• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.506-512
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• 2003

Peach wine was fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks using Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 12224, aged at 15$^{\circ}C$ for 14 weeks, and its physicochemical and microbiological changes were investigated. The viable bacterial cell numbers, 1.4$\times$10$^3$ CFU/mL at the beginning of fermentation, increased to 2.8$\times$10$^{6}$ CFU/mL after 2 weeks, but decreased to 7.0$\times$10$^3$ CFU/mL after 14 weeks. The viable yeast cell numbers were changed from 3.4$\times$10$^2$ CFU/mL to 2.4$\times$10$^{7}$ CFU/mL during fermentation, and decreased to 4.0$\times$10$^4$ CFU/mL after aging. Turbidity total sugar content, reducing sugar content, solid content and b value of peach wine decreased during fermentation but acidity, alcohol content, L and a value increased. Most physicochemical properties except alcohol content and reducing sugar content were not changed significantly during aging. When peach wine was filtered through 0.45 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ nitrocellulose membrane followed by various ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight cut-off values, Biomax 100K membrane, with 79 liter/$m^2$/h (LMH) of initial flux, was suitable for ultrafiltration process of peach wine. These membrane filtration treatments resulted in complete removal of microorganisms and decrease in turbidity and alcohol content without changes in other chemical properties. The physicochemical properties of peach wine were not changed and any microorganisms were not found during the storage at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 12 Weeks.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2003

An apple wine was prepared by fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks using Saccha개myces cerevisiae KCCM 12224, followed by aging at $15^{\circ}C$ for 14 weeks, and its physicochemical and microbiological changes were investigated. The viable bacterial cell numbers, increased from $1.4{\times}10^3\;CFU/ml$ at the beginning of fermentation, to $2.8{\times}10^6\;CFU/ml$ after 2 weeks, but decreased to $1.0{\times}10^5\;CFU/ml$ after aging. The viable yeast cell numbers changed from $4.3{\times}10^4\;CFU/ml$ to $1.2{\times}10^7\;CFU/ml$ during the fermentation, and decreased to $1.2{\times}10^4\;CFU/ml$ after aging. Sugar content changed from $20.0^{\circ}Brix$ to $8.5{\circ}Brix$, and reducing sugar content was changed from 9.66% to 6.44%. Alcohol content and acidity increased to 7.0% and from 0.19% to 0.24%, respectively. No changes in acidity, pH, and sugar content were observed during the aging, but reducing sugar and solid contents decreased. When apple wine was fultered through $0.45\;{\mu}m$ nitrocellulose membrane followed by various ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight cut-off values, the initial flux $(121.2\;liter/m^2/h)$ and the average flux of Biomax 100k membrane were the highest among the membranes used. These membrane filtration treatments resulted in complete removal of microorganisms as well as decrease in turbidity and solid content without changes in other chemical properties. No changes in the physicochemical properties of the apple wine and no microorganisms were detected during the storage at $156{\circ}C$ for 6 weeks.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 1993

