• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.315-323
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• 2009

Purpose : This study aimed to perform a systematic review of the reports on Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in the last 30 years (1980-2006) to investigate the intervals between outbreaks, change in the peak incidence age, and diagnostic methods. We also aimed to validate the proper diagnostic criteria for M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Methods : We reviewed 62 original articles on M. pneumoniae pneumonia in Korean children. We analyzed the annual or seasonal variation, study areas, patient age, journal names, and the date of each report. Further, we checked the methods and criteria used for the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae pneumonia. We also confirmed the proper mycoplasma antibody cutoff using the mycoplasma IgM titer as the gold standard. Results : In the last 30 years, epidemic outbreaks of M. pneumoniae pneumonia occurred every 3 years, except in 1993-1994 and 1996-1997. Seasonal variations were also present and were most prevalent in October and November. The number of preschool children, especially those aged 3 years or younger, with M. pneumoniae pneumonia has increased (P<0.05). The mycoplasma antibody titer of 1:640 or greater was appropriate for diagnosing M. pneumoniae pneumonia, with an acceptable sensitivity and specificity of detection. Conclusion : We analyzed the results of studies on M. pneumoniae pneumonia in Korean children during the last 30 years. Infection in younger children is increasing, and further research is required to reveal the major cause of the changing epidemics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.688-700
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• 2004

This study was conducted to analyze how appropriate the on-line nutrition information was externally as a web information. Four-hundred-ninety-seven web sites from 5 internet search engines (Yahoo, Empas, Nate, Hanmir, Naver) were selected on the basis of April 25th, 2004. The skillful personnels monitored them about 8 evaluating categories: clarity, purpose, authority, durability, advertisement, privacy and/or security, responsibility, and contents. Forty percent of the selected web sites were operated by the companies which had commercial purpose like internet shopping malls and 5.6% by academies, societies, research institutions, schools/colleges and public institutions. Most of web sites (76.1 %) were managed for advertisements and sales of companies' commodities, and 32.6% had the food and nutrition information as first purpose. Ninety-three percent of web sites were targeted to healthy individuals through whole life cycle. Specifically, there were lots of web sites for the obesity which were offered by diet related companies. Of the 497 web sites, 193 mentioned the name providing the nutrition information, but only 1/3 had reliability on their specialty. As a source of nutrition information, 52.7% of web sites were using 'books of the major field' and 42.0% 'newspapers' and 23.7% 'broadcasting', respectively. Most web sites mentioned 'setting-up date' but not 'renewal date'. Thirty-six percent of web sites took '2 - 3 days' for the operators to answer the questions through the bulletin. Forty-seven percent of web sites answered' 1 - 10 questions' per 1 week, but 40.1 % of them didn't answer for a week at all. There were 118 web sites (23.7%) to record the connected frequencies and 36.0% of them put the advertisements. Around 96% of web sites mentioned feedback addresses. Among the menus of web sites, 68.0% were about self-advertisement and 64.0% about nutrition information. Each web site was scored to judge its external quality according to the operators by selecting 13 items. Web sites managed by public institution had highest scores (9.5), and lowest in private vendors', food companies' and individual web pages. Among search engines, Naver got the highest score of 7.0 and Nate the lowest one of 6.1. As it was only the pilot study, there were several limits in evaluating tools, time and monitored quantity. To make monitoring of on-line nutrition informatiions actively, standardized monitoring forms might be developed under the integrated studies.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2005

The herbicidal activities against barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) by R-groups on the hexahydroisoindol-1-one ring of new 2-(4-chloro-5-(2-chloroallyloxy)-2-fluorophenyl) -3-thioalkoxy-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroisoindol-1-one derivatives were studied using molecular holographic quantitative structure-activity relationships (HQSAR) methodology. Based on the results, the statistical results of the optimised HQSAR model (I-2) exhibited the best predictability and fitness for the herbicidal activities based on the cross-validated value ($r^2_{cv.}$ or $q^2=0.714$) and non-cross-validated value ($r^2_{ncv.}=0.922$), respectively. From the based graphical analyses of atomic contribution maps, herbicidal activities against barnyardgrass were confirmed depends upon the C4-C6 atoms of hexahydroisoindoline-l-one ring, carbon atom of ortho-position and meta-methyl group of 3-tolylthio substituent (8).

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.124-134
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• 2018

We analyzed research topics, temporal distribution of field sites, and researcher network of 1,508 limnology publications in the Korean Journal of Limnology (1968~2012) and the Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (2013~2017). We found that water quality and sediment, phytoplankton, invertebrates, and fish were major subjects during the study periods. Survey of flora and fauna and physiological experiment of freshwater species were the largest subjects during 1970~80s, while other subjects including production, behavior, modeling, and ecological assessment have been rapidly increased since the 1990s. Most of the biological taxa equally studied lotic and lentic system, however, invertebrates and fish related studies more focused on the lotic system. Spatially, the field site of Korean limnology studies was found to be concentrated in main river channels runs through urban areas and artificial lakes than preserved natural areas. Freshwater system, located at the elevation range of 301~400 m (upstream of main channels), had the lowest number of field sites. Collaboration among researchers and different institution types have been steadily increased and expanded as the number of publications increased.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2000

