• 한국재료학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.403-408
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 고온용 고강도 Al 합금을 제조하기 위해 Al-Cr-Zr 복합금속분말을 attritor에서 300rpm의 회전속도로 20시간 동안 기계적 합금화방법으로 제조한 후 진공 고온 압축성형하였다. Al-Cr-Zr 합금의 미세구조 및 조직관찰은 XRD, TEM 등을 사용하여 분석하였고, 열적 안정성은 열적 노출시간에 따른 미소경도측정을 통하여 조사하였다. 진공 열간 압축성형 되었을 때 MA Al-Cr-Zr 합금의 이론 밀도의 97%에 이르는 조밀화르 f보였으며, $300^{\circ}C$에서 100시간 열처리 한 경우에는 경도변화가 거의 없었고, $500^{\circ}C$에서 100시간 열처리한 경우에도 감소가 6% 이내로 우수한 열적 안정성을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 MA Al-Cr-Zr 합금의 우수한 열적 안정성은 기계적 합금화에 의해 Al 기지 내에 미세하고 균일하게 분산된 Cr과 Zr이 고온 성형과 열처리 과정에 의해 $Al_3Zr,\;Al_{13}Cr_2$의 금속간 화합물들의 형성되었으며, 열처리 후의 이 합금의 최종 결정립 크기는 150mm 크기 이하이었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.357-367
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength of class II restored premolars with amalgam, posterior composite, amalgam - Ketac silver, resin - Ketac silver restorations at marginal ridge. Fifty extacted maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth that were caries free, fracture free, and restoration free were selected and randomly divided into five groups : Group 1 : 10 intact teeth, Group 2 : 10 teeth with class II cavities and restored with, amalgam, Group 3: 10 teeth with class II cavities and restored with posterior resin, Group 4 : 10 teeth with class II cavities and restored with amalgam - ketac silver, Group 5 : 10 teeth with class II cavities and restored with resin - Ketac silver. All teeth were mounted in base of dental stone within metal rings of 2cm diameter, exposing only the crown portion. Class II mesio - occlusal or disto - occlusal cavities were prepared into specimens of Group 2 through 5 by using a No. 710 fissure bur. The occlusal portion was prepared to a faciolingual width of 1.5mm and a pulpal depth of 1.5mm. The proximal protion was prepared to a faciolingual width of 4mm, a occlusogingival height of 4mm, and a gingival floor of 1.5mm. The teeth in Group 2 and 3 were resotored with silver amalgam apd posterior resin respectively. In Group 4 and 5, proximal portions were first filled with Ketac silver 1.5mm gingivally and remaining cavities were restored with amalgam and posterior resin respectively. All specimens were stored in 100 % relative humidity at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours before testing. All teeth were subjected to a compressive load in a Universal Instron Testing Machine at marginal ridges. The loads required to fracture the restorations were recorded in killograms and the data obtained were subjected to statisticall analysis. The results were all follows : 1. The fracture strength of Group 1 which were unprepared were $100{\pm}10.1\;kg$ and the higher values than Group 2, 3, 4, 5 which were prepared and resotred. 2. In restored groups, Group 2 had the higher fracture strength($81.8{\pm}12.4\;kg$) than other groups and Group 4 had the lowest fracture strength($66.8{\pm}9.2kg$). 3. There were significant differences between fracture strength of between Group 1 and Group 3, 4, 5(P<0.05), but not significant difference between fracture strength of Group 2, 3, 4, 5(P>0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.358-373
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• 1997