To study the regulation of amniotic fluid volume and electrolyte concentration by the Membranes surrounding the amniotic fluid, the rate of $Li^+$ disappearance from amniotic sac of expired fetuses were examined while increasing the amniotic volume and osmolarity in rabbits. After intraamniotic injection of 1 ml isosmotic saline (about 20% of the amniotic fluid volume) containing 15 mM LiCl and 0.5 g/L Censored, the time courses of $Li^+$ and Censored disappearance were determined. From there the $Li^+$ clearance through the extrafetal routes was estimated and compared with that obtained from living fetuses. The volume, $Na^+$ concentration and osmolarity of amniotic fluid were measured and their relationships with $Li^+$ disappearance were evaluated. The fellowing results were obtained: 1. The rate of disappearance from amniotic fluid of living fetuses during the first 30 minutes was strikingly higher for $Li^+$ than for Censored, suggesting that extrafetal routes exist. At 60 and 90 minutes, however, the disappearance rate of $Li^+$ was less than that of Censored, suggesting the possibility of $Li^+$ reentry through fetal urination. 2. The disappearance of $Li^+$ from the amniotic fluid of the expired fetus was substantial, although lower than that of living fetuses, throughout the experimental period. 3. The $Na^+$ concentration and the osmolarity of the amniotic fluid of expired fetus measured 30 minutes after an intraamniotic injection of isoosmotic saline showed wide variation, but thereafter they changed gradually towards the normal extracellular fluid level. 4. When the amniotic fluid was iso- or hyposmolar, the rate of $Li^+$ disappearance from the amniotic fluid of the expired fetuses showed little variation. However, when the amniotic fluid was hyperosmolar, the rate at 30 minutes was markedly lower than those of isosmotic or hyposmotic amniotic fluid. At 90 minutes, the rate of $Li^+$ disappearance in hyperosmolar fluid reached a similar level to the rate in isosmolar fluid. 5. The intraamniotic injection of 400 mOsm/L saline solution decreased the disappearance rate of $Li^+$ from expired fetuses, while the injection of mannitol into the maternal vein induced no significant change. From these results it is concluded that: 1) a significant amount of $Li^+$ may leave the amniotic fluid via filtration through the membranes surrounding the amniotic fluid, 2) during hyperosmolar challenge to amniotic fluid, osmotic bulk flow might counteract the filterable loss, and 3) $Li^+$ disappearance might continue even after the volume and osmolarity of the amniotic fluid have recovered to control values.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.1 s.28
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• pp.1-8
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• 1981

The $Na^+$-induced calcium release and the effect of sodium on the transmitochondrial calcium flux were observed in mitochondria isolated from pig ventricular myocardium by Milipore filtration technique using radioisotope $^{45}Ca$. The release of calcium from cardiac mitochondria was induced by small amount of sodium, and was promoted by increasing sodium concentration in the incubation medium. The extent of the $Na^+$-induced calcium release was much greater in the absence of extramitochondrial calcium than in the presence of calcium. At steady state of calcium binding on the mitochondrial membrane unidirectional calcium influx was inhibited by sodium and unidirectional calcium efflux was increased., From the above results, it was suggested that calcium might be released from cardiac mitochondria in exchange with sodium through the mediation of the postulated '$Na^+/Ca^{++}$ exchange' mechanism.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.64-80
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• 1998

The risk of cross-contamination in dental clinic is very high. Those who are engaged in dental clinic are exposed to various microorganisms in saliva and blood of patient. Potential possibility of cross-contamination of patient to patient, patient to dentist, dentist to laboratory technician always exist, which is important in the view of public health. It is well known that microorganisms may cause cross-contamination by suck-back of microorganisms into the water supply line or air supply line of dental unit and sprayed back into the next patient's oral cavity. The majority of microorganisms coming from dental unit are water microorganisms from the main water supply which have colonized the tube within the units and multiplied in the relatively warm and stagnant conditions. The purpose of this study is to measure the extent of microbial contamination of dental unit and ultrasonic scaler, to evaluate that dental unit water supply is suitable for drinking water, and to assess the effect of flushing on reduction of microbial contamination of dental unit and ultrasonic scaler. In the first experiment, water samples(50ml) from 20 dental units and 10 ultrasonic scalers in Seoul National Univ. Hosp. were tested for the presence of coliform. The samples were filtered by membrane filtration technique.(Microfil system, Millipore Co. U. S. A.) The filter was then placed onto MacConkey agar plate and the plates with filter on it were incubated aerobically at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. The colors and shapes of colonies were examined if those were coliform. To verify the presence of coliform, the colonies were inoculated into phenol red lactose broth and incubated aerobically at $37^{\circ}C$ for 2 days. The fomation of gas was observed. In the second experiment, water samples from 20 handpieces, 10 ultrasonic scalers and 30 A/W syringes after 0, 2, 4, 6 min. flushing respectively were taken. $200{\mu}l$ water samples were spreaded on Brain Heart Infusion agar plate and the plates were incubated aerobically at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. The number of colony was counted. The results obtained were summarized as follows 1. The water from dental unit and ultrasonic scaler was not suitable for drinking water. 2. No coliform was founded in dental unit and ultrasonic scaler water supply. 3. The number of colony of dental unit and ultrasonic scaler was highest in the group of o min. flushing(p<0.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the extent of microbial contamination among handpiece, ultrasonic scaler and A/W syringe (p>0.05). 5. The number of colony was lowest in the group of 4 min. flushing, but there was no statistically significant difference among 2, 4, 6 min. flushing groups.(p>0.05) 6. It is recommended to flush dental unit water line for 4 min. after use on each patient.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.71-83
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• 1989

