• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 1978

There are numerous reports on menarche age in korea and other countries but only few reports are available on menopausal age. This is a result of surveys on 509 women for menarche and 341 women for manopause among the rural areas of Choongnam and Kyungbuk province. For those born between 1894 and 1929. aver age ageof menarche was 16.63 years. The earliest was 13 years and latest was 22 years old. Majority (78.8%) had their menarohe at the age of between 15 and 18. It was noted that there was gradual advancement of menarche age among those born in later years than earlier. More menarche started in the months of October and April and fewest was in the month of June. Spring was the time when the largest number of women had menarche and this was followed by Autumn. Winter, and Summer. The most common menstrual cycle was 39 days type which is followed by 28 days and 26 days. The average monpausal age among rural korean women was 46.97 years. The number of years between menarche and menopause appears to be dependent upon individual physical and mental condition. socioeconomical circumstances. and also hereditary as well as ethnic differences. 87.1 % of rural korean women had menstrual ages of between 20 to 35 years according to this statistics and the average was 29.67 years.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6839-6844
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• 2013

This study was conducted to analyze the prevalence of non-performance of mammography, and associated factors, among postmenopausal women. This analytical, exploratory, cross-sectional study, of a domicile population inquiry type, was performed in the municipality of Maringa, Parana, Brazil. A total of 456 women were interviewed, aged 45 to 69 years, who presented with natural menopause and cessation of menstruation for at least twelve months. Statistical associations were found between the non-performance of mammography and schooling of less than seven years, paid employment, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, the non-use of hormone replacement therapy, not having consulted a doctor in the previous year, not having consulted a gynecologist, lacking a family history of breast cancer, not having performed the Papanicolaou test, not having performed clinical breast examination, and not having difficult access to health services. After logistic regression analysis, not performing mammography was associated with reports of a fair or bad health status. The study data revealed factors "responsible" for the non-performance of mammography, and the results should contributing to improvement/enhancement of healthy behaviour of Brazilian women in the post-menopausal phase.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2013

Purpose: This study examined the relationships among menopausal symptom, self-efficacy, health promoting behaviors, and investigated factors affecting health promoting behaviors of teachers with middle-aged women experiencing menopause. Methods: From September to October 2012, a convenience sample of 252 subjects aged 40 to 60 years was recruited from 8 elementary schools, 3 middle schools and 5 high schools. The data analysis was done by ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Menopausal symptom of subjects was slightly lower than general middle aged women and the average level of health promoting behaviors was similar to general middle aged women. Health promoting behaviors were differentiated by severity of menopausal symptom, not by menstruation state. Menopausal symptom was negatively related to health promoting behaviors. The most significant factor affecting health promoting behaviors was self efficacy (14.3%). The combination of self efficacy, menopausal symptom, and elementary school teachers accounted for 20.1% of health promoting behavior. Conclusion: When developing health promotion program for teachers with middle-aged women, such program should consider self-efficacy, menopausal symptom, and school type.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2013

본 연구는 20대부터 50대까지의 광주, 전남에 거주하는 180명의 건강한 성인 여성을 대상으로 진행되었다. 골대사지표로 골형성지표인 BAP와 OC, 골흡수지표인 NTx를 측정하였으며 골밀도로는 T-score를 이용하였다. 일반적 특징으로 영향 요인으로 연령, 음주, 신체 활동량, 골다공증에 대한 가족력, 폐경, 건강기능성식품 섭취 여부, BMI, 체지방률을 분석하였다. 연령에 따라 비교했을 때 BAP와 OC는 20대가 다른 나이군에 비해 낮았고 음주군은 비음주군에 비해 BAP가 더 높았다. 활동 정도에 따라서는 차이가 없었고 골다공증에 대한 가족력이 있는 군은 골다공증에 대한 가족력이 없는 군에 비해 BAP가 더 높았다. 또한 폐경군은 폐경전군에 비해 BAP가 더 높았으며 건강보조식품 섭취 여부에 따라서는 생화학적 골대사지표나 골밀도의 차이가 없었다. BMI에 따라서는 생화학적 골대사지표 및 골밀도의 차이가 없었지만 체지방률에 따라 분류했을 때는 정상군에 비해 비만군의 BAP가 더 높았고 골밀도는 더 낮았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 노령군, 음주, 골다공증에 대한 가족력, 폐경, 비만이 있는 경우 골형성지표가 증가하였고 특히 비만군에서 골밀도가 낮은 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 골대사지표로 보았을 때, 한국인 여성들은 골 건강을 위해서 나이가 증가함에 따라 음주 및 비만 관리가 중요함을 시사하였다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.496-500
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• 2013

