• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.80-83
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• 2012

The addition of NaBr to the fermentation medium of a marine isolate of the fungus Dothideomycete sp. resulted in induced production of two toluhydroquinone derivatives, 5-bromotoluhydroquinone (1) and 4-O-methyltoluhydroquinone (2), and two known compounds, toluhydroquinone (3) and gentisyl alcohol (4). The structures of 1 and 2 were assigned through the spectroscopic data analyses. Compounds 1-4 showed a potent antibacterial activity against the methicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MDRSA) with MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values of 6.2, 12.5, 6.2, and 12.5 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Compounds 1-4 also exhibited a moderate radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with $IC_{50}$ values of 11.0, 17.0, 12.0, and 7.0 ${\mu}M$, respectively, which were more active than the positive control, L-ascorbic acid ($IC_{50}$, 20.0 ${\mu}M$).

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2002

Purpose: Surgical Site Infection(SSI) is the third most common cause of nosocomial infection, so that it results in serious socioeconomic impact such as extra hospitalization, mortality and health care cost. The aim of this study was to analyses the SSI that based on the degree of wound contamination and patient risk index after general surgery and to generate a reference data for the effective management and reducing SSI. Method: From July, 1999 to June, 2000, 1080 cases which presented with surgical site infection after general surgery at S hospital in chunchon city were included in this study. The data were collected by review of the medical records retrospectively. The collected data, in accordance with the test purpose, is analyzed by SPSS/PC+ program, using real numbers, percentage, $X^2$ test, Pearson's correlation and stepwise logistic regression. Result: The overall wound infection rate was 4.7%(51 cases out of 1,080). The infection rate of clean wounds was 1.4%. Surgical site infection rate for patient risk index scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3 was 1.9%, 8.0%, 13.1% and 20.0%, respectively and increased significantly according to patient risk index(p=.000). Sixteen of the fifty one(31.4%) surgical site infections were found during an outpatient visit after discharge. Multivariate analysis, identified two independent variables : duration of postoperation stay(p=.000), age(p=.037). The most frequent isolated organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(21%) and Staphylococcus aureus(21%). Also Staphylococcus aureus were all MRSA(Methicillin Resistant S. aureus). Conclusion: In this study, SSI was analysed according to the degree of wound contamination and patient risk index after general surgery. The data that obtained from this study is expected that it would be available for surveillance and control of SSI.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.347-353
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• 1998

토양에서 분리한 Streptomyces lydicus YSK-681이 생산하는 메치실린내성 황색 포도상구균에 유효한 항생물질을 정제하여 물리화학적 특성을 주사하였다. 물질정제는chloroform으로 추출한 후 silica gel column chromatography, Si ODS, GPC HPLC순으로 진행하였다. FAB MS의 분자량 측정결과 m/z 1022.4와 1036.4(M+H)+의 두 개의 피크가 분석되었으며, NMR 분석에서는 -OH와 leucine으로 추정되는 관능기가 조사되었다. 정제된 항생물질의 MIC는 그람 양성군에 대해서 1~32 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 그람 음성군과 효모에서는 125 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 이상이었다. 임상에서 분리된 129개의 MRSA에 대한 MIC는 8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$이었으며, 암세포인 P388, HeLa, S180에 대한 세포 독성은 없었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2014

지역사회 획득 항생제 내성 세균은 전 세계에서 새로운 문제로 대두되고 있다. 특히 한국에서 항생제 내성 세균의 발생빈도는 다른 선진국들보다 높다. 본 연구에서는 서울지역의 다양한 주변 환경(가정집, 대학교, 대중교통, 소지품 등)으로부터 methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), Pseudomonas, 그리고 대장균군(Enterobacteriaceae)의 분리율을 조사하였으며, 검출된 대장균군(Enterobacteriaceae)을 대상으로 신 항생제를 포함한 한국의 임상에서 널리 쓰이는 13종의 항생제에 대한 내성정도를 파악하였다. 총 239건의 시료에서 18건(7.5%)의 MRS, 10건(4.2%)의 Pseudomonas, 그리고 30건(12.6%)의 대장균군(Enterobacteriaceae)이 분리되었다. 또한 가정집에서 2건, 대학교에서 1건, 그리고 기타(공원 의자와 빌딩 문손잡이)에서 2건, 총 5건(2.1%)의 시료에서 메티실린 내성 황색포도상구균(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)이 검출되었으며, 대장균(Escherichia coli)은 가정에서 1건, 대중교통에서 3건, 그리고 기타(음식점 정수기 본체 상단)에서 1건, 총 5건(2.1%)의 시료에서 검출되었다. 분리된 대장균군(Enterobacteriaceae) 32균주에 대한 항생제 내성률은, cephalosporin 계열과 fluoroquinolone 계열에서 각각 71.9%, carbapenem 계열과 ${\beta}$-lactam 계열에서 각각 68.8%까지 나타났으며, tetracycline 계열과 aminoglycoside 계열에서는 각각 50.0%와 25.0%까지 내성을 나타냈다. 또한 trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole에 대한 내성률은 43.8%로 나타났다. 심지어 신 항생제인 tigecycline에 대한 내성률도 59.4%로 나타났으며, 시험한 모든 항생제에 내성을 나타내는 균주도 3건이나 검출되었다. 그리고 분리된 총 5균주의 대장균(E. coli)은 대부분의 시험 항생제에 내성을 나타냈으나, 일부는 ciprofloxacin과 gentamicin에 감수성을 보였다. 본 연구는 향후 주변환경의 항생제 내성 수준의 변화를 비교하기 위한 기초 자료를 제공하며, 이들 내성균의 발생과 확산 방지에 대한 다각적인 노력과 대책 마련이 필요함을 보여준다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1225-1231
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• 2016

