• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.999-1009
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• 2006

Physiological, biochemical and genetic studies of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a workhorse of white biotechnology used for amino acid production, led to a waste knowledge mainly about amino acid biosynthetic pathways and the central carbon metabolism of this bacterium. Spurred by the availability of the genome sequence and of genome-based experimental methods such as DNA microarray analysis, research on genetic regulation came into focus. Recent progress on mechanisms of genetic regulation of the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus metabolism in C. glutamicum will be discussed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1231-1240
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• 2021

Members of the genus Bacillus are known to play an important role in promoting plant growth and protecting plants against phytopathogenic microorganisms. In this study, 21 isolates of Bacillus spp. were obtained from the root micro-ecosystem of Suaeda glauca. Analysis of the 16S rRNA genes indicated that the isolates belong to the species Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus aryabhattai and Brevibacterium frigoritolerans. One of the interesting findings of this study is that the four strains B1, B5, B16 and B21 are dominant in rhizosphere soil. Based on gyrA, gyrB, and rpoB gene analyses, B1, B5, and B21 were identified as B. amyloliquefaciens and B16 was identified as B. velezensis. Estimation of antifungal activity showed that the isolate B1 had a significant inhibitory effect on Fusarium verticillioides, B5 and B16 on Colletotrichum capsici (syd.) Butl, and B21 on Rhizoctonia cerealis van der Hoeven. The four strains grew well in medium with 1-10% NaCl, a pH value of 5-8, and promoted the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results indicate that these strains may be promising agents for the biocontrol and promotion of plant growth and further study of the relevant bacteria will provide a useful reference for the development of microbial resources.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2009

Silibinin is a polyphenolic flavonoid compound isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), with known hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant effects. Herein, we show that silibinin inhibits receptor activator of $NF-{\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis from RAW264.7 cells as well as from bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner. Silibinin has no effect on the expression of RANKL or the soluble RANKL decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) in osteoblasts. However, we demonstrate that silibinin can block the activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in osteoclast precursors in response to RANKL. Furthermore, silibinin attenuates the induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c1 and osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expression during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. We demonstrate that silibinin can inhibit $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced osteoclastogenesis as well as the expression of NFATc1 and OSCAR. Taken together, our results indicate that silibinin has the potential to inhibit osteoclast formation by attenuating the downstream signaling cascades associated with RANKL and $TNF-{\alpha}$.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권11호
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• pp.747-754
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• 2019

The incidence of atherosclerosis is higher among patients with several autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is well documented that innate immune cells including macrophages and dendritic cells sense lipid species such as saturated fatty acids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, whether a hyperlipidemic environment also impacts autoimmune T cell responses has been unclear. Among $CD4^+$ T cells, Th17 and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are known to play pathogenic roles in the development of hyperlipidemia-associated autoimmune diseases. This review gives an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which dysregulated lipid metabolism impacts the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, with specific emphasis on Th17 and Tfh cells.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.189-193
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• 2021

Jak-STAT pathway is required for embryogenesis, female gametogenesis, cytokine-mediated neuroprotection, diabetes, obesity, cancer, stem cell, and various tissues. The noncanonical role of Jak-STAT in mitochondria function was supported by the detection of STAT protein in mitochondria, however, several studies show that STAT protein is detected in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and not in mitochondria. STAT protein may alter mitochondria function without entering mitochondria, this involves regulation of fission and fusion proteins to change mitochondria morphology. However, how changes in mitochondria morphology lead to changes in mitochondria metabolism needs further investigation.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2011

Bacillus subtilis의 pyrimidine biosynthetic (pyr) operon은 UMP의 de nove 생합성에 관여하는 enzyme들을 encode할 뿐만 아니라, 조절단백질인 PyrR도 encode한다. PyrR은 pyr mRNA-binding 조절 기능과 uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity를 동시에 가지는 bifunctional 단백질이다. 본 연구에서는 Proteomic analysis를 이용하여 Uracil - 환경에서 DB104${\Delta}$pyrR의 단백질 패턴을 분석하여 단백질 레벨에서 PyrR 단백질의 실질적인 조절 양상을 관찰하였다. 두 균주의 세포질 단백질은 다양한 발현의 차이를 보였으며, Silver 염색된 2D-gel의 pI 4~10 사이에서는 1,300여개의 단백질이 검출되었으며, 단백질 발현 차이를 보이는 172개의 spot 중에서 42개의 단백질이 identification 되었다. 그 결과 pyr operon의 단백질(PyrAa, PyrAb, PyrB, PyrC, PyrD, and PyrF)이 모두 Up regulation이 이루어지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이것은 단백질 레벨에서 Pyrimidine 생합성 과정이 PyrR에 의해서 정확히 Regulation 되어짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 Pyrimidine 생합성의 Up regulation과 Down regulation 상태의 단백질의 패턴 양상도 분석할 수 있게 되었다. Pyrimidine의 생합성 과정은 DNA를 구성하는 기본적인 구성 요소를 생산하는 과정으로서 여러가지 Metabolism 가운데 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 만약 Pyrimidine의 생합성 과정이 Over- expression된다면 다른 Metabolism의 균형에도 변화가 올 것이다. Proteomics Analysis에 이용한 DB104${\Delta}$pyrR 균주는 Pyrimidine 생합성의 조절에 관여하는 PyrR knock out 균주로서 Uracil - 환경에서는 전체적인 Pyrimidine 생합성 조절이 Up regulation이 되어지므로 Up regulation 동안 어떤 Metabolism에 영향을 주는지 관찰을 할 수 있게 되었다. 특히 Amino Acid Metabolism에 관계있는 단백질의 Up regulation이 이루어짐을 관찰할 수 있었으며 이것은 현재 각광을 받고 있는 단백질 산업에 응용함으로써 산업적으로 많은 기대를 할 수 있을 것으로 예상되어진다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2006

