• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2010년도 제39회 하계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.305-305
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• 2010

It is known that a pulse of electrons of high kinetic energy (1-3 eV) in metals can be generated with the deposition of external energy to the surface such as in the absorption of light or in exothermic chemical processes. These energetic electrons are not in thermal equilibrium with the metal atoms and are called "hot electrons" The concept of photon energy conversion to hot electron flow was suggested by Eric McFarland and Tang who directly measured the photocurrent on gold thin film of metal-semiconductor ($TiO_2$) Schottky diodes [1]. In order to utilize this scheme, we have fabricated metal-semiconductor Schottky diodes that are made of Pt or Au as a metallic layer, Si or $TiO_2$ as a semiconducting substrate. The Pt/$TiO_2$ and Pt/Si Schottky diodes are made by PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) for $SiO_2$, magnetron sputtering process for $TiO_2$, e-beam evaporation for metallic layers. Metal shadow mask is made for device alignment in device fabrication process. We measured photocurrent on Pt/n-Si diodes under AM1.5G. The incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) at different wavelengths was measured on the diodes. We also show that the steady-state flow of hot electrons generated from photon absorption can be directly probed with $Pt/TiO_2$ Schottky diodes [2]. We will discuss possible approaches to improve the efficiency of photon energy conversion.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea
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• pp.612-619
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• 2002

The dynamic behavior of Al-Mg alloys plasma was very unstable and this instability was closely related to the unstable motion of keyhole during laser irradiation. The keyhole fluctuated both in size and shape and its fluctuation period was about 440 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. This instability has been estimated to be caused by the evaporation phenomena of metals with different boiling point and latent heats of vaporization. Therefore, the authors have conducted the spectroscopic diagnostics of plasma induced in the pulsed YAG laser welding of Al-Mg alloys in air and argon atmospheres. In the air environment, the identified spectra were atomic lines of Al, Mg, Cr, Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn, and singly ionized Mg line, as well as strong molecular spectrum of AlO, MgO and AIH. It was confirmed that the resonant lines of Al and Mg were strongly self-absorbed, in particular in the vicinity of pool surface. The self-absorption of atomic Mg line was more eminent in alloys containing higher Mg. These facts showed that the laser-induced plasma was relatively a low temperature and high density metallic vapor. The intensities of molecular spectra of AlO and MgO were different each other depending on the power density of laser beam. Under the low power density irradiation condition, the MgO band spectra were predominant in intensity, while the AlO spectra became much stronger in higher power density. In argon atmosphere the band spectra of MgO and AlO completely vanished, but AlH molecular spectra was detected clearly. The hydrogen source was presumably the hydrogen solved in the base Metal, absorbed water on the surface oxide layer or H$_2$ and $H_2O$ in the shielding gas. The temporal change in spectral line intensities was quite similar to the fluctuation of keyhole. The time average plasma temperature at 1 mm high above the surface of A5083 alloy was determined by the Boltzmann plot method of atomic Cr lines of different excitation energy. The obtained electron temperature was 3, 280$\pm$150 K which was about 500 K higher than the boiling point of pure aluminum. The electron number density was determined by measuring the relative intensities of the spectra1lines of atomic and singly ionized Magnesium, and the obtained value was 1.85 x 1019 1/㎥.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2016

플라즈마토치 용융로에 있어서 내화물의 보수를 최소화하고 용융물의 배출을 원활하게 하기 위해서는 처리대상 폐기물의 물성을 충분히 고려하여야 한다. 원전에서 발생되는 비가연성 방사성폐기물 중 많은 비중을 차지하고 있는 콘크리트 조각, 유리, 모래 등에 대한 화학적 조성비를 조사하여 보면 산성산화물이 염기성산화물에 비해 압도적으로 많은 비중을 차지하고 있으므로 용융 시 염기도가 매우 낮은 산성 슬래그가 된다. 이 용융슬래그는 유동도가 낮아서 용융물의 배출특성이 좋지 않으며 내화물에 침식을 유발시키는 주된 요인이 된다. 경사형 구조의 측면 출탕구를 가진 플라즈마토치 용융로의 경우, 구조상 출탕 후 일정량의 금속성 용융물이 항상 용융로 내부 바닥과 출탕구에 남게 된다. 비중차에 의해 비금속 용융슬래그는 금속성 용융물 상부에 위치하게 되며 혼합형 플라즈마토치를 이행형 운전모드로 가동하게 되면 금속성 용융물과 비금속 용융물이 동시에 용융되므로 비금속 용융슬래그의 온도는 금속 용융온도 이상으로 유지가 된다. 내화물의 수명 향상을 위해 용융로 내부의 온도와 용융물과 접촉하는 부위와 접촉되지 않는 부위를 구별하여 내화물의 특성을 주지하고 가장 적합한 내화물을 부위별로 선정하였다. 산성 내화물과 염기성 내화물이 인접하지 않도록 하고 용융슬래그에 대한 저항성을 높이도록 하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.505-512
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• 1998

