• 성인간호학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.669-679
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the reported good service experiences from the perspective of elderly residents of long-term care facilities. Methods: Of those residents who are 65 years old or older, 14 residents whose length of stay were one month or longer and scores of the K-Mini Mental State Examination were 15 or higher were interviewed. The interview data formed the basis for the empirical statements about the reported nature of patients' experiences as residents of long-term care facilities. These data were used in concept mapping. Results: Through multidimensional scaling analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, 62 core statements, two dimensions, and six clusters of good service experiences were derived. The two dimensions were classified as 'care centered-participation centered services' and as 'physical-emotional services.' Six cluster themes emerged as good service experiences: 'safety of care and treatment', 'responsible and supportive staff', 'comfort of living environment', 'mental well-being', and 'respect and communication'. Conclusion: The result of the study provides information about what experiences are important to older adults with cognitive impairment. The concept map can be used to develop a patient experience index for the elderly residents of long-term care facilities.

• Architectural research
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2001

This study addressing the underlying strategies for Andong municipal museum complex development is in timely view that Andong has obtained a worldwide reputation as a treasury of traditional Korean Confucian culture. Thus far, there has been a tendency that various local museums are proposed to meet architectural aspirations architects and users commonly hold. Overall, though, the major role they play in making overall city image has not been considered in a systematic manner. Based on Lee's (2001) two previous studies, this study summarized the utility of cognitive distance and cognitive map concepts, which are proposed by Kevin Lunch (1976) to evaluate city image, in planning Andong municipal museum complex (AMMC). Sample is stratified into city residents and outsiders, and also into the general public and design-related professionals to see if there is any group difference in constructing their mental image. Three major findings are obtained. First, familiarity, so-called the degree of knowing, is the function of the length of stay in a designated area. That is, the longer people stay in Andong, the more likely they are familiar with its overall environmental aspects. Second, mental proximity of Andong municipal museum complex relative to existing cultural landmarks is closely related to the degree of how people value those landmarks in terms of their significance. Dosan Seowon and Hahoe folk village are most highly valued, which means higher proximity. Third, functional diversity turned out to be the most important design dimension, while display mechanism are least valued. Cognitive simulations of this sort are meaningful in that projected composite image might be a rough first approximation of true public image.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find common characteristics in everyday landscape cognition that the residents share and to restore the resulting characteristics through citizen-participatory town design. Through the residents participatory workshop supported by the Gwangju Buk-gu District Autonomy and Citizen Academy of Gwangju YMCA, 304 people from eight administrative districts participated in three programs. In each program, photographed landscape images representing everyday conditions of the townscape were presented in several ways: in program 1, the residents' mental map was studied; in program 2, landscape images of real places were matched to locations on a map; and in program 3, the landscapes were scored on a scale from 1 to 5 according to five descriptive categories. The elements that were recognized as common landscape features were public facilities, pedestrian spaces, school areas, and parks and natural green spaces. Additional results including recognition of the participants affection for the village and a common landscape image shared by the people, as inhabitants looked around at the space of their own lives. It seems possible that more creative townscapes can be created by residents through participatory programs.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.239-266
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• 2004

본 연구는 기존의 수학적 오류에 대한 연구들이 취했던 학생들의 현재 상태를 바탕으로 다양한 오류를 분석하는 방식이 아니라, 학생들의 문제해결과정에서 나타나는 수학적 오류를 인지심리학의 관점에서 분석가능한지를 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이에, 본 연구는 Pauscal-Leone의 신피아제 이론을 중심으로 Schoenfeld의 구조 분석 단계(levels of analysis and structure)모형과 개념적, 인과적 관계의 이해를 형식화하는 도구로서 퍼지 인지 맵(Fuzzy Cognitive Map)을 활용하여 학생들의 증명 문제해결 과정에서 나타나는 오류를 분석하고 오도요인을 진단하였다. 연구 결과, 주어진 명제에서 정보를 해석할 때 F조작자가 강하게 활성화되어 나타나는 오도 요인으로 인하여 학생들은 증명에 필요한 개념노드를 충분하게 인출하지 못하거나 인과관계가 없는 개념노드를 나름대로 논리적으로 연결하여 잘못된 증명을 하고 있었다. 오류와 관련된 인지구조는 학생 나름대로의 논리적 알고리듬에 의한 LC 학습의 결과로 형성된 LC 학습구조로 볼 수 있다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16호
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• pp.182-189
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• 1998

