• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1984

Proximate, calcium, phosphorus and amino acid composition were determined for sardine fish meal (SM), herring fish meal (HM), anchovy fish meal (AM), alaskapolack by-product meal (ABM) and file fish by-product meal (FBM) produced domestically. These fish protein sources were fed to adult male of meat type (Waren G) broiler chicks to determine the true availability of amino acids. The true availability of essential amino acids were closely related to various fish meals with a few exceptions (e.g. valine, methionine, isoleucine and leucine). Average true availability of essential amino acids (9 amino acids) were 95, 93, 93, 91 and 91 percent for AM, SM, FBM; HM and ABM, respectively. Significant differences in the true availability of each individual amino acid were observed among fish meal tested (P＜0.01). Lysine availability was low in HM, ABM and FBM whereas phenylalanine was the lowest in FBM and ABM, respectively. AM showed the highest true amino acid availability among all fish meal tested.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1725-1728
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the efficiency of transfer of dietary iron sources to eggs of laying hens. Eighty ISA-Brown laying birds of 30 wk old were housed in 40 cages of 2 birds each. Eight birds in four cages were assigned to one of the following ten treatments: T1; control, T2; 100 ppm iron supplementation with iron-methionine chelate (Fe-Met-100), T3; Fe-Met- 200, T4; Fe-Met-300, T5; 100 ppm iron supplementation with iron sulfate ($FeSO_4$-100), T6; $FeSO_4$-200, T7; $FeSO_4$-300, T8; 100 ppm iron supplementation with Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ (Availa-Fe-100), T9; Availa-Fe-200 and T10; Availa-Fe-300. Results of 40 d feeding trial showed that there were no consistent responses in laying performance by source and level of iron supplementation. However, eggshell strength and color were improved by Fe supplementation. Egg iron content was maximized at 10-15 days after feeding supplemental Fe. Fe- Met was the most effective source in enriching Fe of eggs followed by Availa-Fe and $FeSO_4$. Increasing supplementary Fe level more than 100 ppm was not effective in Fe-Met and Availa-Fe treatments. Average Fe enrichment of 18% was achieved after feeding Fe-Met-100 for 15 d. In conclusion, enrichment of Fe in egg could be effectively achieved by supplementation of Fe-Met-100 for 15 d.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.165-175
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• 1990

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different carbohydrate and nitrogen source upon the utilization of amino acids in the small intestine of sheep. The results obtained are as follows: 1) For the quantities of total amino acid-N(TAA-N), essential amino acid-N(EAA-N) and nonessential amino acid-N(NEAA-N) passing at the duodenum and ileum except NEAA-N passing at the ileum were no significant differences (p>0.05) between diets. The quantities of NEAA-N passing at the ileum for the diets containing meat and bone meal were significantly higher (p>0.05) than the diets containing soybean meal. The mean values for the proportionate disappearance apparently digested TAA-N, EAA-N and NEAA-N within the small intestine for four diets were $0.692{\pm}0.0449$, $0.702{\pm}0.0132$ and $0.682{\pm}0.726$, respectively. 2) There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in duodenal individual amino acid flow between diets with the exception of aspartic acid and glycine. The amounts of each amino acid in duodenal digesta, expressed as a proportion of the amounts ingested for the four diets, were shown that there were net gains of EAA with the exception of arginine and NEAA with the exception of glutamic acid, glycine and praline prior to the small intestine. 3) Within the small intestine, there were no significant losses of each EAA (p>0.05) but significant losses of aspartic acid and glycine of NEAA between diets (p<0.01). The mean values of the proportionate losses of methionine, alanine and lysine within the small intestine were $0.816{\pm}0.04$, $0.767{\pm}0.04$ and $0.732{\pm}0.01$, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1040-1046
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• 2006

