• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2022

Inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) are a large group of rare disorders affecting normal biochemical pathways. The ophthalmic involvement can be very varied affecting any part of the eye, including abnormalities of cornea, lens dislocation and cataracts, retina and the optic nerve, and extraocular muscles. Eye disorders can be initial symptoms of some IMD and can be clue for diagnosis of IMD. However, eye disorders can evolve later in the natural history of an already diagnosed metabolic disorder. Awareness of IMDs is important to facilitate early diagnosis and in some cases instigate early treatment if a patient presents with eye involvement suggestive of a metabolic disorder. Ophthalmological interventions are also an important component of the multisystem holistic approach to treating patients with metabolic disorders.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.596-604
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• 2021

Different lifestyles have an impact on useful metabolic functions, causing disorders. Different lipids are involved in the metabolic functions that play various vital roles in the body, such as structural components, storage of energy, in signaling, as biomarkers, in energy metabolism, and as hormones. Inter-related disorders are caused when these functions are affected, like diabetes, cancer, infections, and inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions in humans. During the Covid-19 period, there has been a lot of focus on the effects of metabolic disorders all over the world. Hence, this review collectively reports on research concerning metabolic disorders, mainly cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus. In addition, drug research in lipid metabolism disorders have also been considered. This review explores lipids, metabolism, lipid metabolism disorders, and drugs used for these disorders.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.12
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• pp.1290-1294
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• 2008

Seizures are a frequent symptom in metabolic disorders, although metabolic disorders are rarely found to be the cause of epilepsy. A precise diagnosis might not only influence treatment, but it might also call for counseling of the family, even if there are no direct therapeutic consequences. We review the main characteristics of epilepsy in metabolic disorders with regard to energy metabolism, toxic effects, neurotransmitters, and vitamins.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.53-57
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• 2022

Congenital metabolic disorders are rare inherited disorders resulting from a defect in biochemical and metabolic pathways affecting proteins, fats, carbohydrates metabolism or impaired organelle function. Depending on the abnormality of biochemical metabolism, various precursors and their abnormal metabolites can accumulate in the body and the final products which are critical in normal physiology can be deficient, resulting in disease. Congenital metabolic disorders present complicated medical conditions involving several human organ systems, including nervous system, eyes, liver, and kidneys. Various proteins and lipids are involved in the development and homeostasis of the skin, so many congenital metabolic disorders present abnormal changes in skin and hair. In this review, congenital metabolic diseases related to amino acid and lipid metabolism accompanying skin abnormalities will be discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.76-87
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• 2005

Various disorders cause hyperammonemia during childhood. Amongthem are those caused by inherited defects in urea synthesis and related metabolic pathways. These disorders can be grouped into two types: disorders of the enzymes that comprise the urea cycle, and disorders of the transporters or metabolites of theamino acids related to the urea cycle. Principal clinical features of these disorders are caused by elevated levels of blood ammonium. Additional disease-specific symptoms are related to the particular metabolic defect. These specific clinical manifestations are often due to an excess or lack of specific amino acids. Treatment of urea cycle disorders and related metabolic diseases consists of nutritional restriction of proteins, administration of specific amino acids, and use of alternative pathways for discarding excess nitrogen. Although combinations of these treatments are extensively employed, the prognosis of severe cases remains unsatisfactory. Liver transplantation is one alternative for which a better prognosis is reported.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2023

Inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) are a group of disorders caused by defects in specific biochemical pathways. Up to 85% of IMD display predominantly neurological manifestations by affecting neurodevelopment or causing neurodegeneration. These neurometabolic disorders present with a variety of neurological and non-neurological manifestations. Early diagnosis of IMD is important because some disorders can be treated or improved with specific treatment if detected early. For prompt diagnosis and treatment, it is important to suspect IMD by being familiar with the clinical characteristics, biochemical abnormalities, and characteristic neuroimaging patterns that appear in IMD. Genetic testing, including next-generation sequencing, is also important in diagnosing IMD. During the follow-up of patients with IMD, it is necessary to conduct regular physical and neurological examinations in addition to disease-specific management.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2013

Specific genetic conditions may lead to sudden unexpected deaths in infancy, such as inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation and genetic disorders of cardiac ion channels. The disease may present dramatically with severe hypoketotic hypoglycemia, Reye syndrome or sudden death, typically with a peak of frequency around 3-6 month, whilst neonatal sudden death is quite rare. When undetected, approximately 20-25% of infants will die or suffer permanent neurologic impairment as a consequence of the first acute metabolic decompensation. Meanwhile, the advent of newborn screening for metabolic diseases has revealed populations of patients with disorders of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), the most frequent of which is medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. Without this screening, affected individuals would likely succumb to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Here we describe an overview of sudden infant death syndrome and inherited metabolic disorder.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2023

Patients with inborn metabolic disorder (IMD) show multisystemic manifestations. Heterogenous renal manifestations can develop in IMD patients as well. In this review, the major renal manifestations of IMD and their representative IMDs are described. The major renal manifestations include Fanconi syndrome, renal tubular acidosis, nephrolithiasis, renal cysts and glomerulopathy, and diverse types of IMDs such as carbohydrate metabolism disorders, lysosomal disorders, organic acidemias, mitochondrial disorders, purine and pyrimidine disorders present renal manifestations. Therefore, general and regular renal function evaluation is recommended in addition to specific investigation according to IMD phenotypes.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2013

Inherited metabolic disorders are individually rare but as a whole, they are nor rare. Since Archibald Garrod introduced a concept of "inborn error of metabolism" or "chemical individuality", more than 600 diseases are currently known, affecting approximately one in 500 newborns cumulatively. They frequently manifest with acute, life-threatening crisis that requires immediate specific intervention or they present with insidious diverse symptoms and signs involving multiple visceral organs or tissues as well as central nervous system, hampering a correct diagnosis. In addition, many pediatricians are not familiar with all diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for diverse inherited metabolic disorders. However, the prognosis of affected children are heavily dependent on rapid and effective treatment. In this lecture, practical guidelines for the specific diagnosis based on diverse clinical features of inherited metabolic disorders will be described. Many sophisticated laboratory tests are available for the confirmatory diagnosis of each disease, which is challenging to general pediatricians with respect to knowledge about biochemical metabolite assay test, enzymatic test and DNA diagnostic tests. Sample collections, indications, methods and interpretation of results in varying laboratory tests will be listed as well.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.536-541
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• 2016

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, two closely linked metabolic disorders, is increasing worldwide. Over the past decade, the connection between these disorders and the microbiota of the gut has become a major focus of biomedical research, with recent studies demonstrating the fundamental role of intestinal microbiota in the regulation and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Because of the complexity of the microbiota community, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the gut microbiota is associated with metabolic disorders remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent studies that investigate the role of the microbiota in both human subjects and animal models of disease and discuss relevant therapeutic targets for future research.