플라즈마 용사법을이용하여 AISI 316 스테인레스 금속모재에 0.1mm 두께의 $NiCrAlCoY_{2}O_{3}$금속 결합층과 0.3mm 두께의 $ZrO_{2}(8wt%Y_{2}O_3$) 세라믹층으로 구성된 이층 단열코팅층을 제조하였다. 코팅층의 미세조직, 금속결합층의 산화를 고찰하였으며, $900^{\circ}C$에서 등은 시험과 열반복시험 후, 접합강도시험을 통하여 코팅층의 단사정 상은 열처리시간이 길어질수록 약간 증가하였다. 또한 비변태성 t'의 c/a는 용사상태에서 1.0099이였으며, 100시간 열처리 후에는 1.0115로 약간 증가하였다. 그리고 용사층의 접합강도는 열처리 시간이 길어질수록 감소하였다. 등온열처리 후에는 1.0115로 약간 증가하였다. 그리고 용사층 의 접합강도는 열처리 시간이 길어질수록 감소하였다. 등온열처리 후, 파괴는 주로 세라믹층에서 일어났으며, 반복 열처리되 시편에서는 10회 이후 대부분 금속결합층/세라믹층의 계면에서 일어났다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.271-272
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• 2012

Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs or amorphous alloy) exhibit high strength and good corrosion resistance. Applications of thin films and micro parts of BMGs have been used a lot since its inception in the research of BMGs. However, Application and fabrication of BMGs are limited to make structural materials. Thin films of BMGs which is sputtered on the surface of structural materials by sputtering process is used to improve limits about application of BMGs. In order to investigate the difference of properties between designed alloys and thin films, we identified that thin films deposited on the surface that have the characteristic of the amorphous films and the composition of designed alloys. Zr-Cu (Cu=30, 35, 38, 40, 50 at.%) and Zr-Cu-Al (Al=10 at.% fixed, Cu=26, 30, 34, 38 at.%) alloys were fabricated with Zr (99.7% purity), Cu (99.997% purity), and Al (99.99% purity) as melting 5 times by arc melting method before rods 2mm in diameter was manufactured. In order to analyze GFA (Glass Forming Ability), rods were observed by Optical Microscopy and SEM and $T_g$, $T_x$, ($T_x$ is crystallization temperature and $T_g$ is the glass transition temperature) and Tm were measured by DTA and DSC. Powder was manufactured by Gas Atomizer and target was sintered using powder in large supercooled liquid region ($=T_x-T_g$) by SPS(Spark Plasma Sintering). Amorphous foil was prepared by RSP process with 5 gram alloy button. The composition of the foil and sputtered thin film was analyzed by EDS and EPMA. In the result of DSC curve, binary alloys ($Zr_{62}Cu_{38}$, $Zr_{60}Cu_{40}$, $Zr_{50}Cu_{50}$) and ternary alloys ($Zr_{64}Al_{10}Cu_{26}$, $Zr_{56}Al_{10}Cu_{34}$, $Zr_{52}Al_{10}Cu_{38}$) have $T_g$ except for $Zr_{70}Cu_{30}$ and $Zr_{60}Al_{10}Cu_{30}$. The compositions with $T_g$ made into powders. Figure shows XRD data of thin film showed similar hollow peak.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.293-297
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• 2016