Studies were carried out with a repeated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with eight cannulated pigs fed four experimental diets to investigate the effect of dietary fiber and starch sources on apparent ileal and fecal amino acid digestibility. Each period lasted 15 d, with diet acclimation from d 1 to 7, feces collection for 48 h on d 8 to 9 and ileal sample collection for 12 h on d 13 to 15. The four experimental diets consisted mainly of cooked rice with the addition of protein sources (CON), partial replacement of cooked rice with either potato starch (PS), sugar beet pulp (SBP) or wheat bran (WB). Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker. With the exception of histidine, lysine and tryptophan, no differences were observed in the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids between diets. The inclusion of potato starch did not affect the ileal and fecal amino acid digestibility. In comparison with diet CON, a decreased (p<0.05) ileal digestibility of histidine was found in pigs fed diet SBP, while the ileal digestibilities of histidine, lysine and tryptophan were decreased (p<0.05) by the inclusion of wheat bran. Inclusion of fiber sources (sugar beet pulp and wheat bran) caused a reduction (p<0.05) in the fecal amino acid digestibility and the net disappearance of amino acids in the large intestine. Of the indispensable amino acids, there was a 'net synthesis' for methionine in the large intestine of pigs when diets were supplemented with dietary fiber. The decrease in fecal amino acid digestibility with the addition of dietary fiber indicates an increase in the synthesis of bacterial protein in the large intestine.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.470-477
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to choose prinicipal food components contained in diet foods and food additives used for manufacturing processed foods and elucidate their in vivo effects on the growth pattern of Helicobacter pylori. To do this the antibacterial effects of various sources of carbon nitrogen and mineral as an effect agent on Helicobacter pylori were first assessed based upon bacterial growth degree. results show that the source of carbon tested had different effects on bacterial growth of Helicobacter pylori. It was revealed that a promotional effect of monosaccharides resulted in enhanced growth of Helicobacter pylori compared with disaccharides and polysacchrides, in particular glucose was observed to be most effective in growth of Helicobacter pylori among monosaccharides teste whereas mannose to hinder the growth of Helicobacter pylori. Polyols such as sorbitol mannitol maltitol and xylitol was however observed to show no promotion or suppression effect on growth of Helicobacter pylori. Apart from these the sources of amino acid and inorganic nitrogen were chosen and tested to assess the promotion or suppression effect of nitrogen sources on growth of helicobacter pylori. It was found that amino acid such as lysine showed its promotion effect on the growth of Helicobacter pylori while arginine (NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl showed no effect on its growth. Ammoia and urea were however observed to have a positive effect on the growth of Helicobacter pylori. Among these effect agents lysine and methionine were revealed to show the most positive effect on growth of Helicobacter pylori. Minerals such as MgSO4 KH2PO4 and MgCl2 appered to exert their positive growth effects whereas CaCl2 and CaSo4 had a little effect. In addition FeSO4 FeCl2 and FeCl3 brought suppression on the growth of helicobacter pylori. In studies of the growth of Helicobacter pylori by food additives ascorbic acid showed extreme suppression on its growth,. Sodium nitrate and sodium chloride were also found to be of negative effect on the growth of Helicobacter pylori in rder of degree whereas tocopherol had nothing to do with microbial growth.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of copper and zinc sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and meat characteristics in finishing pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) inorganic copper ($CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$ 30ppm), 2) organic copper (Cu-methionine, 30 ppm), 3) inorganic zinc (ZnO, 80 ppm) and 4) organic zinc (Zn-methionine, 80 ppm). ZnO treatment improved the ADFI (average daily feed intake) compared to Cu-met and Zn-met treatments (p<0.05) during 5 weeks of treatment. However, during the entire experimental period, the ADG (average daily gain), ADFI and F:G ratio (feed conversion ratio) were not significantly different among the treatments (p>0.05). DM and N digestibility were not significantly different among the treatments after 5 weeks (p>0.05). At the end of the experiment, DM and N digestibility were decreased with Zn-met treatment relative to the other three treatments. The pH value of meat from $CuSO_4$ treated pigs was greater than Zn-met and ZnO treated pigs (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation was carried out for randomly selected (n = 16) paired loin samples. Meat color levels were increased (p<0.05) with Cu treatments compared to Zn treatments. $CuSO_4$ decreased the marbling of meat relative to the other treatments (p<0.05). The firmness was greater with ZnO treatment compared to Cu-met and ZnO treatments (p<0.05). These results indicate that inorganic Zn can improve growth performance, however, inorganic Cu and Zn are as effective as organic Cu and Zn at improving nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and meat quality. This form of organic additive can be friendlier to the environment than inorganic supplements.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2000

To remove phosphate accumulated in the soil and water, Acinetobacter lwoffi PO8 possessing a high ability to accumulate phosphate was isolated from a active sludge. Bacterium was cultured in the liquid medium containing $150\;{\mu}g/mL$ of phosphate at $30^{\circ}C$ in different culture conditions to examine intracellular phosphate uptake. The initial pH in the range of $7.5{\sim}8.5$ was effective on the growth and phosphate uptake of the strain. Glycerol and arabinose used as a carbon sources showed 93 and 91% the phsphate uptake, respectively. Among the nitrogen sources, ammonium salt such as $NH_4NO_3$ and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ was effectively utilized on the phosphate uptake compared with amino compounds. The rate of phosphate uptake of $NH_4NO_3$, and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, was 95 and 96%, respectively The growth and Phosphate uptake ability in the strain were significantly promoted when metal ions were added in the medium; $Co^{2+}$, however, was not utilized by the strain. The capacity of phosphate uptake was enhanced to $10{\sim}20%$ when arginine, methionine, or lysine was added. Using $^{32}P$ to examine the uptake Pattern of intracellular phosphate, experiment result showed that polyphosphate was largely found in the fraction of intracellular inorganic phosphate of Acinetobacter lwoffi PO8.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 1999

