• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 2003

This study aims to find methods that prevents aging of buildings paint coating and that limits defects in construction. Defects in painting can occur in four stages: pure paint, during painting, after the paint coating has dried, and after some period of time has passed after coating. Paint may become bad due to precipitation of pigments, formation of membranes, and seeding during manufacturing. Therefore, it is important that the paint is well mixed and kept airtight at a cool, dark place. Indents, paint brush strokes, orange peel, separation of colors, and paint running and spreading during the paint work process can be prevented by using high quality materials and applying a high-level of construction method. After the paint coating has dried, boiling, yellowing, poor drying, poor bonding, and/or glen deficiency may occur. These are influenced by the levels of cleanness of the dried product, drying temperature and hydration. Then, when the coating has been left dried for some period of time, cracking, peeling, scaling, swelling, discoloring, and/or rusting may develop due to the ultraviolet and contaminants in the air. Since these defects occur due to inappropriate construction schedule and/or hot and humid condition, one must use weatherproof materials. Furthermore, poor paint color may be caused by contamination in the sample plate, discoloration, and/or discrepancies in colors which are due to material differences, level of glossiness, degree of dispersion, dual color property of metallic colors, precipitation of pigments, etc. One should achieve reduction in construction cost and effectiveness in paint work by limiting contaminations in the construction site and strictly observing to construction regulations.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.42-52
• /
• 1995

In the evaluation of aging degradation on the structural materials based on the fracture mechanics, the detection and size prediction of defect are very important. Aiming at nondestructive detection and size prediction ol defect with high accuracy and resolution, therefore, an lnduced Current Focusing Potential Drop(ICFPD) technique has been developed. The principle of this technique is to induce a focusing current at an exploratory region by an induction wire flowing an alternating current(AC) that is a constant ampere and frequency. Defects are assessed with the potential drops that are measured the induced current on the surface of metallic material by the potential pick-up pins. In this study, the lCFPD technique was applied for evaluating the location and size of the surface crack and blind crack made in plate specimens, and also for detecting the defects existing in valve, a field component, that were developed by SCC etc. during the service. The results of this present study show that surface crack and blind crack are able to defect with potential drop. these cracks are distinguished with the distribution of potential drop, and the crack depths can be estimated with each normalized potential drop that are parameters estimating the depth of each type crack. In the field component, the defects estimated by experiment result correspond with those in the cutting face of the measuring point within a higher sensitivity.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to make an ideal dummy for adult Maltese with proper investigation of its character and direct measurement of dog body-shape. The results of the study are as follows; First, there were 6 factors to affect the characteristics of Maltese body in the analysis, which are size of body, leg shape, chest shape, leg thickness, body length, length between fore-legs. In the cluster analysis with the 6 factors there were two types of Maltese body. Type 1 has body characteristics with large body, thick leg, and small distance between front legs. Type 2 has average size of all factors including body size, leg thickness, and length between fore-legs. Second, type 2 was selected as a representative one to make a dummy reflected body shape of characteristics because it took 67.71% from entire considered factors and has average value in the measured size. The first dummy pattern was planned by copying the surface area of the representative body shape with the method of surgical tape. A dummy of single body with trunk and legs was made using 30's cotton cloth, polyester inside batting, compressed form PVC and metallic wire on the joint of trunk and legs to support dummy shape. The second pattern was made by correcting size difference of the pattern and adding the pattern of neck covering plate, metal magnetic button was inserted on the center of joint area of trunk and legs to make detachable legs for easy slip on and off the pet's wear.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.63 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2017

Shot peening is a cold surface treatment employed to induce residual stress field in a metallic component beneficial for increasing its fatigue strength. The experimental investigation of parameters involved in shot peening process is very complex as well as costly. The most attractive alternative is the explicit dynamics finite element (FE) analysis capable of determining the shot peening process parameters subject to the selection of a proper material's constitutive model and numerical technique. In this study, Ansys / LS-Dyna software was used to simulate the impact of steel shots of various sizes on an aluminium alloy plate described with strain rate dependent elasto-plastic material model. The impacts were carried out at various incident velocities. The influence of shot velocity and size on the plastic deformation, compressive residual stress and force-time response were investigated. The results exhibited that increasing the shot velocity and size resulted in an increase in plastic deformation of the aluminium target. However, a little effect of the shot velocity and size was observed on the magnitude of target's subsurface compressive residual stress. The obtained results were close to the published ones, and the numerical models demonstrated the capability of the method to capture the pattern of residual stress and plastic deformation observed experimentally in aluminium alloys. The study can be quite helpful in determining and selecting the optimal shot peening parameters to achieve specific level of plastic deformation and compressive residual stress in the aluminium alloy parts especially compressor blades.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.539-544
• /
• 2002

