properties, on the specific humidity and temperature at the entrance of wavy wall and the attack angle of the wavy wall to the main stream is clarified by schlieren photograph, distribution of static pressure and Mach number, and plots of numerical results. Also, we confirm that the wavy wall plays an important key role in the formation of oblique shock wave, and that the effect of condensation on the flow field appears apparently.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 1992

Invertase was extracted from Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) leaf with deionized water, and then prepared by ammonium sulfate(0.4~0.6 Sat.) fractionation, the enzymological properties of the invertase were investigated, and the results obtained were as follows. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were pH 6.0 and 4$0^{\circ}C$ respectively. The enzyme was stable in the pH range of pH 6.0 to 8.0, and at the temperature below 4$0^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was inactivated completely by the treatment with some proteases(pepsin, trypsin, papain and ficin) and protein denaturants(8M urea and 6M guanidine-HCI), but not with glycosidases (a-amylase, $\beta$-amylase and glucoamylase). The enzyme catalyzed specifically the hydrolization of the $\beta$-fructofuranosides such as sucrose and inulin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.246-249
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• 1993

Hexane, Hexane/diethylether and chloroform fractions from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer stroungly inhibitied human platelet aggregation induced by a high dose of thrombin (2$\mu$/ml). Chloroform fraction more strongly inhibited the platelet aggregation than the other two fraction among them. There were fatty acid ester and phosphate ester instead of polyacethylene compounds in the chloroform fraction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.299-306
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to examine the effects of fresh ginseng on the physicochemical and microbiological changes in dongchimi juice fermented under various conditions. The pH was somewhat lower in dongchimi juice added with 2.0% and 4.0% of fresh ginseng than that without ginseng, whereas the titratable acidity was higher in dongchimi juice with 2.0% and 4.0% of ginseng addition than the control. The addition of fresh ginseng to dongchimi preparation increased the numbers of total viable bacteria, lactic acid bacteria including Leuconostac mesenterotdes in dongchimi juice during fermentation. The changes in the counts of lactic acid bacteria were similar to those of total viable cells throughout the experiment except the initial stage of fermentation. However, the number of Leucosfastoc mesenternidgs decreased after the palatable stage. Key words : Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, dongchlmi juice, pH, titratable acidity, microbiological changes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 1993

In Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A Meyer, it was difficult to isolate chloroplast DNA with classical methods, because of the high polysaccharide content of ginseng chloroplast The simple and efficient method of chloroplast DNA isolation from ginseng leaves has been developed by motificalion of recently advanced methods. Also, it can be successfully applied to ctDNA isolation of Chinese cabbage, radish, petunia tobacco as well as ginseng. Isolated chloroplast DNA from ginseng was digested with various restriction endonucleases. It was estimated that the molecular weight of Korean ginseng chloroplast DNA was about 142 kb. There was no difference in restriction endonuclease digestion patterns between two variants of Korean ginseng, which are Jakyung-Jong (violet-stem variant) and Hwang- sook-Jong (yellow-berry variant).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.1 s.136
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• pp.45-51
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• 2004

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) is listed in Shen Nung Pentsao Ching(神農本草經) as the remedy for replenishing the primodial qi(氣), restoring pulse, treating collapse, tonifing the spleen and lag, promoting the production of body fluid to quench thirst, tranquilizing the mind, and improving the function of brain. The prescriptions of In Sam Tang(人參揚) are also recorded in many other Chinese medical books. The identification of the age of Panax ginseng is very important in commercial market as well as in research field. However, any reports about it have not been clearly established yet. To clarify the criterion, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the roots of various age Panax ginseng cultivated in Korea were studied. The characteristics of cork layer, secretory canal, and vessel were shown to bε useful keys to confirm the age of Panax ginseng.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 1982

Staibilization effect of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on .betha.-D-Galactosidase inactivation was proved by kinetic studies of thermal inactivation of the enzyme. The water extract Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer showed stabilization activity at minimal concentration of 10ppm. The methanolic extract was purified to obtain ginseng saponins, and two groups of the ginsenosides, i. e. protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol were isolated. They also showed a protective effect against the thermal and chemical inactivation of the enzyme; p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and hydroxylamine known as protein modifier greatly inactivated the enzyme but inactivation was significantly balocked by the ginseng component MG$^{2+}$, known as a cofactor, stabilized the enzyme and the poor stabilization effect by it was potentiated by ginseng components.s.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2006

'Meyer' zoysiagrass(Zoysia japonica Steud.) is a popular turfgrass species used for transition zone golf course fairways and tees in mfd U.S.A golf courses because it is generally winter hardy while providing an excellent playing surface with minimal chemical and irrigation inputs. However, its functionality declines easily in many of the shaded areas of these courses. Reduced irradiance causes excessive shoot elongation, reduced tillering, and weak plants that are poorly suited to tolerate or recover from traffic and devoting. Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) effectively reduces gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis and subsequent shoot cell elongation. This study was initiated to evaluate TE effect on shoot elongation and stand persistence under two levels of shade in 'Meyer' zoysiagrass. A mature stand of 'Meyer' was treated with all combinations of three levels of shade(0%, 79%, and 92%) and three levels of monthly TE [0, 48 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i(0.5x) and 96 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i(1x)]. In full sun, the TE at 48 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i reduced clipping yield by 18% over a four-week period and, whereas the TE at 96 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i by 30% to 38%. Monthly application of TE at the 96 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i increased 'Meyer' tiller density in full sun and under 79% shade. Both rates of TE consistently reduced shoot growth under shade relative to the shaded control. Only the monthly applications of the TE at 96 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i consistently delayed loss of quality under 79% shade. Our results indicate TE can be an effective management practice to increase 'Meyer' zoysiagrass persistence in shaded environments.