• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.102-110
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• 2023

This study aims to quantify the variation in the performance of a tilting pad journal bearing (TPJB) owing to the elastic deformation of its pad. To this end, we first defined a parameter, "elastic preload", and predicted the changes in the performance of the TPJB, as a function of the preload amount. We used the iso-viscosity Reynolds equation, which ignores the temperature rise due to viscous shear in thin films, and the resultant thermal deformation of the bearing structure. We employed a three-dimensional finite element model to predict the elastic deformation of the bearing pad, and a transient analysis, to converge to a static equilibrium condition of the flexible pads and journal. Conducting a modal coordinate transformation helped us avoid heavy computational issues arising from a mesh refinement in the three-dimensional finite element pad model. Moreover, we adopted the Hertzian contact model to predict the elastic deformation at the pivot location. With the aforementioned overall strategy, we predicted the performance changes owing to the elastic deformation of the pad under varying load conditions. From the results, we observed an increase in the preload due to the pad elastic deformation.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.93-103
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• 2024

In the present work, a phase-field model for dendritic solidification is applied to hot-dip ZnAlMg coatings to elucidate the morphology of zinc dendrites and the solute segregation leading to the formation of eutectics. These aspects define the microstructure that conditions the corrosion resistance and the mechanical behaviour of the coating. Along with modelling phase transformation and solute diffusion, the implemented model is partially coupled with the tracking of crystal orientation in solid grains, thus allowing the effects of surface tension anisotropy to be considered in multi-dendrite simulations. For this purpose, the composition of a hot-dip ZnAlMg coating is assimilated to a dilute pseudo-binary system. 1D and 2D simulations of isothermal solidification are performed in a finite element solver by introducing nuclei as initial conditions. The results are qualitatively consistent with existing analytical solutions for growth velocity and concentration profiles, but the spatial domain of the simulations is limited by the required mesh refinement.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.118-127
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• 2010

전기검층은 지층의 전기비저항을 측정하는 물리검층법으로 전극배열에 따른 전기비저항 변화에서 지층내의 수포화도를 평가하는데 이용된다. 전기검층은 시추공 효과 및 인접한 지층의 두께와 전기비저항 들에 의해 많은 영향을 받는다. 이러한 시추공 효과 및 인접 지층의 영향은 시추공 내에서 전기검층 손데가 중심으로부터 편향되었을 때 더 커진다. 노말검층 손데가 시추공 내에서 편향되었을 때, 단노말과 장노말 검층자료의 정확한 해석의 기초를 마련하기 위해 검층손데의 편향에 의한 전기검층 자료의 왜곡을 수치모델링을 이용하여 분석하였다. 이를 위해 노말검층 손데의 편향으로 인한 3차원적 기하학적 구조를 단순화 시킬 수 있는 새로운 좌표 체계를 제안하고, 이 좌표계에서 Fourier 급수 전개(Fourier series expansion)를 수행하였다. 여러 개의 서로 연동된 이차원 문제들을 풀기 위하여 이차원 hp goal-oriented high-order self-adaptive hp (h는 셀의 크기, p는 근사 차수를 의미) 유한요소법에 기초한 알고리즘을 적용하였다. 이 알고리즘은 모델링 영역 내에서 자동적으로 각 격자 셀에서의 h와 p를 바꿔가면서 최적의 격자를 생생하여 원하는 정밀도의 해를 도출할 수 있다. 수치모델링 결과, 이 연구에서 제안한 알고리즘으로 정확하고 신뢰성 있는 해를 얻을 수 있었다. 검층손데의 편향 영향은 시추공경이나 시추공 이수의 전기비저항이 큰 경우, 그리고 지층의 전기비저항이 낮은 경우에 큰 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.46-57
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• 2006