본 연구에서 기존의 생리활성이 알려진 차가 버섯(Inonatus obliquus), 모링가(Moringa oleifera), 그라비올라(Anona muricata), 단풍마(Dioscorea quinquelaba), 가시오가피(Acanhopanax senticosus), 음양곽(Epimedii herba), 인진쑥(Artemisia capillaris), 그리고 오디(Morus alba) 추출물과 원두커피를 혼합하여 기능성 음료를 제조하였으며, 각각의 음료를 C1에서 C7으로 명명하였다. 각 음료의 항균, 항곰팡이, 항산화 활성 및 총 폴리페놀 함량을 조사하였다. 항균 및 항곰팡이에 대한 활성은 Gram positive bacteria인 Staphylococcus aureus에 대하여 C4, C5, C6 및 C7이 활성을 나타내었고, 특히 C7인 경우 항생제 내성균주인 MRSA에 대하여 강한 활성을 나타내었다. Gram negative bacteria에 대한 결과는 E. coli D31에 대하여 1.0 mg/ml의 농도에서 C1에서 C7 모든 음료가 활성을 나타내었고, 반면에 곰팡이인 Candida albicans에 대하여는 활성을 나타내지 않았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 C6의 경우가 7.37 mg/g으로 가장 높은 결과를 나타내었고, C5의 경우는 3.78 mg/g으로 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. DPPH로 항산화 능력을 측정한 결과, C1에서 C7 모두 강한 활성을 나타내었고, 특히 C7인 경우 0.5 mg/ml의 농도에서 88%라는 높은 free radical 소거능력을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 각 기능성 음료의 생리활성의 기초자료를 제공하고 다양한 기능성 건강음료뿐 만 아니라 고부가가치 기능성 제품을 창출 할 수 있는 근거를 마련한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.181-186
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• 2012

Objective: To report a fatal case of Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) in a patient with interstitial lung disease (ILD) on high-dose glucocorticoids. Case Summary: A 66-year-old man with a history of coniosis was transferred to the hospital with progressive cough and sputum production. This patient has been diagnosed with pneumonia and ILD on admission, requires antimicrobial therapy and systemic immunosuppressants. He received high dose of methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide for ILD as well as ceftriaxone and azithromycin for pneumonia. On day 7 in the intensive care units (ICUs), patient had fever and leukocytosis, thus antimicrobials were switched to piperacillin. After 13 days in the ICU, Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were isolated on transtracheal aspirate (TTA) and meropenem was initiated. However, it was revealed a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) species, resistant to carbapenem. Patient was administered colistin but expired due to septic shock on day 84. Discussion: Systemic immunosuppressive therapy can result in infections that may compromise patient's survival. MDR-AB has emerged as a serious cause of nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients. MDR-AB is resistant to most standard antimicrobials and therapeutic options are limited. Conclusion: We report our recent experience with a fatal MDR-AB pneumonia in a patient with ILD, who had to be treated with high dose glucocorticoids and immunosuppressnts.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2003

