• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2017

Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is a method whereby cues associated with previous learning are used to externally reactivate aspects of this learning. Research findings demonstrate that TMR can be a useful tool to enhance memory consolidation during sleep in both animals and humans, especially in the declarative/spatial domain. Neurocognitive processing during sleep with covert cueing via auditory or olfactory stimulation can benefit memory storage. These beneficial effects on memory consolidation during sleep are associated with the activation of memory-related brain areas. The purpose of the present review is to provide a short overview of the findings of studies that adopted the TMR method of sleep-dependent memory consolidation and to suggest the potential applications of TMR in variable areas.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.368-373
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• 2018

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has an essential role in the process of learning and memory in the hippocampus. It has been reported that linalool, a major component of Lavandula angustifolia, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, along with other effects. However, the effect of linalool on the cognitive impairment and behavioral alterations that are induced by REM-sleep deprivation has not yet been elucidated. Several studies have reported that REM-sleep deprivation-induced memory deficits provide a well-known model of behavioral alterations. In the present study, we examined whether linalool elicited an anti-stress effect, reversing the behavioral alterations observed following REM-sleep deprivation in mice. Furthermore, we investigated the underlying mechanism of the effect of linalool. Spatial memory and learning memory were assessed through Y maze and passive avoidance tests, respectively, and the forced swimming test was used to evaluate anti-stress activity. The mechanisms through which linalool improves memory loss and behavioral alterations in sleep-deprived mice appeared to be through an increase in the serotonin levels. Linalool significantly ameliorated the spatial and learning memory deficits, and stress activity observed in sleep-deprived animals. Moreover, linalool led to serotonin release, and cortisol level reduction. Our findings suggest that linalool has beneficial effects on the memory loss and behavioral alterations induced by REM-sleep deprivation through the regulation of serotonin levels.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 1998

Purpose : This study has an experiment on finding how Hyangbujapamultang advanced the learning and memory of rat to find the method to improve the failure of memory which is the symptom of dementia.Method : In the experiment, rats were divided the control group (14 rat) which medicate the excipient into the sample group (17 rat) which medicates Hyangbujapalmutang. And the learning ability test and the memorv test was practiced to using the task of radial arm maze.The learning ability test had the presupposition that, when a rat which frequents 8 tracks makes am error not exceeding one time for 3 days without a break, it passes the test.First experiment compared total days when the control group passed the test with total days when the sample group it.The memory test practiced after 24 hours when the learning ability test was over. When a rat frequents 4 tracks, the gates is cut off during 30 seconds. Here the number of error at the control group with that of the sample group.Result: In the learning ability test, the sample group needed 5.82${\pm}$0.37 days to pass the test and the control group needed 6.43${\pm}$0.67 days. In the memory test, the sample group errored 0.29${\pm}$0.37 times and the control group errored 1.86${\pm}$0.78 times.Conclusion : In the learning ability test, the sample group passed the test earlier than the control group, but any statistical correlationship couldn't be found in it. In the memory test, the sample group had the pregnant reduction of the number of error in comparison with the control group.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1151-1156
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• 2002

This research was done to make the effective prescription and cope with various senile dementia. Sprague-Dawley rats were injured by ibotenic acid to make a damage on learning and memory functions of model rats. At first acquisition test and retention rest were done in the Morris water maze. And to evaluate the effects of the sample drug(GSD) on choline acetyltranferase and acetylcholine esterase, immunoreactive measurement and enzymatic activity measuring were carried out. The ibotenic acid were injected to hippocampus CA1 and CA3 area. Conclusion : GSD improved the learning ability in the acquisition test and memory function in the retention test significantly. And GSD increased the level of ChAT which is synthesizing acetylcholine in CA1 area, and at the same time it increased the level of AChE which is resolving acetylcholine. These results show that GSD improved the cholinergic catabolism and anabolism, and the increment of metabolic activity of cholinergic system. In other words, it contributes to the recovery of damaged learning and memory function by ibotenic acid. So it can be concluded that GSD will be helpful to cholinergic brain damage induced by primary or senile reduction of acetylcholine secretive activity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.553-559
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• 2003

