• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.619-630
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• 2021

Objective : The skull base reconstruction step, which prevents cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, is one of the most challenging steps in endoscopic skull base surgery (ESS). The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes and complications of a reconstruction technique for immediate CSF leakage repair using multiple onlay grafts following ESS. Methods : A total of 230 consecutive patients who underwent skull base reconstruction using multiple onlay grafts with fibrin sealant patch (FSP), hydroxyapatite cement (HAC), and pedicled nasoseptal flap (PNF) for high-flow CSF leakage following ESS at three institutions were enrolled. We retrospectively reviewed the medical and radiological records to analyze the preoperative features and postoperative results. Results : The diagnoses included craniopharyngioma (46.8%), meningioma (34.0%), pituitary adenoma (5.3%), chordoma (1.6%), Rathke's cleft cyst (1.1%) and others (n=21, 11.2%). The trans-planum/tuberculum approach (94.3%) was the most commonly adapted surgical method, followed by the trans-sellar and transclival approaches. The third ventricle was opened in 78 patients (41.5%). Lumbar CSF drainage was not performed postoperatively in any of the patients. Postoperative CSF leakage occurred in four patients (1.7%) due to technical mistakes and were repaired with the same technique. However, postoperative meningitis occurred in 13.5% (n=31) of the patients, but no microorganisms were identified. The median latency to the diagnosis of meningitis was 8 days (range, 2-38). CSF leakage was the unique risk factor for postoperative meningitis (p<0.001). Conclusion : The use of multiple onlay grafts with FSP, HAC, and PNF is a reliable reconstruction technique that provides immediate and complete CSF leakage repair and mucosal grafting on the skull base without the need to harvest autologous tissue or perform postoperative CSF diversion. However, postoperative meningitis should be monitored carefully.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제65권4호
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• pp.572-581
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• 2022

Objective : Compared to microscopes, exoscopes have advantages in field-depth, ergonomics, and educational value. Exoscopes are especially well-poised for adaptation into fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) due to their excitation source, light path, and image processing capabilities. We evaluated the feasibility of near-infrared FGS using a 3-dimensional (3D), 4 K exoscope with near-infrared fluorescence imaging capability. We then compared it to the most sensitive, commercially-available near-infrared exoscope system (3D and 960 p). In-vitro and intraoperative comparisons were performed. Methods : Serial dilutions of indocyanine-green (1-2000 ㎍/mL) were imaged with the 3D, 4 K Olympus Orbeye (system 1) and the 3D, 960 p VisionSense Iridium (system 2). Near-infrared sensitivity was calculated using signal-to-background ratios (SBRs). In addition, three patients with brain tumors were administered indocyanine-green and imaged with system 1, with two also imaged with system 2 for comparison. Results : Systems 1 and 2 detected near-infrared fluorescence from indocyanine green concentrations of >250 ㎍/L and >31.3 ㎍/L, respectively. Intraoperatively, system 1 visualized strong near-infrared fluorescence from two, strongly gadolinium-enhancing meningiomas (SBR=2.4, 1.7). The high-resolution, bright images were sufficient for the surgeon to appreciate the underlying anatomy in the near-infrared mode. However, system 1 was not able to visualize fluorescence from a weakly-enhancing intraparenchymal metastasis. In contrast, system 2 successfully visualized both the meningioma and the metastasis but lacked high resolution stereopsis. Conclusion : Three-dimensional exoscope systems provide an alternative visualization platform for both standard microsurgery and near-infrared fluorescent guided surgery. However, when tumor fluorescence is weak (i.e., low fluorophore uptake, deep tumors), highly sensitive near-infrared visualization systems may be required.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2001