Titanium and titanium alloy are excellent in corrosion resistance and specific intensity, and also in the biocompatibility. On the other hand, the brazing is bonding method of which productivity and reliability are high, when the complicated and precise structure of the thin plate is constructed. However, though conventional titanium-based brazing filler metal was excellent in bond strength and corrosion resistance, it was disadvantageous that metal structure and mechanical property of the base metal deteriorated, since the brazing temperature (about 1000 C) is considerably high. Authors developed new brazing filler metal which added Zr to Ti-Cu (-Ni) alloy which can be brazed at 900 C or less about 15 years ago. In this paper, the development of more low-melting-point brazing filler metal was tried by the addition of the fourth elements such as Ni, Co, Cr for the Ti-Zr-Cu alloy. As a method for finding the low-melting-point composition, eutectic composition exploration method was used in order to reduce the experiment point. As the result, several kinds of new brazing filler metal such as 37.5Ti-37.5-Zr-25Cu alloy (melting point 825 C) and 30Ti-43Zr-25Cu-2Cr alloy (melting point: 825 C) was developed. Then, the brazing joint showed the characteristics which were almost equal to the base metal from the result of obtaining metallic structure and strength of joint of brazing joint. However, the brazing filler metal composition of the melting point of 820 C or less could not be found. Consequentially, it was clarified that the brazing filler metal developed in this study could be practically sufficiently used from results such as metal structure of brazing joint and tensile test of the joint.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.155-166
• /
• 1992

In dentistry, precious metal alloys are, mainly due to economic factors, increasingly displaced by alternatives containing Ni-Cr-Co. There are some reports where hypersensitive reactions to Ni-Cr-Co alloys are presented and discussed. The reactions reported vary from mucosa contact stomatitis to generalized dermatitis without any oral mucosal reaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of nickel, chrome, cobalt and copper, and to know whether subjects with positive skin reaction to nickel would also demonstrate adverse intraoral reaction to a non-precious metal nickel. The patch tests were performed in 81 subjects(male 39, female 42) and nickel sulfate 5% aq., potassium bichromate 0.5% at., cobalt chloride 2% aq., & copper sulfate 1% aq., were used for test allergens. And then the intraoral tests were performed in 16 subjects, 8 subjects with positive allergic skin reaction to nickel and 8 subjects with negative allergic skin reaction. A pure metallic nickel plate was attached to the buccal side of the upper second premolar. The results are as follows : 1. The frequency of nickel sensitivity was 9.9% (2 men, 6 women), cobalt was 4.9% (1 man, 3 women), and chrome was 2.5% (2 men) respectively and there was no positive reaction to copper 2. The positive reactions were 8 of 23 (34.8%) with a history of jewelry allergic reactions and 3 of 58 (5.1%) without a history of jewelry allergic reactions. 3. Three of 8 subjects with positive skin reaction. gave reactions to the metal plates.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2012

In this paper, the deterministic optimal design for the tail plane made of composite materials is conducted under the deterministic loading condition and compared with that of the metallic materials. Next, the reliability analysis with five random variables such as loading and material properties of unidirectional prepreg is conducted to examine the probability of failure for the deterministic optimal design results. The MATLAB programing is used for reliability analysis combined with FEA S/W(COMSOL) for structural analysis. The laminated composite is assumed to the equivalent orthotropic material using classical laminated plate theory. The response surface methodology and importance sampling technique are adopted to reduce computational cost with satisfying the accuracy in reliability analysis. As a result, structural weight of composite materials is lighter than that of metals in deterministic optimal design. However, the probability of failure for the deterministic optimal design of the tail plane structures is too high to be neglected. The sensitivity of each variable is also estimated using probabilistic sensitivity analysis to figure out which variables are sensitive to failure. The computational cost is considerably reduced when response surface methodology and importance sampling technique are used. The study of the computationally inexpensive method for reliability-based design optimization will be necessary in further work.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.86-94
• /
• 1996