Objective : To evaluate the successful fusion rate in postmenopausal women with single-level anterior cervical discectomy and successful fusion (ACDF) and identify the significant factors related to bone successful fusion in pre- and postmenopausal women. Methods : From July 2004 to December 2010, 108 consecutive patients who underwent single-level ACDF were prospectively selected as candidates. Among these, the charts and radiological data of 39 women were reviewed retrospectively. These 39 women were divided into two groups : a premenopausal group (n=11) and a postmenopausal group (n=28). To evaluate the significant factors affecting the successful fusion rate, the following were analyzed : the presence of successful fusion, successful fusion type, age, operated level, bone mineral density, graft materials, stand-alone cage or plating with autologous iliac bone, subsidence, adjacent segment degeneration, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and renal disease. Results : The successful fusion rates of the pre- and postmenopausal groups were 90.9% and 89.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the successful fusion rate or successful fusion type between the two groups. In the postmenopausal group, three patients (10.8%) had successful fusion failure. In the postmenopausal group, age and subsidence significantly affected the successful fusion rate (p=0.016 and 0.011, respectively), and the incidence of subsidence in patients with a cage was higher than that in patients with a plate (p=0.030). Conclusion : Menopausal status did not significantly affect bone successful fusion in patients with single-level ACDF. However, in older women with single-level ACDF, the combination of use of a cage and subsidence may unfavorably affect successful fusion.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2001

The bone is composed of the bone matrix of collagen and hydroxyapatite, the mixture of calcium and phosphours. The bone tissue is considered to the special connective tissue that possesses extracellular matrix made by collagen fiber deposited with mineral complex. In order to maintain bone mass measured by the sum of bone matrix and hydroxyapatite, bone resorption by osteoclast during lifetime and bone remodeling to form bone by osteoblast in its resorption region repeat continuously. The osteoblast has a mesodermic fetal origin like fibroblast for the formation of form tissues. Two cells express identical genes and synthesize the identical collagen type I as the major component of the formation of bone matrix and skin. Therefore, it is considered that the decrease of skinfold thickness and the decrease of bone mass related to the age, the change of two tissues composed of collagen type I is caused by the same genetic mechanism. The decrease of bone mass is caused by the change of the amount and structure of bone matrix by several factors and the amount of minerals deposited on bone matrix. Especially, in case of female, the deficiency of estrogen by menopause makes these changes rapidly increased. The decrease of bone mass and skinfold thickness is due to the decrease of the amount of collagen and its structural change the common component of bone tissue and skin tissue. Therefore, the relationship of the amount of cross-linked peptide N-telopeptide, collagen metabolite which excretes as urine. Based upon the proved results about the significant relationship of bone mass, the amount of bone collagen, the amount of skin collagen and skinfold thickness, the bone mass may be expected through a facile determination of skinfold thickness.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.499-508
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• 2020

연구의 목적은 폐경기 이후 여성의 성공적 노화를 돕고 우울감을 낮추는 자가 관리 프로그램을 개발하고자 대상자의 참여 동기, 성공적 노화 수준, 건강행위 정도와 우울감 수준을 파악하고, 상관관계를 알아보는 것이다. 연구의 방법은 폐경기 이후 여성 252명을 대상으로 빈도, 백분율 및 일원분류 분산분석(One Way ANOVA)을 사용하여 자료를 분석하였다. 연구의 결과는 일반적 특성에 따른 운동 참여 동기와 성공적 노화의 수준 차이는 건강수준, 운동 종류, 운동 도움 여부, 거주지 등에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 건강행위 수준과 우울감의 수준은 연령, 건강수준, 운동 종류, 운동 수행 기간 등에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 또한 우울감의 수준은 동거가족에서도 유의한 차이를 보였다. 상관관계 분석결과 운동 참여 동기와 성공적 노화, 건강행동 간은 상관계수 .001 수준에서, 우울감과 건강행동 간은 상관계수 .05 수준에서 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 결론은 폐경기 이후 여성의 자가 관리 운동 프로그램 개발은 매우 중요하며, 이는 성공적 노화를 돕고 우울감을 낮출 수 있을 것이다.