목적 : 수막종 환자에 대한 선형가속기를 이용한 정위방사선수술의 임상 경과, 영상의학적 반응, 그리고 신경학적 후유증을 분석하여 수막종에서 정위방사선수술의 역할을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1995년 2월부터 1999년 12월까지 26명의 수막종 환자에 대해 선형가속기를 이용한 정위방사선수술을 시행하였다. 9명은 외과적 절제술이 선행되었으며 나머지 17명은 정위방사선수술만 시행되었다. 대상환자들의 남녀 비는 7:19이었고, 연령 분포는 $14\~67$세(중앙값 51세)이었다. 정위방사선수술 당시 17명에서 병변으로 인한 신경학적 증상을 보였다. 종양 용적의 범위는 $0.7\~16.5\;cm^3$ (중앙값 $4.7\;cm^3$)이었고, 정위방사선수술 시 처방선량은 최대선량 기준으로 $46\~90\%$ (중앙값 $80\%$) 등선량곡면에 $10\~20\;Gy$ (중앙값 15 Gy)이었다. 임상 추적관찰 기간은 $1\~71$개월(중앙값 27개월)이었고 영상 추적관찰 기간은 $1\~52$개월(중앙값 25개월)이었다. 결과 : 정위방사선수술 당시 임상 증상이 있었고 임상 추적관찰 기간이 1년 이상인 14명 중 13명$(93\%)$에서 증상의 소멸 및 완화를 보였으며, 나머지 1명은 치료 후 4개월부터 종괴효과로 증상이 악화되어 7개월 후에 외과적 절제술을 시행 받았다. 영상 추적관찰 기간이 1년 이상인 14명의 환자들 중 7명$(50\%)$은 정위방사선수술 후 $6\~25$개월 (중앙값 11개월)에 종양 크기의 감소를 보였고, 6명$(43\%)$은 종양 크기의 변화가 없었다. 종양 크기의 증가를 보인 1명$(7\%)$은 외과적 절제술을 시행 받았다. 6명$(23\%)$의 환자에서 정위방사선수술 후 새로운 신경학적 후유증이 발생하였으며, 이 중 5명은 일시적 후유증으로 스테로이드 투여 등의 보존적 치료 후에 증상이 소멸되었고, 1명은 정위방사선수술로 인한 조직 괴사로 외과적 절제술을 시행 받았다. 결론 : 정위방사선수술을 이용한 수막종의 치료는 외과적 절제술이 불가능한 경우, 불완전한 절제술을 시행한 경우, 그리고 수술 후 재발한 경우에 안전하고 매우 효과적인 치료 방법으로 판단된다. 하지만 더 오랜 기간의 추적관찰이 필요하며 종양용적이 크고 주위에 결정장기가 있는 경우에는 신경학적 후유증을 줄이기 위해 좀 더 신중한 치료 계획 및 선량 결정이 필요하다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1300-1307
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• 2001

Purposes : This study reports the possible causes of seizure recurrence in patients underwent previous epilepsy surgery, and surgical strategy for resection of the additional epileptogenic zone locating at the distant area to the site of first resection. Methods : A total of 10 patients with previous surgery due to intractable epilepsy were studied. Five of these underwent standard temporal lobectomy, four extratemporal resection, and one corticoamygdalectomy. Seizure outcome of these were class III-IV. Evaluation methods for reoperation included MRI, 3D-surface rendering of MRI, PET, prologned video-EEG recording with surface electrodes and subdural grid electrodes. Additional resection was done in the frontal lobe in two, in the temporal lobe in three, in the parietal lobe in two, and in the supplementary sensori-motor area in two. Tumor in the superior frontal gyrus in the left hemisphere was removed in one patient. Extent of resection was decided based on the results of ictal subdural grid EEGs and MRI findings. Awake anesthesia and electrocortical stimulation were performed in the two patients for defining the eloquent area. Results : Histopathologic findings revealed extratemporal cortical dysplasia in six, hippocampal sclerosis and cortical dysplasia of the temporal neocortex in one, neuronal gliosis in two, and meningioma in one. Previous pathology of the five patients with cortical dysplasia in the second operation was hippocampal sclerosis plus cortical dysplasia of the temporal neocortex. After reoperation, seizure outcomes were class I in six, class II in three, class III in one at the mean follow-up period of 17.5 months. Characteristically, patients in class II-III after reoperation showed histopathologic findings of hippocampal sclerosis plus temporal neocortical cortical dysplasia plus extratemporal cortical dysplasia. Conclusions : Seizure recurrence after epilepsy surgery was related with the presence of an additional epileptogenic zone distant to the site of first operation, and the majority of the histopathology of the surgical specimens was cortical dysplasia. In particular, hippocampal sclerosis plus temporal neocortical cortical dysplasia was highly related with seizure recurrence in patients with previous operation. In these patients, multimodal evaluation methods were necessary in defining the additional epileptogenic zone.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2006