Ni-C composite films were prepared by co-deposition using a combined technique of plasma CVD and ion beam sputtering deposition. Depending on the deposition conditions, Ni-C thin films manifested three kinds of microstructure: (1) nanocrystallites of non-equilibrium carbide of nickel, (2) amorphous Ni-C film, and (3) granular Ni-C film. The electrical resistivity was also found to vary from about $10^2{\mu}{\Omega}cm$ for the carbide films to about $10^4{\mu}{\Omega}cm$ for the amorphous Ni-C films. The Ni-C films deposited at ambient temperatures showed very low TCR values compared with that of metallic nickel film, and all the films showed ohmic characterization, even those in the amorphous state with very high resistivity. The TCR value decreased slightly with increasing of the flow rate of $CH_4$. For the films deposited at $200^{\circ}C$, TCR decreased with increasing $CH_4$ flow rate; especially, it changed sign from positive to negative at a $CH_4$ flow rate of 0.35 sccm. By increasing the $CH_4$ flow rate, the amorphous component in the film increased; thus, the portion of $Ni_3C$ grains separated from each other became larger, and the contribution to electrical conductivity due to thermally activated tunneling became dominant. This also accounts for the sign change of TCR when the filme was deposited at higher flow rate of $CH_4$. The microstructures of the Ni-C films deposited in these ways range from amorphous Ni-C alloy to granular structures with $Ni_3C$ nanocrystallites. These films are characterized by high resistivity and low TCR values; the electrical properties can be adjusted over a wide range by controlling the microstructures and compositions of the films.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.112-121
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• 2011

This study investigated the effect of solvent on the fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based alloy nano powders by employing the PWE (pulsed wire evaporation) in liquid and compared the alloy particles fabricated by three different methods (PWE in liquid, PWE in Ar, plasma arc discharge), for high temperature oxidation-resistant metallic porous body for high temperature soot filter system. Three different solvents (ethanol, acetone, distilled water) of liquid were adapted in PWE in liquid process, while X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the characteristics of the Fe-Cr-Al nano powders. The alloy powder synthesized by PWE in ethanol has good particle size and no surface oxidation compared to that of distilled water. Since the Fe-based alloy powders, which were fabricated by PWE in Ar and PAD process, showed surface oxidation by TEM analysis, the PWE in ethanol is the best way to fabricate Fe-based alloy nano powder.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.138-144
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• 2019

In this work, PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) film formation behavior of Al6061 alloy was investigated as a function of applied current density of AC at 310 Hz in the range from $120mA/cm^2$ to $300mA/cm^2$ in 0.5 M $Na_2SiO_3$ solution. When applied current density is lower than a critical voltage of about $132mA/cm^2$, voltage reaches a steady-state values less than 120 V without generation of arcs and metallic color of the alloy surface remains. On the other hand, when applied current density exceeds about $132mA/cm^2$, voltage increases continuously with time and arcs are generated at more than 175 V, resulting in the formation of PEO films with grey colors. Two different types of arcs, large size and small number of arcs with orange color, and small size and large number of arcs with white color, were generated at the same time when the PEO film thickness exceeds about $50{\mu}m$, irrespective of applied current density. Formation efficiency of the PEO films was found to increase with increasing applied current density and the growth rate was obtained to be about $5{\mu}m/min$ at $300mA/cm^2$. It was also found that surface roughness of the PEO films with $70{\mu}m$ thickness is not dependent on the applied current density.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2019

Mn+1AXn (MAX) phases are a family of nano-laminated compounds that possess unique combination of typical ceramic properties and typical metallic properties. As a member of MAX-phase, $Ti_2AlN$ bulk materials are attractive for some high temperature applications. In this study, $Ti_2AlN$ bulk with high density were synthesized by spark plasma sintering method. X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness, electrical and thermal conductivity were measured to compare the effect of material properties both $Ti_2AlN$ bulk samples and a conventional Ti-6Al-4V alloy. A femto-second laser conditions were conducted at a repetition rate of 6 kHz and laser intensity of 50 %, 70% and 90 %, respectively, laser confocal microscope were used to evaluate the width and depth of ablation. Consequently, the laser ablation result of the $Ti_2AlN$ sample than that of the Ti-6Al-4V alloys show a considerably good ablation characteristics due to its higher thermal conductivity regardless of to high densification and high hardness.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.118-121
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• 2007

Bulk metallic glass (BMG)/crystalline composites comprising a copper based BMG alloy and crystalline nickel were produced by means of eloctroless plating of nickel on $Cu_{54}Zr_{22}Ti_{18}Ni_6$ BMG powder and subsequent consolidation using spark plasma sintering. The plastic deformation behavior of BMG/crystalline composites was examined by uniaxial compression test at various temperatures in the supercooled liquid region (SLR) of the BMG alloy. The evolution of strain states during uniaxial compression was tackled by microstructure observations. Deformation temperature played an important role in the deformation behavior of BMG/crystalline composites, which was attributed to a strong temperature dependence of the flow stress of the BMG alloy in the SLR. BMG/crystalline composites deformed homogenously in the temperature range where the flow stress of the BMG alloy was close to that of crystalline nickel. In contrast, inhomogeneous deformation was observed in the temperature range where the flow stress of the BMG alloy largely differs from that of crystalline nickel.