Resin modified glass ionomers were introduced in 1988 to overcome the problems of moisture sensitivity and low early mechanical strength of conventional glass ionomers and to maintain their clinical advantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color stability of four resin modified glass ionomers(Fuji II LC, Vitremer, Dyract and VariGlass), one resin composite material(Z-100), and one conventional glass ionomer(GC Fuji II) under several conditions. These conditions were as follows: 1) before curing, 2) after curing, 3) after polishing, 4) after 500 thermocycling, 5) after 1,000 thermocycling, 6) after 1,500 thermocycling and 7) after 2,000 thermocycling. Three specimens of each material/shade combination were made. Materials were condensed into metal mold with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2.0 mm, and were pressed between glass plates. The material was polymerized using a light polymerizing unit(Visilux II, 3M, USA). After removal of excess, the surface was polished sequentially on wet sandpapers. A reflection spectrophotometer(Model TC-6FX, Tokyo Denshoku Co., Japan) was used to determine CIELAB coordinates($L^*,a^*$ and $b^*$) of each specimen. CIE standard illumination C was used as the light source. The results were as follows : 1. In comparing different shades of same material, CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) value was not significantly different from each other(p>0.05). 2. CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) values between after-curing and after-polishing were ranged from 5.53 to 27.08. These values were higher than those of other condition combinations. 3. CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) values between before-thermocycling and after-thermocycling were ranged from 1.40 to 7.81. Despite the number of thermocycling increased, CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) value was low. 4. The color stability of resin modified glass ionomers was more stable than that of conventional glass ionomers but less stable than that of Z100.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.751-760
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• 1997

Resin-modified glass ionomers were introduced in 1988 to overcome the problems of moisture sensitivity and low early mechanical strengths of the conventional glass ionomers, and to maintain their dinical advantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bi-axial fracture strength of four resinmodified glass-ionomers(Fuji II LC, Vitremer, Dyract, VariGlass), one resin composite material(Z-100), and one conventional glass-ionomer(Fuji II). Three specimens of each material and shade combination were made according to the manufacturers' instructions. Materials were condensed into metal mold with a diameter of 10mm and a thickness of 2.0mm and pressed between two glass plates. Resin-modified glass ionomers were polymerized using a Visilux II light curing unit by irradiating for 60 seconds from both sides, and conventional glass ionomer was cured chemically. After specimens were removed from the molds, surfaces were polished sequentially on wet sandpapers up to No. 600 silicone carbide paper. The specimens were thermocycled for 2,000 cycles between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ distilled water. After thermocycling, bi-axial fracture strengths were measured using a compressive-tensile tester(Zwick 1456 Z020, Germany) with the cross head speed of 0.5mm/minute. The results were as follows: 1. Two factors of the kind and color of materials had a main effect on bi-axial fracture strength (p<0.01), and bi-axial fracture strength was influenced significantly by the kinds of materials (p<0.01). But there was no significant interaction between two variables of the kind and color of materials (p>0.05). 2. Comparing the mechanical properties of the materials, the elastic modulus of Z100 was higher than any other material, and there was no difference in the displacement at fracture among materials. The bi-axial fracture strength of Z100 was significantly higher than any other material, and that of resin-modified glass ionomers was significantly higher than that of conventional glass ionomer (p<0.05). 3. In the same material group, the color of material had little influence on the mechanical properties.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.475-481
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• 1991

In this study the fabrication technology and mechanical properties of AC8A/$Al_2O_3$ Composites by squeeze casting process were investigated to develope for application as the piston materials that require good friction, wear resistance, and thermal stability. AC8A/$Al_2O_3$ composistes without a porosity and the break of preform were fabricated at the melt temperature of $740^{\circ}C$, the preform temperature of $500^{\circ}C$, and mold temperature of $400^{\circ}C$ under the applied pressure of $1200kg/cm^2$ as the results of the observation of microstructures. As the results of this study, the tensile strength of AC8A/$Al_2O_3$ composites was not increased linearly with $Al_2O_3$ volume fraction and so it seemed not to agree with the rule of mixture, which had been used often in metal matrix composite. Also the tensile strength after thermal fatigue test was little different from that before the test. Consequently it was thought that AC8A/$Al_2O_3$ composites fabricated under our experimental conditions had a good thermal stability and subsequently a good interface bonding. Wear rate(i.e., volume loss per unit sliding distance) of AC8A/$Al_2O_3$ composites was decreased with $Al_2O_3$ volume fraction and the sliding speed at both room temperature and $250^{\circ}C$ and so there was a good correlation between wear rate and hardness. Also the wear rate of AC/8A20% $Al_2O_3$ composities was obtained the value of $1.65cm^3/cm$ at sliding speed of 1.14m/sec as compared with about $3.0\;{\times}10^{-8}cm^3/cm$ hyereutectie Al-Si alloy(Al-16%Si-2%Cu-1%Fe-1%Ni), which applied presently for piston materials. The wear behavior of $Al_2O_3$ composites was observed to a type of abrasive wear by the SEM view of wear surface.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2017