수막에 발생하는 혈관주위세포종은 경질막에 기초한 드문 종양으로서 국소재발과 함께 신경축이나 신경외 장소로 원격전이를 일으킬 수도 있다. 저자들은 수막에 발생한 혈관주위세포종 환자 2예에서 수술 전 방사선치료와 수술 후 방사선치료를 각각 경험하였기에 방사선치료의 역할에 관한 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자한다. 첫 번째 증례는 41세 남자로 3개월 동안 두통과 우측 반부전마비가 있었다. 1차 수술과 2차 수술 시 종양은 거의 제거할 수 없었고 수막 혈관주위세포종으로 진단되었다. 수술 전 방사선치료를 좌측 전두두정부의 큰 잔여종양에 일 회에 1.8 Gy씩 31회에 걸쳐 총 55.8 Gy를 조사하였다. 방사선치료 후 CT검사상 종양은 현저하게 크기가 줄었고 방사선치료 후 6개월에 시행한 3차 수술 시 잔여 종양의 크기는 $2{\times}2cm$로 완전히 제거되었다. 추적 CT검사상 국소재발의 소견은 없었고, 1차 수술 후 4년 10개월 동안 원격 전이 없이 생존하고 있다. 두 번째 증례는 45세 여자로 갑작스러운 두통과 시력 장애로 수막종이 의심되어 종양제거수술을 받았는데 조직 검사상 우측 전두엽에 발생한 혈관주위세포종으로 진단되었으며 시상동을 침습한 소견을 보였으나 완전히 제거되었다. 국소재발을 줄이기 위해 수술 후 방사선치료가 의뢰되었고 방사선치료는 우측전두엽 부위에 일 회에 1.8 Gy씩 30회에 걸쳐 총 54 Gy를 조사하였다. 수술 후 5년 동안 국소 재발이나 원격전이 없이 정상적인 활동을 유지하면서 생존하고 있다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.575-580
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• 2001

Purpose : In general, pineal region tumors are managed by using microsurgical approach or stereoctactic biopsy. However, in selected cases endoscopic approach to pineal lesions might prove to be as effective as microsurgery and less invasive. We report an alternative surgical strategy for managing certain patients with pineal neoplasms that allows treatment of the symptomatic hydrocephalus as well as tumor biopsy under direct vision in the same sitting. Materials and Methods : Twenty-two patients with pineal region tumors with associated hydrocephalus were treated in one session by endoscopic third ventriculostomy and endoscopic tumor biopsy at our institution from October 1996 to January 2000. All patients were retrospectively evaluated. Results : There was no operative mortality. There was one cause of significant bleeding during biopsy, but was controlled endoscopically, and the patient recovered completely without neurologic deficit resulting from intra-operative bleeding. The symptoms related to increased intracranial pressure(ICP) have resolved in all patients, and the need for a shunt is completely eliminated. Histological diagnosis was achieved in 21 of the 22 patients by this procedure. A biopsy was not obtained in one patient. Although this pineal region tumor was seen endoscopically, this could not be biopsied because of technical difficulties in working around an enlarged massa intermedia. The lesions included fourteen germinomas, three mixed germ cell tumors, and one each of the followings: pineocytoma, pineoblastoma, pineocytoma/pineoblastoma(intermediate type), meningioma, and low grade glioma. Five of the 22 patients subsequently underwent formal microsurgical tumor removal. Additional chemotherapy or radiotherapy could then be initiated according to the histological diagnosis. Conclusion : We consider that endoscopy affords a minimally invasive way of reaching three objectives by one-step surgery in the management of pineal region tumors with associated hydrocephalus : 1) cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) sample for analysis of tumour markers and cytology, 2) treatment of hydrocephalus by third ventriculostomy, and 3) several biopsy specimens can be obtained identifying tumors which will require further open surgery or adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy. However, complications and morbidities should be emphasized so as to be avoided with further technical experience.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2001

