• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.405-414
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• 2016

Objectives: The associations between the eating behavior and energy and macronutrient intake from meals and snacks consumed during different times of the day across the menstrual cycle were investigated in 74 healthy female college students. Methods: A 9-day food record was collected during the last 3 days before menstrual onset (phase 1) and the first 3 days after menstrual onset (phase 2) and from the 4th to the 6th day after menstrual onset (phase 3), respectively. Anthropometry was assessed and eating behaviors were measured using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). Results: External eating was the most prevalent type of eating behavior, followed by restrained eating and emotional eating. Restrained eating was positively associated with energy, carbohydrate and lipid intake at the breakfast and midmorning snack during phase 3. However, emotional eating was also positively related to energy and macronutrient intake at the dinner and after-dinner snack during phase 1 and phase 3, with higher level detected in the phase 1. The association of emotional eating with the snack consumption was highest in phase 1. External eating was positively associated with energy and macronutrient intakes at the dinner and after-dinner snack across the three phases, the highest level being phase 1. In addition, restrained eating was positively associated with the weight, body mass index(BMI), fat mass, waist and hip girth of the subjects. Conclusions: Eating behaviors varied with regard to meals and snacks consumed during different times of the day across the three menstrual phases. Dinner and afterdinner snack consumption in premenstrual phase could be considered as a time when women are more prone to overconsumption and uncontrolled eating.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of insulin sensitizing agents on hormonal and metabolic parameters as well as menstrual patterns in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: One hundred and twenty-three patients with PCOS were included. Metformin was administered to patients at 1,500 mg or 1,700 mg daily for 3 months. If the patients had no improvement of the menstrual cycle or metformin-related adverse effects developed, the patients changed medication to a daily dose of either 15 mg pioglitazone or up to 45 mg. Then resumption of a regular menstrual cycle or recovery of ovulation was evaluated. Hormonal and metabolic profiles were compared between the response and non-response group to insulin sensitizing agents. Results: One hundred and five patients with PCOS were treated with metformin for 3 months. Forty-eight patients (45.7%) showed improvement of menstrual cycle regularity after 3 months of metformin use, whereas 57 patients (54.3%) had no change. The mean free testosterone measured after 3 months of treatment was significantly lower in metformin responders than in non-responders. The other parameters did not differ between the groups. Of the 23 patients who used pioglitazone for 3 to 6 months, 19 patients (82.6%) showed improvement in their menstrual cycles. Conclusion: Metformin treatment seems to be effective for the improvement of menstrual cyclicity irrespective of insulin resistance in women with PCOS. When metformin related adverse effect occurred, pioglitazone would be effective for aiding the resumption of the menstrual cycle.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the effect of oriental medicine about two patients with oligomenorrhea. Methods : Two patients had no special abnormality in BC, CBC, UA, ultra-sono, hormonal test in this study are 25-years-old and 26 years-old female who have over 40-days menstrual cycle. They had treated for 49-days, 21-days each by oriental medicine method. Their herb medicine is On-kyung-tang and Gwa-gi-eum. Main acupuncture points are Hapkok(LI4), Kihae(CV6), Gwanwon(CV3), Choksamni(ST36), Samumgyo(SP6) and moxibuation Gwanwon(CV3) and treated Carthami flos of Aqua-Acupuncture 0.05cc at Samumgyo(SP6). Results : After treatment, their menstrual cycle decreased 33-days, 36-days each. And improved dyspepsia, menstrual pain. Conclusions : Oriental medical methods are effective in two patients with oligomenorrhea had no special abnormality in BC, CBC, UA, ultra-sono, hormonal test.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1983

Women were used as their own controls in the comparison of presterilization and poststerilization menstrual patterns. Five parameters were studied: regularity of cycle length, duration and amount of flow and incidence of dysmenorrhea and intermenstrual bleeding. Three parameters in the electrocoagulation group (regularity of cycle length and duration and amount of flow) and one parameter in the tubal ring group (duration of flow) showed significant changes after sterilization. However, by controlling for the effect of previous contraceptive methods used, no significant menstrual pattern changes following sterilization were discerned in either technique group.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.176-187
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• 2007

Purpose: Recent studies show that Skin Resistance Variability(SRV) could be related to the functions of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary(H-P-O) axis. 7-Zone-Diagnostic System is oriental medicine measuring system using SRV. To know the differences of SRV of normal and abnormal menstrual cycle groups, we research the SRV of the two groups. Methods: We measured SRV of two groups that were consist of 126 women who took CP-6000A test in Sangji Oriental Medical Hospital from Mar. 2004 to Feb. 2006. After detection of SRV, we performed correlation analysis by SPSS 12.0. Results: The SRV was measured twice in 7 areas. By the results of 1st trial on Factor AA of the SRV, the patient group's results were lower than normal group's results in all 7 areas. And there were remarkable differences in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 areas between two groups. By the results of 2nd trial on Factor AA of the SRV, the patient group's results were lower than normal group's results in all 7 areas similar to 1st trial results. And there were remarkable differences in 2, 3 areas between two groups. Conclusion: Comparing normal group with patient group, these results may reflect the relations of abnormal menstrual cycle and H-P-O axis functions. Because patient's results were lower than normal's in all 7 areas. And remarkable different results in 2, 3 areas were repeated by twice trial all. Further study will be needed.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2004