In order to make the efficient prescription and cope with various senile dementia, learning and memory functions of Sprague-Dawley model rats were tested with Morris water maze at first. And to evaluate the effects of the sample drug(GM) on choline acetyltranferase and acetylcholine esterase, immunoreactive measurement and enzymatic activity measuring were carried out. Rats were injected with ibotenic acid through hippocampus CA1 and CA3 area. The results are as following. GM improves the learning ability in tile acquisition test and memory function in the retention test significantly. And GM increases the level of ChAT which is synthesizing acetylcholine in CA3 area, and at the same time it increases the level of AChE which is resolving acetylcholine. These results show that GM improve the cholinergic catabolism and anabolism, and the increment of metabolic activity of cholinergic system contributes to the recovery of damaged learning and memory function by ibotenic acid. So it can be concluded that GM will be helpful to cholinergic brain disease induced by primary or senile reduction of acetylcholine secretive activity.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.487-499
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• 2022

Machine learning such as deep learning have been widely used in recent years. Recently deep learning is performed in a trusted execution environment such as ARM TrustZone to improve security in edge devices and embedded devices with low computing resource. To mitigate this problem, we propose TPMP that efficiently uses the limited memory of TEE through DNN model partitioning. TPMP achieves high confidentiality of DNN by performing DNN models that could not be run with existing memory scheduling methods in TEE through optimized memory scheduling. TPMP required a similar amount of computational resources to previous methodologies.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2011

Purpose : This study was to investigate the application of Rhythmic Initiation(RI) in the respect of information processing in motor learning. Methods : A computer-aided literature search was performed in PubMed and adapted to the other databases and the others were in published books. The following keywords were used: Rhythmic Initiation, attention, memory, motor accuracy, feedback, motor learning, motor control, PNF, cognition. Results : The characterization of RI is rhythmic motion of limb or body through the desired range, starting with passive motion and progressing to active resisted movement. This study suggested that the relationship between of RI and motor learning through the respect of information processing, memory, attention and motor accuracy. Conclusion : Only Rhythmic Initiation, specifically focused on the effects of information processing approach, suggesting that RI can be positively influeced on sensory-perception, attention, memory, motor accuracy. however, it is unclear whether positive effects in the laboratory and field can be generalized to improve. In addition, sustainability of motor learning with RI remains uncertain.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2022

Modern computer systems usually have special hardware for operations used in deep learning workload even edge computing environment. Non-volatile memories (NVMs) have been considered for alternative memory storage because they consume little static energy and occupy small area. However, there is a problem for NVMs to be directly adopted. An NVM cell has limited write endurance, so that the lifetime of NVM-based memory system is much shorter than that of conventional memory system. To overcome this problem for the deep learning system, this paper proposes a novel method to extend the lifetime based on the analysis of the deep learning workloads. If an incoming block has more than a predefined number of frequently used values, the cacheline is defined as write friendly block. During the victim selection, the cacheline has lower possibility to be chosen as victim. The experimental results show that the lifetime is increased by about 50% and energy consumption is decreased by 3% with a little performance hurt.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.345-352
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• 2010

The present study was undertaken to explore the potential of erythropoietin in memory deficits of mice. Memory impairment was produced by scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, $i.p.$) and intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (i.c.v STZ, 3 mg/kg, $10{\mu}l$, $1^{st}$ and $3^{rd}$ day) in separate groups of animals. Morris water-maze test was employed to assess learning and memory. The levels of brain thio-barbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated to assess degree of oxidative stress. Brain acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity was also measured. Scopolamine/streptozotocin administration induced significant impairment of learning and memory in mice as indicated by marked decrease in Morris water-maze performance. Scopolamine/streptozotocin administration also produced a significant enhancement of brain AChE activity and brain oxidative stress (an increase in TBARS and a decrease in GSH) levels. Treatment of erythropoietin (500 and 1,000 IU/Kg i.p.) significantly reversed scopolamine- as well as streptozotocin-induced learning and memory deficits along with attenuation of those-induced rise in brain AChE activity and brain oxidative stress levels. It may be concluded that erythropoietin exerts a beneficial effect in memory deficits of mice possibly through its multiple actions including potential anti-oxidative effect.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.718-724
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• 1991

In this paper, we proposed an algorithm to improve the memory efficiency by means of learning thresholds in spite of correlations among input patterns to be memorized. The proposed algorithm does not need preprocess correlations among input patterns but processes them with a threshold on a neural network. When memory contents are destroyed by correlation, nearly all patterns can be properly recovered with past learning. Through experiments we show how out algorithm can improve the memory efficiency.