For the development of $^{99m}Tc-labelled$ antimony sulfide colloid and hydroxyethyl starch, various experiments such as preparation of colloid, control of the distribution of particle size, establishment of labelling conditions, determination of labelling yield and radiochemical purity, examination of stability, and organ imagings of rabbits etc. were carried out. 1) Antimony sulfide colloid was readily prepared by the reaction of aqueous solution of antimony potassium tartrate with hydrogen sulfide generated by treating ferrous sulfide with dilute sulfuric acid. The colloid could be stabilized by adding small amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone. 2) Electron microscopy analysis exhibited the distribution of colloid size in the range of $1\sim15nm$ with a major portion of 9 m. The colloid solution was sterilized by membrane filtration $(0.2{\mu}m)$ and then stored at $4^{\circ}C$. This sterilized colloid was so stable that it was usable at least for one year. 3) The antimony sulfide colloid was labelled by adding sodium $pertechnetate-^{99m}Tc$ solution to the reaction vial, followed by adding hydrochloric acid and then boiled for 30 min. The optimal pH of the reaction mixture was found to be in the range of $1.3\sim1.4$. Instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC) analysis showed high labelling yield of above 99.5%. This labelled colloid maintained high radio-chemical purity of above 99% until 10 hours after labelling. 4) Animal studies showed high uptake of $^{99m}Tc-Sb_2S_3$ colloid at lymph vessels and nodes indicating a suitable agent for lymphoscintigraphy. Satisfactory results were also abtained in other clinical studies. 5) Hydroxyethyl starch (HES $0.6\sim1.0%$) was labelled with $Na^{99m}TcO_4$ in the presence of $SnCl_2$ with high labelling yield of above 99.5%. The optimal pH of the reaction mixture was in the range of $1.8\sim2.0$. $^{99m}Tc-HES$ maintained high radiochemical purity of above 99% until 10 hours after labelling. 6) Animal studies showed that $^{99m}Tc-HES$ migrated more rapidly from the injection sites into the lymph vessels than $^{99m}Tc-Sb_2S_3$ colloid while less amount of the former was uptaken at lymph nodes than that of the latter. Similar phenomenon was also observed in other clinical studies. As a result, $^{99m}Tc-Sb_2S_3$ colloid was found to be more effective lymphoscintigraphic agent than $^{99m}Tc-HES$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.505-517
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to provide a drinking water quality on the basis of physicochemical properties. In this study, the 25 samples of supply waters of the Taejon area were sampled twice (February and August in 1999). Hydrochemistry of the supply water belongs to the $Ca^{2＋}$-${HCO_3}^{-1}$ type, whereas the supply water was characterized by the relatively significant enrichment of ${Ca}^{2+}$, ${Na}^{2+}$, ${K}^{2+}$, ${Cl}^{2+}$ ions and heavy metals compared to the original water from the Daecheong lake. Generally, the supply water has a mean values for $10.7^{\circ}C$ of temperature, 6.86 of pH, -12 mV of Eh, 88 ${\mu}S$/cm of EC and 70.379 mg/l of TDS in February, whereas the waters of the same sites in August are a slightly high temperature ($26.1^{\circ}C$), TDS (78.069 mg/l) and extremely high EC (442 ${\mu}S$/cm) value. These values are similar with physicochemical properties of the original lake water depending on the seasonal differences. Results of speciation calculation indicate that potentially toxic ions might exist mainly in the forms of free metal (${Cu}^{2+}$ or ${Zn}^{2+}$) and a small amount of ${CO_3}^{2-}$and ${OH}^{-}$in the supply water. The water seemed to be in equilibrium with kaolinite field of the normal stability diagrams for the natural water. Based on enrichment parameter of the supply water normalized by original lake water composition, the average value of those parameter can be calculated with nearly 1.00, but the those values for Cu＋Zn possible source of decrepit pipe lines are 126.75 in February and 115.63 in August samples. The parameter values varied with sampling sites, however, do not exceed by chemistry of drinking water standard. Solid compounds remained on the membrane filter papers after filtration are adhered to pale yellow or yellowish brown colored dissolved solids and precipitates, which are coated by 0.02 to 0.35 mm thick per 500 ml with colloidal particles of about 1 to 2${\mu}m$ size. The particles are mainly Fe-Cu-Zn compounds and partly detected to Mn and Pb.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.28-39
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• 2011