높은 C4 대사활성을 보이는 반추위미생물이 가지는 포도당 발효대사 조절양식의 한가지를 대장균에서 모사하였다. 대장균은 glycolytic condition에서는 phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) ${\leftrightarrow}$ oxaloacetate(OAA)간 반응을 phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase(PPC)에 의해, gluconeogenetic condition에서는 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PCK)에 의해 촉매하도록 조절한다. 반면 반추위미생물은 glycolytic condition에서 PCK를 통하여 반응이 촉매된다. 이러한 조절양식의 차이점이 C4 대사활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하며 ppc가 돌연변이되고 대신 인위적으로 PCK를 발현할 수 있는 대장균을 제조하였다. 이렇게 PEP-OAA간 대사조절이 변이된 대장균 K12 ppc-/pck+는 야생형 K12보다 2.5배의 높은 C4대사활성을 보였다. 대장균에서의 C4 대사생리를 증가시키는 연구는 대사공학을 이용한 여러가지 유용물질(i.e. 숙신산, ALA)생산에 응용하기 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2024

The poultry plays a crucial role in the animal industry, providing humans with efficient, high-quality animal protein. The rapid growth and short generational intervals of broilers offer significant benefits compared to other economic animals. This growth and increased muscle mass in modern commercial broilers result from advancements in breeding. However, the high productivity of contemporary broilers indicates they are approaching their physiological limits, with excessive fat accumulation becoming a significant industry issue. This not only reduces lean meat yield and feed efficiency but also negatively impacts consumers, especially due to problematic abdominal fat, which consumes more energy than lean meat production. Laying hens, reared for extended periods, maintain high productivity, producing a substantial number of eggs. This productivity in laying hens, akin to broilers, stems from genetic selection and breeding. For egg production, laying hens require physiological support for necessary nutrients. In this context, yolk fat accumulation is a critical physiological process. Lipoproteins, essential in avian lipid metabolism, are vital for yolk and body fat accumulation. Understanding these lipoproteins and their metabolism is key to developing healthier, more productive animals, offering economic benefits to farmers and improved nutritional quality to consumers. This review focuses on the physiological aspects of dietary fat transport, fatty acid biosynthesis in the liver, fat accumulation in the abdomen and muscles, and lipid deposition in egg yolks in chickens. It also highlights recent research trends in the regulation of fat metabolism in poultry.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2016

Posttranscriptional regulation of RNA metabolism, including RNA processing, intron splicing, editing, RNA export, and decay, is increasingly regarded as an essential step for fine-tuning the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are central regulatory factors controlling posttranscriptional RNA metabolism during plant growth, development, and stress responses. Although functional roles of diverse RBPs in living organisms have been determined during the last decades, our understanding of the functional roles of RBPs in plants is lagging far behind our understanding of those in other organisms, including animals, bacteria, and viruses. However, recent functional analysis of multiple RBP family members involved in plant RNA metabolism and elucidation of the mechanistic roles of RBPs shed light on the cellular roles of diverse RBPs in growth, development, and stress responses of plants. In this review, we will discuss recent studies demonstrating the emerging roles of multiple RBP family members that play essential roles in RNA metabolism during plant growth, development, and stress responses.

• BMB Reports
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2022

Recent studies have revealed that the immune system plays a critical role in various physiological processes beyond its classical pathogen control activity. Even under a sterile condition, various cells and tissues can utilize the immune system to meet a specific demand for proper physiological functions. Particularly, a strong link between immunity and metabolism has been identified. Studies have identified the reciprocal regulation between these two systems. For example, immune signals can regulate metabolism, and metabolism (cellular or systemic) can regulate immunity. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on this reciprocal regulation between immunity and metabolism, and discuss potential biological rules behind this interaction with integrative perspectives.