• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.932-942
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• 2002

In order to observe the effects of resistant starches on the physio-nutrition in women, nine female university students were investigated using cellulose (CED), resistant starch 3 (RS3D) and resistant starch 4 (RS4D) diets. Each woman's daily intake and excretions of energy, protein and lipid were mesured together with the apparent digestibility and the amounts of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were measured. The results obtained from this researh are as follows. The daily energy intake were significantly higher in the RS4D (Resistant starch 4 diet) compared with the CED(Cellulose) and the RS3D (Resistant starch 3 diet). The metabolic energy in those periods with RS added to their diets were significantly higher whereas the metabolic energy in the period CED was significantly low. The daily protein intake was significantly higher in the RS4D compared with the CED and the RS3D. The apparent digestibility of protein was significantly higher in the RS4D compared with the CED and the RS3D. The daily lipid intake was significantly higher in the CED compared with the RS3D and the RS4D. The apparent digestibility of lipid was not significant in that period. The concentration of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, % of HDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index (A.I.) were not significant in those period. As the above results indicate, while RS3 appear to have similar effect on energy consumption rate, apparent protein digestibility and content of cholesterol in plasma, compared with the CED, but energy consumption rate and apparent digestibility of protein are significantly higher in the RS4D compared with the CED. Thus, it appears that cellulose and RS 3 share similar effects on physio-nutrition in human, while RS4 does not have the similar effects. (Korean J Nutrition 35(9) : 932∼942, 2002)

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1023-1028
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• 2015

Whole body energy balance is achieved through the coordinated regulation of energy intake and energy expenditure in various tissues including liver, muscle and adipose tissues. A positive energy imbalance by excessive energy intake or insufficient energy expenditure results in obesity and related metabolic diseases. Although there have been many obesity treatment trials aimed at the reduction of energy intake, these strategies have achieved only limited success because of their associated adverse effects. An ancient neurotransmitter, serotonin is among those traditional pharmacological targets for anti-obesity treatment because it exhibits strong anorectic effect in the brain. However, recent studies suggest the new functions of peripheral serotonin in energy homeostasis ranging from the endocrine regulation by gut-derived serotonin to the autocrine/paracrine regulation by adipocyte-derived serotonin. Here, we discuss the role of serotonin in the regulation of energy homeostasis and introduce peripheral serotonin as a possible target for anti-obesity treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.510-517
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome(MS) and characteristics of nutrient intake in MS subjects by gender and age. The subjects were 957(447 men and 510 women) who visited medical center for regular medical check-up. The diagnosis of MS subjects was adapted from NCEP-ATPIII with blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure and Aisa-Pacific definition with waist-circumference. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were practiced, then the nutrient intake analysis was assessed through the 24-hour recall method. The MS prevalence of all subjects was 10.3% in average -17% in men and 4.5% in women, respectively. The energy intake in MS group was 2,047.1 kcal and 1,699.5 kcal for normal group, showing significantly higher in MS compared to normal subjects. For intakes of animal fat, cholesterol, and sodium, MS group were significantly higher than normal group. In respect of gender, men subjects of MS group showed significantly higher nutrient intakes than normal group for energy, fat, and cholesterol. Women subjects of MS group showed higher intakes for energy, carbohydrate, and protein. For 30s, MS group showed higher intakes of energy, animal fat, and cholesterol than normal group. Fat and cholesterol for 40s and energy, carbohydrate, vegetable fat for 50s, MS group showed significantly higher intakes than normal group. In summary, MS group showed higher intakes of energy, animal fat, cholesterol, and sodium than normal group.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.441-455
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe beverage patterns among healthy Korean adults and investigate their association with prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome. Methods: Subjects consisted of 6,927 Korean adults, aged 19-64 years in the $6^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Beverages were regrouped into twelve groups based on food codes and beverage intake (g/day) was assessed by 24-hour recall. Factor analysis was used to obtain beverage patterns. Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were used as anthropometric data; fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure were used as biochemical indicators. The odds ratio (OR) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: Three beverage patterns were identified using factor analysis: 1) carbonated soft drinks 2) coffee (without added sugar or powdered creamer), and 3) alcoholic beverages. Subjects with high scores for the carbonated soft drink and coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer patterns were younger and subjects with high scores for the alcoholic beverage pattern were older. There were significant differences in gender distribution in all three beverage patterns, with men more likely to have high scores for carbonated soft drink and alcoholic beverage patterns. On the other hand, women were more likely to have higher scores for coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern. Within each pattern, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics such as education, household income, frequency of eating out, and smoking status according to the quartile of pattern scores. Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns were associated with an increased levels of metabolic syndrome components, but coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer was not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, and energy intake. Conclusions: Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns are associated with increased levels of metabolic syndrome components while coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern is not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