본 연구는 불순물을 포함하는 인산부생석고로부터 정제석고를 얻을 목적으로 수행되었다. 인산부생석고를 일정조건에서 탈수하고 수화시켜 석고성분만을 선택적으로 미립화 시킨 다음 325mesh로 습식사분하여 사하산물로 정제석고를 얻었다. 이 과정에서 석고의 회수율에 미치는 탈수온도, 탈수시간, 탈수율, aging시간, 수화농도, 수화온도, 초음파조사시간, 첨가제 등의 영향을 조사하였다. 실험결과, 인산부생석고를 $140^{\circ}C$에서 6시간 동안 건조하여 완전히 무수석고 상태가 되도록 탈수 한 다음, 슬러리 농도 $3{\sim}10%,\;20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$의 수화온도, 수화시간 2시간의 조건에서 수화하여 사분하면 석고회수율이 95% 이상이 됨을 알았다. 회수된 석고의 품위는 회수율이 높을수록 높아지는 경향을 보였으며 회수율이 90%이상 일 때 품위는 $94{\sim}96%$를 보였다. 이 밖에도 석고회수율을 높이기 위해서는 탈수된 석고가 공기와 접촉하는 시간이 16시간을 넘어서는 아니 되며, 구연산나트륨을 0.005M 정도 첨가하는 것과, 수화반응 초기에 $5{\sim}10$분 동안 초음파를 조사하는 것이 매우 유용한 수단임을 알았다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집C
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• pp.572-579
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 유한요소해석을 통한 와이어 방전가공기의 설계검증을 위하여 두 모델을 선정하여 CAD 패키지 I-DEAS를 이용하여 3차원 유한 요소모델을 모델링한 후 상용 유한요소해석코드인 ABAQUS로 각 모델의 가공위치에 따른 해석을 수행하였다. JW-35A와 JW-60A 두 모델의 상호 비교 타당성 여부를 확인하기 위하여 ${\eta}-factor$ 개념을 이용하였다. 이어 공리적 설계 개념을 도입하여 오차보정을 위한 설계변수들의 선택과 방법이 적절함을 보이고 두 모델의 유한요소해석 결과를 상호 비교하여 구조물의 설계를 검증하고 변형 예측식을 유도하였다. 본 연구를 통해 유도된 변형 예측식 (5)-(6) 형태의 접근방법은 비단 방전가공기 뿐만 아니라 이와 유사한 형태의 공작기계에도 적용 할 수 있을 것이다.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.131-150
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• 2003

A new numerical algorithm of finite element methods is presented to solve high Deborah number flow problems with geometric singularities. The steady inertialess planar 4 : 1 contraction flow is chosen for its test. As a viscoelastic constitutive equation, we have applied the globally stable (dissipative and Hadamard stable) Leonov model that can also properly accommodate important nonlinear viscoelastic phenomena. The streamline upwinding method with discrete elastic-viscous stress splitting is incorporated. New interpolation functions classified as rational interpolation, an alternative formalism to enhance numerical convergence at high Deborah number, are implemented not for the whole set of finite elements but for a few elements attached to the entrance comer, where stress singularity seems to exist. The rational interpolation scheme contains one arbitrary parameter b that controls the singular behavior of the rational functions, and its value is specified to yield the best stabilization effect. The new interpolation method raises the limit of Deborah number by 2∼5 times. Therefore on average, we can obtain convergent solution up to the Deborah number of 200 for which the comer vortex size reaches 1.6 times of the half width of the upstream reservoir. Examining spatial violation of the positive definiteness of the elastic strain tensor, we conjecture that the stabilization effect results from the peculiar behavior of rational functions identified as steep gradient on one domain boundary and linear slope on the other. Whereas the rational interpolation of both elastic strain and velocity distorts solutions significantly, it is shown that the variation of solutions incurred by rational interpolation only of the elastic strain is almost negligible. It is also verified that the rational interpolation deteriorates speed of convergence with respect to mesh refinement.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1528-1534
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• 2001

In order to improve Leak-Be(ore-Break methodology, more precisely the crack growth evaluation, a round robin analysis was proposed by the CEA Saclay. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the crack initiation life, penetration life and shape of through wall crack under cyclic bending loads. The proposed round robin analysis is composed of three main topic; fatigue crack initiation, crack propagation and crack penetration. This paper deals with the first topic, crack initiation in a notched pipe under four point bending. Both elastic-plastic finite element analysis and Neuber's rule were used to estimate the crack initiation life and the finite element models were verified by mesh-refinement, stress distribution and global deflection. In elastic-plastic finite element analysis, crack initiation life was determined by strain amplitude at the notch tip and strain-life curve of the material. In the analytical method, Neuber's rule with the consideration of load history and mean stress effect, was used for the life estimation. The effect of notch tip radius, strain range, cyclic hardening rule were examined in this study. When these results were compared with the experimental ones, the global deformation was a good agreement but the crack initiation cycle was higher than the experimental result.