The existential space concept which introduced the sense of place that began emerging recently together with the change of space concept results from people's fundamental existential humane aspect as the subject of perceptive experience. The tendencies of enlargement layering and diversification which we can see in contemporary architecture imply the possibility that elements of urban image can be incorporated into interior design. This study utilizes Kevin Lynch's theory which tries to relate environment to existential space. In this study we re-analyze and apply Lynch's $\ulcorner$the Theory of Urban Image$\lrcorner$to interior space and using the conclusion from a case study examine the applicability of the theory about visual perception to interior design. This study considers a new method of analysis to perceive and grasp interior space through the understanding of the cognitive map and image concept.

• 한국동굴학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동굴학회 1992년도 학술발표회논문집
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• pp.35-39
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• 1992

인간은 누구를 막론하고 미지의 지역에 대한 동경과 아울러 그 지역을 방문해 보고자 하는 기본적인 심리를 가지고 있다. 특히 경제적 여유가 신장되고 관광에 대한 일반의 관심이 대단히 높아지면서 우리 주변에 산재하고 있는 관장자원들에 대해 관심을 가지게 된다. 지속적으로 늘어나는 관광객들 개개인의 서로 다른 욕구와 취향, 또는 외부적 여건으로 인한 지각(Perception)의 결과 관광 환경에 대한 상이한 Image가 형성될 것이며, 이는 곧 관광 주체로 하여금 관광지를 선택하게 하는데 있어서 중요한 역할을 하게 될 것이다. 관광지리학 분야에서의 관광자원 또는 Wildness에 대한 인지행동론적 연구는 1960년대의 주관적 환경을 강조하는 행태지리학에서 시작되었으며 관광 목적지에 대한 지각, 인지, Mental Map, 관광행태 등을 포함하고 있다. 이러한 연구들은 대부분 계량적이고 실증적인 시대의 전형적인 산물로서 관광객들의 직접적인 관광형태로 나타나게 하는 의사결정 과정을 중시하는 것이다. 일반적으로 환경에 대한 인지는 과거에 개인의 경험과 현재의 다양한 주변 여건에 의해 크게 달라질 수 있다. 오늘날 인지행태론적 연구는 관광지리학 뿐만 아니라 심리학, 사회학, 인류학 등 사회과학 전반에 걸쳐 연구가 활발하게 이루어 지고 있다. 따라서 본 논고에서는 관광지 및 관광자원에 대한 국내외의 인지행태론적 연구를 검토해 보고 이러한 연구에 많이 이용되고 있는 MDS 분석법을 살펴 보고자 한다.

• 인지과학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.103-121
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• 2011

본 연구는 초기 화면의 차원 정보와 초기-검사 화면의 차원 일치 여부가 목표 대상이 $0^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $270^{\circ}$로 회전하는 상황에서 참가자들의 위치 탐색 수행에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 보고자 했다. 실험 결과, 초기 화면이 2차원으로 제시되었을 때 참가자들의 수행 정확도가 높았고, 특히 3차원 초기 화면의 경우 검사 화면과 차원이 일치할 때 위치 정보의 심적 회전이 요구되는 상황에서 위치 탐색에 어려움을 겪는 것을 발견하였다. 이러한 결과는 운전 상황과 같이 보조 자료로부터 위치 정보를 얻는 것과 동시에 운전자의 위치와 방향이 변하는 경우, 실제와 시각적으로 유사하게 설계된 3차원 자료보다는 정확한 위치 정보를 제공하는 2차원의 자료가 유리할 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 대한인간공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한인간공학회 1995년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.208-213
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• 1995