This paper aims to present a model of obesity and leanness based on eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism of Korean medicine. I analyzed the theory of eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism, yang transforming ki and eum forming the body on Korean medicine, and compared them with energy homeostasis by anabolism and catabolism of modern medicine. In the eum and yang theory, the metabolic process of the human body is dominated by synergism and antagonism between eum force and yang force. When the balance of eum and yang collapses, all the pathological actions of the human body appear, and in the eum and yang metabolic process, an imbalance between yang transforming ki and eum forming the body occurs. The function of yang transforming ki is reduced to ki deficiency, and the function of eum forming the body is increased to blood excess. When blood excess and ki deficiency is given, energy intake increases, energy expenditure decreases, overweight and obesity occur. On the contrary, the function of yang transforming ki is increased to ki excess, and the function of eum forming the body is decreased to blood deficiency. When ki excess and blood deficiency is done, energy intake decreases and energy expenditure increases, the body becomes leanness. When the balance of eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism collapses and becomes blood excess and ki deficiency, overweight and obesity occur, and when ki excess and blood deficiency is done, the body becomes leanness. The energy homeostasis of the human body can be explained by eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism of Korean medicine and it contains the concept of anabolism and catabolism of modern medicine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.186-192
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• 2014

Purpose: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in both the adult population and in adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted for adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the association of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors with high carbohydrate diet and high fat diet using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2009). Methods: Using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Korean Dietary Reference Intakes, subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was greater than 70% and from fat was less than 15% were classified as the 'High-carbohydrate & low-fat diet (HCLF)' group and subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was less than 60% and from fat was 25% or more were classified as the 'Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet (LCHF)' group. Among 5,931 eligible subjects, HCLF included 853 subjects and LCHF included 1,084 subjects. Results: The mean age in both groups was 14 years and significant difference in age, BMI, sex, physical activity, and household income was observed between the HCLF and LCHF groups. Regarding the energy intake compared to Estimated Energy Requirement, the HCLF group met 79.0% and the LCHF group met 100.3%. Regarding nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal, carbohydrate, iron, potassium, and vitamin C intake in the HCLF group were significantly higher, but protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin intakes were significantly lower in the HCLF group compared to the LCHF group. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, study year, household income, physical activity, and energy intake, the serum triglycerides level and systolic blood pressure were slightly higher, while the serum HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower in HCLF than LCHF. The odds ratio of metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between HCLF and LCHF. Conclusion: Our findings indicate an association of a high carbohydrate diet with increased risks for metabolic syndrome components. Conduct of future studies would be necessary in order to explore the underlying mechanism and to confirm our findings in a prospective study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 1989