Three different types of chitosan were prepared from red crab shells to study anti-microbial activity of chitosan on pathogenic bacteria, MRSA(Methicillin-resistant. Staphylococcus aureus), Water-insoluble chitosan, whose degree of deacetylation is kept over 90% and molecular weights are 20,000, 500,000, 150,000, 80,000, and 40,000, respectively. Water-soluble chitosan, whose degree of deacetylation is about 48% and molecular weights are 200,000 and 80,000. Water-soluble chitosan, whose degree of deacetylation is 82% and molecular weight is 3,900. The anti-microbial activities of three types of chitosan were investigated by Tube Dilution Technique(TDT) and Agar Plate Smear Method(APSM). And the following conclusions are made ; Chitosan having 5 different types of M.W chitosan (over 90% deacetylation) showed similar anti-microbial activities at over 0.05% concentration. Especially, chitosan having M.W 40,000 150,000 showed the excellent anti-microbial activity. The anti-microbial activity of chitosan was enhanced when the chitosan/acetic add solution was aged for 7days. The anti-microbial activity of chitosan was only shown at chitosan/acetic acid solution. The anti-microbial activity was not detected in chitosan solution dissolved in neutral pH water. Therefore, it can be concluded that the anti-microbial activity was due to NH3+ cationic ion of chitosan in acidic aqueous solution.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2021

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba causing primary amoebic encephalitis. In this study, we analyzed how the N-aceytlglucosamine (GlcNAc) and D-galactose affected the interaction between Naegleria fowleri and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Escherichia coli O157:H7, and the interaction with bacteria when monosaccharides were treated with N. fowleri for a longer pre-incubation time. When GlcNAc was treated with N. fowleri for 1 hr, the E. coli association was almost the same as that of the control not treated with GlcNAc until the concentration of GlcNAc was 25 mM. However, the E. coli association was reduced by approximately 91% with 100 mM GlcNAc. E. coli invasion into N. fowleri showed statistical significance only in the group treated with 100 mM GlcNAc. The interaction when treated with galactose showed a very different pattern in the 50 mM galactose group than when treated with GlcNAc. In the MRSA interaction, a statistically significant decrease in association (76.3% by GlcNAc and 88.7% by galactose) and invasion (3.6% by GlcNAc and 9.3% by galactose) was shown by the concentration of two 100 mM monosaccharides. The group treated with monosaccharides at the same time showed almost no difference in all interactions from the group treated with monosaccharides at the same time. Taken together, it suggested that the effect of monosaccharides on the interaction of several Gram-negative or positive bacteria and the evidence that the interaction could be enhanced by longer pre-incubation time.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was undertaken in order to evaluate by work space zoning and structure the concentrations of biological contaminants in the indoor air of domestic office buildings. Methods: Air samples were collected in the office spaces of 15 office buildings in Seoul from June 28 to July 28, 2011. Prior to the sampling, each office was classified into 'open-plan office', 'cellular office' and 'mixed office' according to the work space zoning. To evaluate the biological contamination of indoor air, total suspended bacteria (TSB), Gram positive bacteria (GPB), Staphylococcus aureus (S.A), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Gram negative bacteria (GNB) and fungi were investigated. During the sampling, temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) were measured. Results: The TSB concentrations ($GM{\pm}GSD$) were $452({\pm}1.3)cfu/m^3$ in open-plan offices, $366({\pm}1.3)cfu/m^3$ in cellular offices and $287({\pm}1.5)cfu/m^3$ in mixed offices, and there were significant differences between the three groups (p<0.05). The highest concentrations ($GM{\pm}GSD$) of fungi were found in the indoor air of cellular offices $128({\pm}1.0)cfu/m^3$, which was at least three times higher than the concentrations in mixed offices $43({\pm}1.0)cfu/m^3$ (p<0.05). Conclusions: Microbiological contamination in the indoor air of office buildings by work space structure was the highest with the open-plan office layout which includes no high walls or doors separating the occupants.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.304-312
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to examine bioaerosols in indoor air in public restrooms, as well as to assess the effects of air temperature and relative humidity on bioaerosol levels. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed in ten male and ten female restrooms. An air sampler (Anderson type) was used for sampling total suspended bacteria (TSB), Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), Gram-positive bacteria (GPB), opportunistic bacteria (OP), Staphylococcus spp., and total suspended fungi (TSF). Results: The levels of TSB were $10-10^2CFU/m^3$ and TSF $10-10^2CFU/m^3$, respectively. The GNB level was $0-10CFU/m^3$, and GPB and OP levels were $10-10^2CFU/m^3$. Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were detected in 90% of the restrooms. The GPB level was higher in the female restrooms than in the male restrooms (p < 0.05). TSB, GNB, and TSF showed higher levels in restrooms in buildings over 30 years old (p < 0.01). The main effect of air temperature or relative humidity and interaction effect of the two factors on the TSB level were significant (p < 0.05), while the effect of relative humidity on the TSF level was significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicate that there is a wide variation in the bioaerosol levels among different restrooms. The observed differences in bioaerosol levels reflect different building histories. The effects of air temperature and/or relative humidity reveal that bioaerosol levels may vary according to season or time of day. Future research is needed to further characterize the relation between the bioaerosol levels and surface contamination in restrooms.