The vehicle navigation system is developed for helping driver to retrieve driving information more easily and lastly. Navigation System informs driver many pieces of driving information - roadway structure and system, on-line traffic condition, the position of vehicle, route guidance, destination and other infor- mation service. As the style of information is diverse and the amount of information is large, driver may have mental and visual overload. The display of information can disturb the driver's attention and this can cause accidents. This state is caused by the defect of human-machine interactions. When the navigation system is designed, human factors - cognitive, judgment, operating -must be considered. The display style must be designed simply and easily, not to be obstacle of human - machine interface. In this study, outside- in view display style and inside-out view display style are compared each other. Tow factors are measured. One is cognitive factor-time of cognition on information that is displayed by screen display, cognition error rate. The other is image of screen display - subject's feeling about several styles of display, degree of subject's preference. The prototype of roadway is four kinds -Cross, T-cross and O-cross. Roadway display for test is taken from paper maps. Traffic condition display style, vehicle position display style and route guidance display style are taken from current display style. Traffic condition display style is symbol. vehicle position display style and route guidance display style are described as color and symbol. The test on screen display is implemented doing given tasks. Then the test is analyzed statistically. The result of test analysis gives the guideline to the designer for the map display of the vehicle navigation system.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제18권36호
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• pp.49-59
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• 1995

The vehicle navigation system is developed for helping driver to retrieve driving information more easily and fastly. Navigation System informs driver many pieces of driving information - roadway structure and system, on-line traffic condition, the position of vehicle, route guidance, destination and other information service. As the style of information is diverse and the amount of information is large, driver may have mental and visual overload. The display of information can disturb the driver's attention and this can cause accidents. This state is caused by the defect of human-machine interactions. When the navigation system is designed, human factors - cognitive, judgment, operating - must be considered. The display style must be designed simply and easily, not to be obstacle of human -machine interface. In this study, outside-in view display style and inside-out view display style are compared each other. Two factors are measured. One is cognitive factor-time of cognition on information that is displayed by screen display, cognition error rate. The other is image of screen display - subject's feeling about several styles of display, degree of subject's preference. The prototype of roadway is four kinds - Cross, T-cross, Y-cross and O-cross. Roadway display for test is taken from paper maps. Traffic condition display style, vehicle position display style and route guidance display style are taken from current display style. Traffic condition display style is symbol. Vehicle position display style and route guidance display style are described as color and symbol. The test on screen display is implemented doing given tasks. Then the test is analyzed statistically, The result of test analysis gives the guideline to the designer for the map display of the vehicle navigation system.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.45-64
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• 1991

Each of us has personal and unique "Mental Images" of environment that are the results of a two-way process between an observer and his environment. By understanding of people's image on their physical settings through cognitive maps, congruent with their design environment. In this context, this study is to fine out the characteristics of the resident's image in apartment housing that are modern housing. This paper is theoretically based on Appleyard's cognitive maps types, Lynch's the components of image, Harrison and Howard's image enhancing factors and Applyard's image enhancing factors of buildings. For the purpose of this study, two-instruments were used. One was sketch mapping, that told of visual aspects of cognitive map. Another was verbal questionnaire, which was composed of nonvisual aspects of image components and image enhancing factors. For the methods of research analysis, Percentage, Frequency, and Chi-square test were used. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, as for the types of cognitive maps, the rate of sequential maps and spatial maps are nearly same. Secondly, as for the components of images, landmarks and districts are significant elements in apartment housing, and edges, nodes and paths are rare element. Thirdly, with regard to image enhancing factors, landscaping is shown to be most effective at landmarks and districts. And finally, in examing the differences of images between various social groups, significant variables are years of living and housing size. Age and income are the next. In this study of image, we can learn about manner in which individuals come to see, understand, and cope with the environment at a personal level. So, user-oriented approach is useful in environmental design, and particularly, it is useful in the apartment housing of the future life space.