• 복합신소재구조학회 논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

The finite element analysis (FEA) is a numerical technique to find solutions of field problems. A field problem is approximated by differential equations or integral expressions. In a finite element, the field quantity is allowed to have a simple spatial variation in terms of linear or polynomial functions. This paper represents a review and an accuracy-study of the finite element method comparing the FEA results with the exact solution. The exact solutions were calculated by solid mechanics and FEA using matrix stiffness method. For this study, simple bar and cantilever models were considered to evaluate four types of basic elements - constant strain triangle (CST), linear strain triangle (LST), bi-linear-rectangle(Q4),and quadratic-rectangle(Q8). The bar model was subjected to uniaxial loading whereas in case of the cantilever model moment loading was used. In the uniaxial loading case, all basic element results of the displacement and stress in x-direction agreed well with the exact solutions. In the moment loading case, the displacement in y-direction using LST and Q8 elements were acceptable compared to the exact solution, but CST and Q4 elements had to be improved by the mesh refinement.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.213-233
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• 2006

Over the past years techniques for non-linear analysis have been enhanced significantly via improved solution procedures, extended finite element techniques and increased robustness of constitutive models. Nevertheless, problems remain, especially for real world structures of softening materials like concrete. The softening gives negative stiffness and risk of bifurcations due to multiple cracks that compete to survive. Incremental-iterative techniques have difficulties in selecting and handling the local peaks and snap-backs. In this contribution, an alternative method is proposed. The softening diagram of negative slope is replaced by a saw-tooth diagram of positive slopes. The incremental-iterative Newton method is replaced by a series of linear analyses using a special scaling technique with subsequent stiffness/strength reduction per critical element. It is shown that this event-by-event strategy is robust and reliable. First, the model is shown to be objective with respect to mesh refinement. Next, the example of a large-scale dog-bone specimen in direct tension is analyzed using an isotropic version of the saw-tooth model. The model is capable of automatically providing the snap-back response. Subsequently, the saw-tooth model is extended to include anisotropy for fixed crack directions to accommodate both tensile cracking and compression strut action for reinforced concrete. Three different reinforced concrete structures are analyzed, a tension-pull specimen, a slender beam and a slab. In all cases, the model naturally provides the local peaks and snap-backs associated with the subsequent development of primary cracks starting from the rebar. The secant saw-tooth stiffness is always positive and the analysis always 'converges'. Bifurcations are prevented due to the scaling technique.

• 전산구조공학
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.217-228
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• 1997

p-version 유한요소법에 의한 고정밀해석은 응력특이가 발생하는 선형탄성 문제에 매우 적합한 방법으로 인식되고 있다. 해석 결과의 정확도, 모델링의 단순성, 입력자료에 대한 통용성 및 사용자와 CPU 시간의 절감 등 여러장점이 선형탄성 문제에 적용되어 우수성이 입증되었지만, 탄소성 해석분야는 아직 적용이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 일-경화재료에 대한 구성방정식을 이용하여 정식화된 증분소성이론과 소성유동법칙에 근거한 재료비선형 p-version 유한요소모델이 제안되었다. 비선형방정식을 풀기 위해 Newton-Raphson법과 초기강성도법 등의 반복법이 모색되었다. 제안된 모델을 이용하여 개구부를 가진 사각형 평판과 내압을 받는 두꺼운 실린더, 그리고 등분포하중을 받는 원판해석 등의 수치실험이 수행되었다. 한편, p-version 모델에 의한 해석결과는 문헌의 이론값과 상용유한요소프로그램인 ADINA의 해석결과와 비교 검증되었다.