시멘트 공정에서는 산업부산물 및 생활폐기물 적용에 따른 여러 문제점들이 발생한다. 이들 폐기물 사용에 따라 발생하는 염소 바이패스 더스트의 주성분은 칼륨과 염소이며, 소량의 중금속이 함유되어 있다. 따라서 폐기물 재활용 측면에서, 염소 바이패스 더스트 내 중금속 제거가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 염소 바이패스 더스트를 용해하여 제조되는 염화칼륨 내 중금속 제거 실험을 진행하였다. 최적의 중금속 제거 조건을 도출하기 위해 증류수 함량, 침전제 투입량을 제어하였다. 이에 따라 제조된 염화칼륨 분말 내 존재하는 중금속 종류 함량 등을 분석하였다. 침전제 투입량 증가에 따라 중금속 Pb의 함량이 감소하였다. A더스트와 증류수의 배합비 1:2, 침전제(NaOCl) 3%, B 더스트와 증류수의 배합비 1:2, 1:3.5, 침전제 3% 조건에서 중금속 Pb, Cd 및 As가 모두 불검출 되었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2000

To overcome problems of conventional glass ionomers, resin components have been added to glass ionomers. On a continuum between glass ionomers and composites are a variety of blends, employing different proportions of acid-base and free radical reactions to bring about cure. Popular groups defined between the ends are resin-modified glass-ionomers(RMGIs), polyacid-modified composite resins(Compomers) and ionomer modified resins. These groups show different clinical properties, and in selecting these materials for a restoration, one should sufficiently understand these different setting properties. In this study, some difference in the setting characteristics of different groups of hybrid ionomers were examined. Two RMGIs (Fuji2 LC,GC / Vitremer, 3M), three Compomers (Dyract AP, Dentsply / F2000, 3M / Elan, Kerr) were involved in this study. The identification of the setting characteristics of different groups was achieved by a two-stage study. First, thermal analysis was performed by a differential scanning calorimeter, and then the hardness of each group at different depth and time were measured by a micro-hardness tester. Thermal analysis was performed to identify the inorganic filler content and to record the heat change during setting process. The setting process was progressed for each material by chemical set mode and light-cured mode. In the hardness test, samples of materials were prepared with a 6mm-diameter metal ring, and the hardness was measured at the top, and 1mm, 2.5mm, 4mm below at just after a 40 second-cure, and after 10 minutes, 24 hours, and 7 days. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann-Whitney rank sum test to assess significant differences between set modes and types of materials, and by ANOVA and T-test to evaluate the statistical meanings of data at different times and depths of each materials. Followings are findings and conclusions derived from this study. Thermal analysis; 1. Compomers show no evidence of chemical setting while RMGIs exhibit heat output during the process of chemical setting. 2. Heat of cure of RMGIs exceed Compomers. 3. The net heat output of RMGIs through light-cured mode is higher than through chemically set mode. Hardness test; 1. Initial hardness of RMGIs immediately after light cure is relatively low, but the hardness increases as time goes by. On the contrary, Comomers do not show evident increase of the hardness following time. 2. Compomers show a marked decrease of setting degree as the depth of the material increases. In RMGIs, the setting degree at different depths does not significantly differ.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