This review investigated theoretical principals and practical application examples on recirculation system of soil washing-wastewater treatment-treated water recycling. As for technologies which have attempted to remediating metals-contaminated soil in and around country, there are reactive barriers, encapsulation, solidification/stabilization, soil washing, and phytoremediation. Among those, in particular, this review covers soil washing technology which physicochemically removes contaminants from soils. The major drawbacks of this technology are to generate a large amount of wastewater which contains contaminants complexed with ligands of washing solution and needs additional treatment process. To solve these problems, many chemical treatment methods have been developed as follows: precipitation/coprecipitation, membrane filtration, adsorption treatment, ion exchange, and electrokinetic treatment. In the last part of the review, recent research and field application cases on soil washing wastewater treatment and recycling were introduced. Based on these integrated technologies, it could be achieved to solve the problem of soil washing wastewater and to enhance cost effective process by reducing total water resources use in soil washing process.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.246-255
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• 1996

To develop a natural antioxidative peptide, the gelatin was extracted from fish (Yellowfin sole) skin by hot $water(50^{\circ}C)$ extraction method and hydrolyzed with Alcalase, pronase and collagenase through a continuous 3-step membrane reactor. Each step enzymatic hydrolysates were determined the antioxidative activity and their synergistic effects, compared with $\alpha-tocopherol$ and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Also, we tried to investigate the antioxidative disposition of peptide which was successfully separated by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and HPIC in cultured rat hepatocytes intoxicated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). Second step enzymatic hydrolysate (SSEH) among all hydrolysates and $\alpha-tocoperol$ was showed the strongest antioxidative activity. The optimum concentration of antioxidative activity for SSEH was $1\%(w/w)$ in linoleic acid. The synergistic effects were increased in using the hydrolysate with tocopherol and BHT. In the presence of the peptide isolated from SSEH, supplemented hepatocytes exposed to TBHP showed that delayed cell killing and decreased significantly the lipid peroxidation, compared with hepatocytes not cultured with isolated peptide.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 1990

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of recombinant human interleukin-2 (rH IL-2) wre studied in the rat. First, different doses of rH IL-2 ranging from 6,400 to 1,600,000 U/kg were injected intravenously and the effect of dose size on the pharmacokinetics was examined. There was no dose dependency in the pharmacokinetics of rHIL-2 in the dose range of 6,400-40,000 U/kg. But at the dose of 1,600,000 U/kg, there was a severe hemolysis throughout the experiment and the pharmacokinetic parameters such as Vdss and CLt were significantly increased compared to those obtained from lower doses. It also showed that this drug is hardly distributed to the peripheral tissues and hardly eliminated from the body, since the valume of distribution (Vdss) and total body clearance (CLt) were 45-75 ml/kg and 1-2 ml/min/kg, respectively. The Vdss is close to the actual plasma volume and the CLt is less than glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Therefore it seemed that rH IL-2 is distributed only in the plasma pool and hardly filtered in the kidney due to its very large molecular weight. Second, rH IL-2 was administered to the rat via several routes such as hepatic portal vein (PV), intraperitoneal (IP), peroral (PO) and intranasal (IN) routes. The bioavailabilities (BA) of PV, IP, PO and IN routes were 96.8, 4.9, 0 and 0.1%, respectively. The addition of some nasal absorption enhancers such as taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate, glycocholate and glycodeoxycholate did not increase the BA of intranasaly administered rH IL-2. The result is contrast to the effect of these bile salts on the nasal absorption of ${\alpha}-inteferon$. Considering it together with the pharmacokinetic parameters, very large molecular weight of rH IL-2 seemed again to be the cause to very poor membrane permeability.