Objective : This study was undertaken to evaluate operative results and prognosis according to preoperative clinical status and histopathological finding of spinal cord tumor. Methods : We analyzed of clinical feature, tumor location, histopathologic finding, operative results and prognosis in 55 patients with spinal cord tumor during last 10 years. Results : 1) The incidence of spinal cord tumors varies with the age of affected patients who are 2 to 75 years of age. Peak incidences were in the 5th & 7th decade of life, and the ratio of male to female was 1.2:1. 2) The most common histopathologic type was neurinoma(41.9%). 3) The tumors were located most frequently in the thoracic area(22 cases, 40.0%) and in the intradural extramedullary space(30 cases, 54.5%). 4) The most common initial clinical feature was pain in 20 cases(36.4%). For neurologic status on admission, 30 cases(54.5%) showed motor disturbance. 5) In radiologic studies, there were abnormal finding in 21 cases from plain X-rays among 37 cases. The entire 20 cases in when myelography was done showed subarachnoid blockade, either complete or incomplete. The magnetic resonance imaging, regard as the most accurate diagnostic method, revealed the exact location of the tumor and the relationship of the tumor with the adjacent anatomical structure. 6) The total removal was possible in 36 cases(65.5%), subtotal removal in 17 cases(30.9%) and biopsy in 2 cases (3.6%). Nineteen cases(90.5%) among 21 cases with preoperative radiculopathy group showed recovery or improvement, where as only 11 cases(36.7%) among 30 cases with preoperative motor weakness group showed recovery or improvement, with statistically significant difference(p<0.01). Pathologically, 26 cases(83.9%) among 31 cases of neurinoma and meningioma showed postoperative recovery or improved, but only 1 case(6.3%) among 16 cases of metastatic tumor, astrocytoma and ependymoma recovered. Postoperative complication noted in 5 cases(9.1%), and were noted postoperative hematoma, pneumonia, pulmonary edema and spinal cord infarction. Conclusion : Preoperative neurologic status and histopathologic finding are considered important factors of Postoperative outcome in patients with spinal cord tumor.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.86-93
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• 1997