In the life management safety evaluation of constructs base on a fracture mechanics, the size of defect is the very important parameter. ICFPD (Induced Current Focusing Potential Drop)technique has been developed for detecting and sizing of defects that exist not only on surface but also inside and interior of structural components. The principle of this technique is to induce a focusing current at an exploration region by a straight induction wire through which an alternating current (AC)flows that has constant amplitude and frequency. The potential distributed on the surface of metallic material is measured by potential pick-up pins that are settled on the probe. In this paper, this NDI technique was applied to the evaluation of surface cracks and blind cracks in plate specimens. The results of this study show that in the case of surface crack, the distribution of potential drop is varied with the inched angle of surface crack, and the potential drops in the crack region and the crack edge region are varied with the inclined angle and depth of crack. The distribution of potential drop for the blind crack is distingulished from that for the surface crack, and the potential drop in the crack region is varied with the depth of crack.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.14-18
• /
• 2002

Titanium and titanium alloy are excellent in corrosion resistance and specific intensity, and also in the biocompatibility. On the other hand, the brazing is bonding method of which productivity and reliability are high, when the complicated and precise structure of the thin plate is constructed. However, though conventional titanium-based brazing filler metal was excellent in bond strength and corrosion resistance, it was disadvantageous that metal structure and mechanical property of the base metal deteriorated, since the brazing temperature ( about $1000^{\circ}C$ ) is considerably high. Authors developed new brazing filler metal which added Zr to Ti-Cu (-Ni) alloy which can be brazed at $900^{\circ}C$ or less about 15 years ago. In this paper, the development of more low-melting-point brazing filler metal was tried by the addition of the fourth elements such as Ni, Co, Cr for the Ti-Zr-Cu alloy. As a method for finding the low-melting-point composition, eutectic composition exploration method was used in order to reduce the experiment point. As the result, several kinds of new brazing filler metal such as 37.5Ti-37.5-Zr-25Cu alloy (melting point: $825^{\circ}C$) and 30Ti-43Zr-25Cu-2Cr alloy (melting point: $825^{\circ}C$) was developed. Then, the brazing joint showed the characteristics which were almost equal to the base metal from the result of obtaining metallic structure and strength of joint of brazing joint. However, the brazing filler metal composition of the melting point of $820^{\circ}C$ or less could not be found. Consequentially, it was clarified that the brazing filler metal developed in this study could be practically sufficiently used from results such as metal structure of brazing joint and tensile test of the joint.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.22-36
• /
• 2004

Several in-situ testing methods of adhesively bonded joints under static short-time tensile loading are critically analyzed in terms of experimental procedure and data evaluation. Due to its rather homogeneous stress state across the glue line, the tensile-shear test with thick single-lap specimens, according to ISO 11003-2, has become the most important test process for the determination of realistic materials parameters. This basic method, which was improved in both, the experimental part by stepped adherends and easily attachable extensometers and the evaluation procedure by numeric substrate deformation correction and test simulation based on the finite element method (FEM), is therefore demonstrated by application to several kinds of adhesives and metallic adherends. Multi-axial load decreases the strength of a joint. This effect, which is illustrated by an experimental comparison, impedes the derivation of realistic mechanical characteristics from measured force-displacement curves. It is shown by numeric modeling that tensile-shear tests with thin plate substrates according to ISO 4587, which are widely used for quick industrial quality assurance, reveal an inhomogeneous stress state, especially because of relatively large adherend deformation. Complete experimental determination of the elastic properties of bonded joints requires independent measurement of at least two characteristics. As the thick-adherend tensile-shear test directly yields the shear modulus, the tensile butt-joint test according to ISO 6922 represents the most obvious complement of the test programme. Thus, validity of analytical correction formulae proposed in literature for the derivation of realistic materials characteristics is verified by numeric simulation. Moreover, the influence of the substrate deformation is examined and a FEM correction method introduced.