Background: Obesity is associated with menstrual disorder. Especially, upper-body obesity affects on female reproductive function. Objectives: The goals were to investigate relation between fat distribution and menstrual disorder in obese pre-menopausal Korean females. The hypothesis were tested that there is a relation between upper body obesity and menstrual disorder. Design: A cross-sectional evaluation of 66 Females (baseline age $32.15{\pm}7,32)$ with body mass index $31.22{\pm}4.05\;kg/m^2$. Body composition was measured using bioimpedence analysis (BIA) and anthropometry was done by same observer. VAS and Multidimensional verval rating scale(MVRS) were checked for menstrual pain. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) was measured for evaluating body fat distribution. Menstrual disorder and body fat distribution were compared using statistical methods. Results: TLFR and WH ratio was higher in menstrual cyclic disorder group than controls. There was negative relationship between VAS and TLFR. Conclusions: The data shows that disorder of menstrual cycle was associated with upper body obesity. WH ratio could be one of the factor of menstrual disorder. VAS was correlated with lower body obesity. Further studies for role of upper body fat distribution on female reproductive function and relationship between menstrual pain and fat distribution thought to be needed.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.224-244
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• 1993

This study was designed to develop and test a model of the theoretical structure of factors influencing womens’ attitudes toward menstruation, specifically, premenstrual discomfort or pain, negative affect, disability and role acceptance. The conceptual framework was built through a review of the literature. For the purpose of testing the model, data were collected from April to June, 1992 with the use of Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire, Sex Role Acceptance Scale. Data analysis was done with the SPSS PC/sup +/ for descriptive statistics and PC-LXSREL 7.13 for covariance structure. The study subjects consisted of 320 women college students in 2 three-year nursing junior colleges and 1 department of nursing of a college of medicine. The mean age of the subjects was 19, the mean age at monarch was 13.7, the mean menstrual cycle was 29.7 days and the mean menstrual duration was 5.3 days. The amount of menstrual discharge was moderate and the menstrual cycle variability was within 3 days. The score for pain, negative affect and disability were higher during the perimenstrual period than intermenstrual period. The fit of the hypothetical model with the six paths and the empirical data was high [X²(df=4)=. 57 (P=.966), GFI =.999, AGFI =.997, RMR=.008]. The hypotheses were supported on acceptable level of significance. 1) The higher the pain and negative affect, the stronger the disability. 2) The higher the pain, negative affect and disability, the more negative the attitudes toward menstruation. 3) The lower the women's role acceptance, the more negative the attitudes toward menstruation. The model was supported by the empirical data, and thus these results may help nurses and nursing scientists to understand and support these phenomena of womens’ health experience.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a lifestyle modification program on menstrual irregularity among overweight and obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Methods: A quasi experimental research design was used to conduct this study on 82 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome at the Gynecology and Obesity clinics of Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. Two groups were included; the study group received a lifestyle modification program for 48 weeks, while the control group was not subjected to this program. Data collection was done for the following variables, a structured interview questionnaire was used to assess the women's general characteristics, menstrual patterns, and 24-hour dietary recall and the researcher took anthropometric measurements and assessed hirsutism by the Ferriman-Gallwey scale. Results: After one year of lifestyle modification, the number of menstrual cycles significantly increased from $2.7{\pm}1.6$ to $6.9{\pm}1.5$ (t=12.26, p<.001) in the study group compared to insignificant minor changes among the control group (t=0.69, p=.488). Additionally, 58.5% were menstruating regularly compared to none in the control group (${\chi}^2=33.93$, p<.001). Conclusion: Participating in a lifestyle modification program was effective in reducing menstrual cycle's irregularity among overweight and obese women with PCOS. Thus, it is recommended to motivate the nurses in counseling the PCOS women on lifestyle modifications.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.161-173
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• 2022

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture in patients with primary menstrual difficulties taking NSAIDs. Methods: 30 women with primary menstrual difficulties with NSAIDs were assigned to treatment groups (n=15) and control groups (n=15). On their first visit, both groups were provided with a menstrual diary and were required to record the intensity of pain and the dosage of painkillers during each menstrual cycle. The treatment group received two acupuncture treatments per cycle during two cycles, and the control group did not receive acupuncture. Pain strength during menstruation was evaluated using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the total number of painkillers taken during menstruation and the average number of painkillers taken during a single dose was measured. Results: The treatment group had significant pain relief compared to the pre-test group and significant differences from the control group. In addition, there was a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group in the frequency of taking painkillers during the menstrual period and the dose in the test group was significantly lower than before treatment. Conclusions: This clinical trial showed that this acupuncture can help alleviate primary menstruation and reduce the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.339-349
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• 2001

This study was investigated the effects of ambient temperatures and menstrual cycle on Resting Metabolic Rate(RMR), Rectal Temperature(Tre), Skin(forehead, chest, abdomen, forearm, hand, thigh, leg, foot) Temperatures, and subjective thermal sensations in 8 young Korean females(ages 22-25, voluntarily). The Tre and the Skin Temperatures were measured in once every five minute for one hour. RMR was measured three times at 30 minutes intervals by indirect calorimetry. All measurements were gathered during Luteal Phase(LP), Menstruation(M), and Follicular Phase(FP) at two levels of ambient temperatures; low(17~21$^{\circ}C$) and middle(21.1~$25^{\circ}C$). LP were the highest values during FP and M in RMR, Tre, forehead temperature, chest temperature and abdomen temperature, while the leg(leg and foot) and arm(forearm and hand) temperatures were higher during FP rather than during LP at each ambient temperature. The downward curve of Tre in the experiment was larger during FP than LP. The values in subjective thermal sensations were most comfortable during LP than M and FP at each ambient temperature. The LP-FP differences in core and mean skin temperatures, and resting metabolic rate, were more significant at middle ambient temperatures than at low ambient temperatures.