• 비만대사연구학술지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.54-63
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• 2023

Estrogen is crucial in regulating food intake, energy expenditure, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism. During menopause, the decline in estrogen levels predisposes women to weight gain, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) prevents weight gain, improves lipid metabolism by lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol while raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and delays the onset of type 2 diabetes in menopausal women. The effect of MHT on CVD in menopausal women remains controversial. The Women's Health Initiative study was terminated prematurely after it revealed that hormone administration increased the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and thromboembolism. However, some studies have found that MHT had no effect or decreased the risk of CVD. The inconsistent results were likely due to multiple factors, including the timing of hormone therapy initiation, duration of therapy, type and dosage, and presence or absence of CVD risk factors at the start of treatment. Despite its benefits in terms of managing weight gain and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and CVD associated with obesity, it is not recommended as the primary therapy for weight loss or diabetes prevention. MHT is primarily indicated for postmenopausal women, who are likely to benefit from its potential to prevent weight gain and improve lipid metabolism.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권19호
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• pp.8191-8195
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• 2014

Background: Around 200,000 breast disorders are annually diagnosed all over the world. Fibrocystic changes are the most common breast disorder and fibroadenoma is the most prevalent benign breast tumor. The present study aimed to determine the spectrum, type and prevalence of breast masses in women referred to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences between 2004 and 2012. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the diagnostic reports data. Results: A total of 640 samples were studied. Most 57.3% of masses were detected in the left breast, 65%, 28.2% and 6.1% of cases presenting with benign, malignant, and inflammatory lesions, respectively. Among all the samples the most prevalent diagnosis (37.7%) was fibroadenoma and fibrocystic lesions (17%). 174 samples (96% of the malignant cases) were invasive. 6.5% of the benign, and 37% of the malignant cases occurred in post menopause women and the differences were statistically significant. Among those with malignant tumors lymph nodes were involved in 25.6% of menopausal women and 44.2% of non-menopausal ones, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusions: Regular clinical breast examination beside mammographic follow-ups, especially during menopause, should be carried out as a priority and a national organized program should be designed for screening breast disorders.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.223-231
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Soy isoflavones are expected to improve menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis in women. However, their efficacy is still inconclusive, and there was limited data for postmenopausal women in South Korea. We examined the effects of soy isoflavones on climacteric symptoms, bone biomarkers, and quality of life in Korean postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A randomized, double-blind study design was used. Eighty-seven participants who had undergone natural menopause were randomly administered either 70 mg/day isoflavones (n = 43) or placebo (n = 41) for 12 weeks. We assessed the Kupperman index for climacteric symptoms and the menopause-specific quality of life (MENQOL) questionnaire for quality of the life. Biomarkers of bone metabolism were also measured in serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (OC), N- and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptides of type Ι collagen (NTx, CTx), and urine-deoxypyridinolin (u-DPD). RESULTS: Scores of the Kupperman index were decreased in both the isoflavones group ($-7.0{\pm}15.8$, P = 0.0074) and placebo group ($-6.3{\pm}14.6$, P = 0.0064) during the intervention, but no significant difference was noted between the groups. Regarding the bone formation markers, the level of serum BALP increased by $6.3{\pm}4.1%$ (P = 0.004) and OC increased by $9.3{\pm}6.2%$ (P < 0.001), meanwhile those of the placebo were not changed. For the bone resorption markers, NTx, CTx, and u-DPD were not significantly different in either group. MENQOL was significant decreased in the isoflavone group ($-0.6{\pm}0.5$) and placebo group ($-0.6{\pm}0.4$), with a significant difference between groups (P = 0.0228). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that 70 mg isoflavones supplement has beneficial effects on bone formation markers; however, it showed no benefit compared to the placebo on climacteric symptoms or quality of life.