The biosynthesis of Lovastatin, a cholesterol lowering agent formed by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus, was investigated in shaking flask. The effects of essential elements in the experimental medium such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphate sources, and amino acids were examined to increase Lovastatin productivity. Lovastatin production in shaking flasks was 68 mg/L in the used medium. Effect of carbon source on Lovastatin production was performed. As a carbon source in the medium, 45 mL/L of glycerol increased the Lovastatin production up to 256 mg/L, which was found to be improved almost 3.5 times in comparison with that in common medium. The optimum concventration of peptonized milk as nitrogen source was obtained 30g/L on Lovastatin production. The severe inhibition of the cell growth and the Lovastatin production were observed in shaking flasks conducted at the medium contained ammonium carbonate as a nitrogen source. Lovastatin production various concentrations of several phosphate compounds was also examined. The addition of either potassium phosphate diabsic or sodium phosphate dibasic increased the Lovastatin production and the optimal level of potassium phosphate dibasic was 6 g/L. Even though Lovastatin contain methionine-derived methyl group, L-methionine and DL-methionine tend to diminish the Lovastatin production. Among the amino acids, L-histidine and L-tryptophan had a remarkable enhancing effect on the Lovastatin production. The optimal concentration of L-histidine and L-tryptophan was 6g/L.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.928-939
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• 2003

A study was carried out to determine the effect of de-hulling on apparent and true ileal amino acids digestibility of soybean meals for growing pigs. Twenty barrows (Duroc${\times}$Large white${\times}$Longer white) were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ilium. Digestibility of 20 experimental diets was determined, nine of them were de-hulled soybean meal diets, and nine of them were regular soybean meal diets and two low protein casein diets for determination of endogenous amino acid correction for true digestibility determination. A TEX>$5<{\times}5<$ Latin Squares Design was adopted in this trail. The results showed that de-hulling increased apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine, threonine, aspartic, tyrosine and indispensable and dispensable amino acid (p<0.05) in soybean meals. Furthermore, dehulling is also increased apparent digestibility of arginine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine and gross amino acids (p<0.01). However, there were no significant differences found for histidine, methionine, tryptophan, cystine and glycine (p>0.05). Similar responses were found for true ileal digestibility. In three dehulled and non-dehulled pairs soybean meals from the same respective sources, de-hulling increased apparent digestibility of lysine, methionine, threonine and cystine 1.42%, 2.06%, 2.18% and 1.40% respectively. True digestibility of lysine, methionine, threonine and cystine was increased 1.65%, 1.94%, 2.30% and 1.82% respectively. A prediction equation for true ileal amino acid digestibility (including lysine and arginine) was established by multivariate linear regression. The independent variables included relevant amino acid, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and nitrogen free extract. The coefficient R2 values of lysine and agrinine were 0.596 and 0.531 respectively. According to the crude protein content, a prediction equation for lysine and arginine content in soybean meal was also established by single linear regression. The coefficient $R^2$ values of lysine and agrinine were 0.636 and 0.636 respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.661-670
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• 2006

Selenium (Se) obtained from dietary sources including cereals, grains and vegetables is an essential micronutrient for normal function of the body. Plants convert Se into selenomethionine and incorporate it into proteins in place of methionine, while higher animals synthesize selenoproteins containing selenocysteine. Excessive Se in the body is methylated stepwise to methylated selenium metabolites from selenide. Both inorganic and organic forms of selenium can be the nutritional sources in human, and they are transformed to selenide and then the amino acid selenocysteine attached to a specific $tRNA^{ser(sec)}$. The selenocysteine (Sec) is incorporated into selenoprotein sequences by the UGA codon. The decoding of UGA as Sec requires specific mechanisms because UGA is normally read as a stop codon: cis-acting sequences in the mRNA (the selenocysteine insertion sequence, SECIS, within the 3'untranslated region) and trans -acting factors dedicated to Sec incorporation are required for incorporation of Sec during translation of selenoprotein mRNAs. Approximately 25 selenoproteins have been identified in mammals. Several of these, including glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases and selenoprotein P, have been purified or cloned, allowing further characterization of their biological function. The antioxidant properties of selenoproteins help prevent cellular damage from free radicals which may contribute to the development of chronic disease such as cancer and heart disease. Other selenoproteins have important roles in regulation of thyroid function and play a role in the immune system. Daily selenium iatake was reported to be $42.0{\pm}16.9{\mu}g/day$ in Korean adult women. This review focuses on the metabolism and biological functions of selenium, and the nutritional status of selenium in the Korean population.