목적: 두개강내 고형성 종야에서 병리조직학적 진단과 악성도에 따라 특징적 H-1자기공명분광(MRS) 양상이 나타나는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 고형성 뇌종양 환자 81명(저등급 교종 17예, 고등ㅇ급 교종 31예, 림프종 9예, 뇌수막종 8예, 신경세포종 4예, 수아세포종 3예, 원시성신경외배엽종 3예, 전이암 2예, 기타 4예)을 대상으로 생체내 MRS를 시행하여 스펙트럼을 분석하였다. MRS는 1.5T 장치를 사용하여 PRESS기법으로 TR/TE 2000/270msec, VOI $2{\times}2{\times}2cm^3$로 얻었다. 대사 산물의 공명(resonance) 분석은 N-acetyl aspartate(NAA)/Creatine complix(Cr)비, Choline complex(Cho)/Cr비, Lactate(Lac)/Cr비를 구하였으며, 기타 산물에 대하여는 기존의 문헌에 기초하여 존재 유무를 분석하였다. 결과: 모든 고형성 뇌종양에서 NAA는 감소하고, Cho과 lactate는 증가하였다. Cr은 증가하거나 감소하는 등 다양한 결과를 보였다. 모든 종야에서 NAA/Cr이 감소한 반면, Cho/Cr과 Lac/Cr은 증가하였다. 고등급 교종에서는 평균 Cho/Cr과 lactate/Cr이 각각 저등급 교종에 비해 모두 유의하게 높았다(Cho/Cr ; $2.4{\pm}0.7{\;}vs.{\;}1.7{\pm}0.8,{\;}P<0.05,{\;}lactate/Cr{\;};{\;}1.3{\pm}1.9{\;}vs.{\;}0.4{\pm}0.6$, P<0.05). 그러나 NAA/Cr은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 뇌수막종과 신경세포종, 수아세포종에서 Cho/Cr이 고등급 교종의 수준 이상으로 높았다. 결론: H-1 MRS는 고형성 뇌종에서 저등급과 고등급 교종의 감별에 유용하게 이용될 수 있으나, 교종이외의 고형성 양성종양에서도 고등급 교종과 같은 양상을 보이므로 한게가 있다고 생각된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the influencing factors and clinical course of pathologically proven cases of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI). Materials and Methods: The pathologic records of twelve patients were reviewed; these patients underwent surgery following radiotherapy due to disease progression found by follow-up imaging. However, they were finally diagnosed with RIBI. All patients had been treated with 3-dimensional conventional fractionated radiotherapy and/or radiosurgery for primary or metastatic brain tumors with or without chemotherapy. The histological distribution was as follows: two falx meningioma, six glioblastoma multiform (GBM), two anaplastic oligodendroglioma, one low grade oligodendroglioma, and one small cell lung cancer with brain metastasis. Results: Radiation necrosis was noted in eight patients and the remaining four were diagnosed with radiation change. Gender (p = 0.061) and biologically equivalent dose $(BED)_3$ (p = 0.084) were the only marginally influencing factors of radiation necrosis. Median time to RIBI was 7.3 months (range, 0.5 to 61 months). Three prolonged survivors with GBM were observed. In the subgroup analysis of high grade gliomas, RIBI that developed <6 months after radiotherapy was associated with inferior overall survival rates compared to cases of RIBI that occurred ${\geq}6$ months (p = 0.085). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that RIBI could occur in early periods after conventional fractionated brain radiotherapy within normal tolerable dose ranges. Studies with a larger number of patients are required to identify the strong influencing factors for RIBI development.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.182-190
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• 2015

Objectives: To introduce a protocol of Mobi-kids study which was aimed to examine an association between radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure by mobile phone use and brain tumor risk in children and adolescents. Methods: The Mobi-kids study was a multinational matched case control study using a standardized protocol with the number of subjects targeted about 1,000 cases and 2,000 controls aged 10 to 24. In Mobi-Kids Korea, the source population was restricted to Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do province. Eligible cases of primary brain tumor (glioma, meningioma, and others) were diagnosed from January 2012 to June 2015. Eligible controls were appendicitis patients operated during the study period. Two controls were matched on age, gender, and study region for 1 case. Information about pattern and history of mobile phone use and other covariates were obtained by face to face interview by trained interviewer. The Mobi-kids study has been involved in Mobi-expo as a validation study about mobile phone use, XGridmaster to localize tumor in the brain for RF energy calculation, and histological review for validation of diagnosis. Results: The Mobi-kids was the first and largest study in children and adolescents to estimate risk of brain tumor in association with the RF energy absorption in the brain estimated by mobile phone use. Forty-six-cases and 54 controls were collected as of September 2014 in Korea. Conclusions: The meaningful results of the study were expected because of the largest sample size, high validity of EMF exposure assessment as well as the susceptible study populationof children and adolescents.