A series of hetero ring (X) substitued chalcone derivatives with farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase) inhibition activities $(pI_{50})$ values determined in vitro is analyzed by modified Free-Wilson (F-W) and Hansch method for quantitative structure activity relationship (QSARs). On the basis of F-W analysis on the FPTase inhibitory activity of a training set of the compounds, none of the (X)-substituents were not contribute the activity. But the net charge of ${\alpha}$ carbon atom is contribute the activity than that of ${\beta}$ carbon atom. And the relative orders of the (Y)-substituents on the activity are ortho>meta>para-substituents. According to Hansch approach, the activities would depend largely on the optimal, $(R_{opt.}=-0.35)$ resonance effect with ortho substituted $(I_o>0)$ electron donating group (R<0) and STERIMOL parameter, $B_1$ constant. The inhibition activity between hetro ring substituents have been a proportioned with each others and none substituent(H), 45 showed the highest FPTase inhibition $(pI_{50}=4.30)$ activity.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2003

We discuss that the growth inhibition activities against root and shoot of rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) by N-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (A) and N-phenyl-3,4-dimethylmaleimide (B) derivatives with changing substituents can be explained and predicted using comparative molecular field analyses (CoMPA) method. And the results show that the cross-validation value, $q^2$ at three components and Pearson correlation coefficient, $r^2$ were rice plant: shoot; $r^2=0.987$, $q^2=0.387$ & root; $r^2=0.923$, $q^2=0.307$ and barnyard grass: shoot; $r^2=0.902$, $q^2=0.535$ & root; $r^2=0.900$, $q^2=0.450$, respectively. In addition, The activities of unknown compounds were predicted by CoMFA method. From the contour map of (A) derivatives, the selective factors to remove barnyard grass takes positive charge on the benzylic carbon atom (C27), negative charged carbon atom (C29) of meta position and steric bulky groups on the cyclic imino ring (C7-C8).

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2007

Three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSARs) on the fungicidal activity of N-phenyl-O-phenylthionocarbamate analogues against resistant and sensitive gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) (RBC & SBC) were studied quantitatively using CoMFA and CoMSIA methods. The correlation coefficient and predict- ability of optimized CoMFA model with the atom based fit alignment were better ($r^2$ & $q^2=CoMFA{\gg}CoMSIA$) than that of CoMSIA model. And statistical values of the models on the fungicidal activity against SBC were showed higher ($r^2=SBC{\gg}RBC$) than that of RBC. In CoMFA models, steric field on the activity was more influenced than electrostatic field. And in case of CoMSIA models, the influence of CoMSIA field on the activity against RBC and SBC was differ from each other but the influence of H-bond donor field was same to the two fungi. It is revealed that the selectivity factor with CoMFA model on the fungicidal activity between the two fungi was caused on the difference of steric field. Therefore, it is predicted that the large steric field with meta- and para-substituents on the N-phenyl ring will be improved to the fungicidal activity with SBC.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2007

CoMFA and CoMSIA model were derived and reviewed on the insecticidal activities of N-substituents (X) on the imidazol ring in imidacloprid analogues at the different alignment condition. Regarding the predictability ($q^2$ or $r_{cv.}^2$) and fitness ($r_{ncv.}^2$) of the two optimized models, the atom based fit (A) alignments were better than that of the field fit (F) alignment and, on the other hand, CoMSIA (A10) model was better than CoMFA (A5) model. Also, from the most optimized CoMSIA (A10) model, the insecticidal activity by N-substituents (X) was dependence on the electrostatic field and H-bond acceptor field. It is predicted that, from the contour maps with optimized CoMSIA (A10) model, H-bond acceptors at ortho- and meta- position will contribute for improving of insecticidal activities and, as the functional groups of carbonyl oxygen atom are charged negatively and positively charged at the ortho- position of benzyl group, insecticidal activities will also be improved.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.597-604
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• 2020

This is a narrative research study conducted on the subject in order to understand the relationship between the meta-cognition, learning flow, and problem solving ability of nursing students in online class, and to find out the factors that influence problem solving ability, 88 students enrolled in 2nd and 3rd grade students who participated in online classes at G city universities. The analysis method was analyzed by means, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS version WIN 23.0. As a result of the study, the difference between learning flow and problem-solving ability according to general characteristics was significantly different depending on the perception of nurses after learning and the motivation for admission to the department of nursing, and the problem-solving ability was positively correlated with metacognition and learning flow. There was a relationship, and metacognition and learning flow were significant variables that influenced problem solving ability. The conclusion of the study is considered to be the basic data for the development of a systematic program that can increase the learning flow and meta-cognition to increase problem solving ability amid the change from nursing education to online classes, and to change the teaching method.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.7-22
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• 2022

Objectives : This study was a systematic review of tongue movements in stroke patients with dysphagia. This study aimed to provide a basis for verifying the effects of tongue movement and identifying the tendency of tongue movement. Methods : A systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist and flow chart. PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, RISS, and e-articles databases were searched. A total of six documents were investigated, and the PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of the papers. Results : Three intervention methods were included in the six papers analyzed. Regarding the type of tongue exercise, three TPRT (Tongue to Palate Resistance Trainings) and two TSAT (Tongue Strength and Accuracy Training) were mediated through the IOPI (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument), and only one study applied TSE (Tongue Stretching Exercise). The treatment effects for each intervention implemented in the literature were confirmed to be effective. However, generalizability of findings is difficult because of the small sample size. Further, no significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups. Conclusions : This study can help occupational therapists provide efficient swallowing rehabilitation treatment by applying tongue exercises to stroke patients with dysphagia. More research should be conducted to determine the effects of tongue exercise.