Growing and finishing Korean native bulls were used to investigate the effects of different dietary energy levels on performance and energy intake. Experimental observations were made over three weight categories (200 to 250 kg, 250 to 350 kg and 350 to 450 kg). Three diets (2.4, 2.6 and 2.8 Mcal ME/kg DM) were used for each weight category. Crude protein levels of the diets were 12, 11 and 10% for the respective weight groups. Dietary energy level did not significantly affect daily body gain within a weight range but daily body gain during the entire experiment was higher (P<.05) in bulls receiving 2.6 Mcal energy diet than in those fed 2.4 and 2.8 Mcal energy diets. The following equation was developed to predict daily body gain(Y) from energy levels(X) of ration. $Y\;=\;1.3.475X\;-\;2.5949X^{2}\;-\;16.355$ Increasing energy levels significantly (P<.05) decreased daily feed intake. The following equation was developed to predict daily feed intake(Y) from energy levels(X) of ration. $Y\;=\;-30.013X\;+\;5.4401X^{2}\;+\;49.119$ Feed intake per metabolic body size during the entire feeding period ranged from 100.9 to 110.8 g and was lower in bulls fed 2.6 and 2.8 Mcal energy diets than in those fed 2.4 Mcal energy diet. Increasing energy levels significantly (P<.05) improved feed efficiency. The following equation was developed to predict feed efficiency(Y) from energy levels(X) of ration. $Y\;=\;-118.34X\;+\;22.448X^{2}\;+\;162.85$ Daily energy intake during the entire experiment ranged from 18.90 to 19.99 Mcal and there was no significant difference among energy levels. Daily energy intake per metabolic body size during the feeding period ranged from 248.6 to 260.8 kcal and was slightly higher in bulls receiving 2.8 Mcal than in those fed 2.4 and 2.6 Mcal energy diets. Energy required per kg body gain ranged from 17.25 to 19.11 Mcal and was slightly lower in bulls receiving 2.6 Mcal energy diet than in those fed 2.4 and 2.8 Mcal energy diets.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.692-702
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• 2015

Lactobacillus mucosae is a natural resident of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals and a potential probiotic bacterium. To understand the global protein expression profile and metabolic features of L. mucosae LM1 in the early stationary phase, the QExactive^TM Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer was used. Characterization of the intracellular proteome identified 842 proteins, accounting for approximately 35% of the 2,404 protein-coding sequences in the complete genome of L. mucosae LM1. Proteome quantification using QExactive^TM Orbitrap MS detected 19 highly abundant proteins (> 1.0% of the intracellular proteome), including CysK (cysteine synthase, 5.41%) and EF-Tu (elongation factor Tu, 4.91%), which are involved in cell survival against environmental stresses. Metabolic pathway annotation of LM1 proteome using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database showed that half of the proteins expressed are important for basic metabolic and biosynthetic processes, and the other half might be structurally important or involved in basic cellular processes. In addition, glycogen biosynthesis was activated in the early stationary phase, which is important for energy storage and maintenance. The proteogenomic data presented in this study provide a suitable reference to understand the protein expression pattern of lactobacilli in standard conditions

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2017

Irisin is a novel hormone like polypeptide that is cleaved and secreted by an unknown protease from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), a membrane-spanning protein and which is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, and liver. Since its discovery in 2012, it has been the subject of many researches due to its potent physiological role. It is believed that understanding irisin's function may be the key to comprehend many diseases and their development. Irisin is a myokine that leads to increased energy expenditure by stimulating the 'browning' of white adipose tissue. In the first description of this hormone, increased levels of circulating irisin, which is cleaved from its precursor fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, were associated with improved glucose homeostasis by reducing insulin resistance. Irisin is a powerful messenger, sending the signal to determine the function of specific cells, like skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, heart, fat and the brain. The action of irisin on different targeted tissues or organs in human being has revealed its physiological functions for promoting health or executing the regulation of variety of metabolic diseases. Numerous studies focus on the association of irisin with metabolic diseases which has gained great interest as a potential new target to combat type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Irisin is found to improve insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes by increasing sensitization of the insulin receptor in skeletal muscle and heart by improving hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, promoting pancreatic ${\beta}$ cell functions, and transforming white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue. This review is a thoughtful attempt to summarize the current knowledge of irisin and its effective role in mediating metabolic dysfunctions in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.477-486
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• 2021

This study was conducted to detect metabolic syndrome risk factors and gender difference in adults. 18,616 cases of adults are collected by Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Study from 2016 to 2019. Using 4 types of machine Learning(Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, Random Forest) to predict Metabolic Syndrome. The results showed that the Random Forest was superior to other methods in men and women. In both of participants, BMI, diet(fat, vitamin C, vitamin A, protein, energy intake), number of underlying chronic disease and age were the upper importance. In women, education level, menarche age, menopause was additional upper importance and age, number of underlying chronic disease were more powerful importance than men. Future study have to verify various strategy to prevent metabolic syndrome.