2005년부터 최근까지 국내의 CNG버스 사고가 3건 보고되었다. 1차와 2차 사고의 원인은 용기 결함 및 관리 결함으로 밝혀졌고 3차 사고는 가스 누출에 의한 화재로 판명되었다. 3건의 사고의 근본원인을 분석하여 CNG 버스의 안전성을 확보하는 방안을 제안하였다. 또한 용기폭발의 파괴력을 이론적으로 계산하고, 피해결과 예측 프로그램(PHAST)의 결과와 비교 고찰하였다. 이론적으로는 120 l, 20MPa의 메탄용기가 폭발할 경우 최대 1.2 kg의 TNT 폭발에 해당하였으며 과압의 크기를 비교해 보면 피해결과예측 프로그램이 이론적인 계산보다 더 큰 값을 산정하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 실제 용기폭발의 피해는 이론적인 계산보다도 작았다. 성능기반설계 개념에 의해 설계된 CNG용기는 출고 후 성능시험이 기준대로 이루어졌는지 확인할 수 없는 단점이 있다. 용기의 인성 확보가 제대로 이루어지지 않으면 겨울철 새벽 운행시에 취성파괴에 취약할 수 있으며, 자긴 처리 압력이 적절하지 않으면 사용중 반복 충전에 의한 피로손상에 의해 균열이 발생할 가능성이 있다. 기존 사고의 CNG 저장용기의 파열에서 주는 중요한 교훈은 용기 폭발 직후에 화재로 전이되지 않았다는 점이다. 이는 천연가스의 확산이 매우 빨라 점화가 용이치 않기 때문으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.258-265
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• 2014

목구조물 접합부에 기존 드리프트핀(Drift pin)을 대체하고자 단판이나 합판을 유리섬유강화플라스틱(GFRP: Glass fiber reinforced plastic)과 복합 적층시킨 GFRP보강적층목재핀을 제작하였다. 더불어 GFRP보강적층목재핀을 사용하여 집성재 접합부의 인장형 전단내력 시험을 실시하였다. GFRP 배열에 따른 보강적층목재핀의 휨강도 시험결과 GFRP를 각층에 1장씩 삽입한 시험편(Type-A)이 가장 양호한 성능을 발휘하였다. 또한 압체압력 $1.96N/mm^2$, 온도 $150^{\circ}C$에서 한 시간 열압하여 고밀화한 시험편이 고밀화하지 않은 시험편과 비교하여 휨강도 성능이 1.57배 향상됨을 확인하였으며, 하중방향에 따라 Edgewise가 Flatwise보다 3.51배 높은 성능을 발휘하였다. 시험을 통해 가장 양호한 성능을 보인 Type-A 보강적층목재핀을 이용하여 전단내력 시험을 실시하였다. 접합구의 종류와 접합판의 종류를 달리하여 시험한 결과 드리프트핀과 강판을 적용한 시험체(Type-DS)와 비교하여 GFRP보강적층목재핀과 GFRP보강목재적층판을 적용한 시험체(Type-WL)가 1.12배 높은 전단내력이 측정되었으며 최대하중 이후에도 매우 양호한 인성이 관찰되었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.559-564
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• 2019

본 연구는 계층적 구조를 갖는 중공형 $ZnCo_2O_4$ 나노 섬유를 전기방사공정 및 후 열처리 공정을 통해 합성했다. 용액에 polystyrene (PS) 나노비드를 첨가하여 방사된 섬유는 열처리 과정을 통해 PS가 제거됨으로써 구조체 내 기공이 균일하게 생성되었으며 이는 구조체 내로 열 전달 및 가스의 침투를 원활히 함으로써 계층적 구조를 갖는 중공형 $ZnCo_2O_4$ 나노 섬유가 합성될 수 있었다. 계층적 구조를 갖는 중공형 $ZnCo_2O_4$ 나노 섬유를 리튬 이차전지의 음극활물질로 적용한 결과, $1.0A\;g^{-1}$의 높은 전류밀도에도 불구하고 300 사이클 동안 $815mA\;h\;g^{-1}$ ($646mA\;h\;cm^{-3}$)의 높은 가역 용량을 유지했다. 반면 $ZnCo_2O_4$ 나노 분말은 300 사이클 후 $487mA\;h\;g^{-1}$ ($450mA\;h\;cm^{-3}$)의 방전 용량을 나타냈다. 계층적 구조를 갖는 중공형 $ZnCo_2O_4$ 나노 섬유의 우수한 리튬 저장 특성은 중공 구조 및 섬유 표면을 구성하는 $ZnCo_2O_4$ 나노결정에 기인한 결과이다. 본 연구에서 제안한 계층적 구조를 갖는 중공형 나노 섬유 구조체는 다양한 금속 산화물로 확장 적용이 가능하며 에너지 저장 분야를 포함한 여러 분야에 응용 가능하다.