• 한방비만학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.24-32
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• 2013

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate anti-imflammatory and protective effect for intestinal epithelial cells with Atractylodes macrocephae (AM), a traditional Korean Herbal medicine and fermented Atractylodes macrocephae (FAM) with Lactobacillus plantarum. Methods: HCT-116 and Raw 264.7 cells were used in this study. Using NO assay, we measured lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anti-inflammatory effect. We measured permeability of intestinal epithelial cells with transepithelial electrical resistance and horseradish peroxide flux assay. Water soluble tetrazolium salt assay was used to see cell proliferation. All the results were presented in mean and standard deviation. We used Student's t-test for analyzing significance of results. Results: In Raw 264.7 cells NO production decreased 22.4% with pre-treatment of AM and FAM, especially with FAM in high concentration. In HCT-116 cells LPS-induced intestinal permeability had a protective effect with both AM and FAM, which was also tend to be proportional to the concentration. Cell viability increased up to 135.52% after treatment of high concentration of FAM in HCT-116, while there was no significant change in Raw 264.7 cells with herb treatments. Conclusions: These results show evidence that AM, especially fermented ones, significantly reduced intestinal membrane permeability. They also had a protective effect as well as an anti-inflammation effect for HCT-116 and Raw 264.7 cells. This suggest that FAM may be a therapeutic agent for Leaky gut syndrome by reducing intestinal permeability.

• ALGAE
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.315-326
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• 2021

Ion channels are membrane protein complexes mediating passive ion flux across the cell membranes. Every organism has a certain set of ion channels that define its physiology. Dinoflagellates are ecologically important microorganisms characterized by effective physiological adaptability, which backs up their massive proliferations that often result in harmful blooms (red tides). In this study, we used a bioinformatics approach to identify homologs of known ion channels that belong to 36 ion channel families. We demonstrated that the versatility of the dinoflagellate physiology is underpinned by a high diversity of ion channels including homologs of animal and plant proteins, as well as channels unique to protists. The analysis of 27 transcriptomes allowed reconstructing a consensus ion channel repertoire (channelome) of dinoflagellates including the members of 31 ion channel families: inwardly-rectifying potassium channels, two-pore domain potassium channels, voltage-gated potassium channels (K_v), tandem K_v, cyclic nucleotide-binding domain-containing channels (CNBD), tandem CNBD, eukaryotic ionotropic glutamate receptors, large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, intermediate/small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, eukaryotic single-domain voltage-gated cation channels, transient receptor potential channels, two-pore domain calcium channels, four-domain voltage-gated cation channels, cation and anion Cys-loop receptors, small-conductivity mechanosensitive channels, large-conductivity mechanosensitive channels, voltage-gated proton channels, inositole-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, slow anion channels, aluminum-activated malate transporters and quick anion channels, mitochondrial calcium uniporters, voltage-dependent anion channels, vesicular chloride channels, ionotropic purinergic receptors, animal volage-insensitive cation channels, channelrhodopsins, bestrophins, voltage-gated chloride channels H⁺/Cl^- exchangers, plant calcium-permeable mechanosensitive channels, and trimeric intracellular cation channels. Overall, dinoflagellates represent cells able to respond to physical and chemical stimuli utilizing a wide range of G-protein coupled receptors- and Ca²⁺-dependent signaling pathways. The applied approach not only shed light on the ion channel set in dinoflagellates, but also provided the information on possible molecular mechanisms underlying vital cellular processes dependent on the ion transport.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.224-228
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• 2018

Objectives: As a first step to study the anticaries effect of ethanol alone, we investigated the effects of ethanol on the expression levels of the atpB gene and proton permeability of Streptococcus mutans in suspension cultures. Methods: S. mutans UA159 was grown in brain heart infusion medium at either pH 4.8 or 6.8. The total extracted RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using a $Superscript^{TM}$ First-Strand Synthesis System. The resulting cDNA and negative controls were amplified by ABI PRISM 7700 real-time PCR system with SYBR Green PCR Master Mix. For proton flux assay, bacterial suspensions were titrated to pH 4.6 with 0.5 M HCl, and then additional 0.5 M HCl was added to decrease the pH values by approximately 0.4 units. The subsequent increase in pH was monitored using a glass electrode. Ten percent (v/v) butanol was added to the suspensions at 80 min to disrupt the cell membrane. Results: In a concentration-dependent manner, ethanol alone not only decreased the growth rate of S. mutans and the expression of the atpB gene but also increased the proton permeability at both pH 4.8 and 6.8. Conclusions: These findings suggest that ethanol has the potential for an anticaries ingredient. We believe that ethanol may be used together with fluoride and/or other cariostatic agents in order to develop better anticaries toothpastes and/or mouthrinses.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.379-387
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• 2021

In general, trans-membrane pressure (TMP), flux, filtration resistance are used as indicators to evaluate the degree of fouling in MBR. However, they have limitations in determining the level of EPS generation, which is known as an important factor of fouling. Therefore, a new evaluation method is required to monitor the amount of EPS generation. In this study, the applicability of capillary suction time (CST), which is used to measure the dewaterability of sludge, was evaluated as an indirect fouling evaluation index. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of EPS on CST, and to determine whether EPS has high similarity with representative fouling evaluation indicators and CST, and quantitatively compared them. As a result, the correlation coefficient between CST and bEPS was 0.7988, which was higher than the correlation coefficient between filtration resistance and bEPS. Since bEPS is a major factor inducing fouling by affecting the formation of the cake layer, it was evaluated that CST, which has a high correlation with bEPS, is suitable to represent EPS. In addition, it was evaluated that the correlation coefficient between filtration resistance and CST was high as 0.7187, which could be used as a fouling evaluation index.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.85-95
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• 2023

In recent years, solid-state Li metal batteries (SSLBs) have attracted significant attention as the next-generation batteries with high energy and power densities. However, uncontrolled dendrite growth and the resulting pulverization of Li during repeated plating/stripping processes must be addressed for practical applications. Herein, we report a plastic-crystal-based polymer/ceramic composite solid electrolyte (PCCE) to resolve these issues. To fabricate the one-side ceramic-incorporated PCCE (CI-PCCE) film, a mixed precursor solution comprising plastic-crystal-based polymer (succinonitrile, SN) with garnet-structured ceramic (Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂, LLZO) particles was infused into a thin cellulose membrane, which was used as a mechanical framework, and subsequently solidified by using UV-irradiation. The CI-PCCE exhibited good flexibility and a high room-temperature ionic conductivity of over 10^-3 S cm^-1. The Li symmetric cell assembled with CI-PCCE provided enhanced durability against Li dendrite penetration through the solid electrolyte (SE) layer than those with LLZO-free PCCEs and exhibited long-term cycling stability (over 200 h) for Li plating/stripping. The enhanced Li⁺ transference number and lower interfacial resistance of CI-PCCE indicate that the ceramic-polymer composite layer in contact with the Li anode enabled the uniform distribution of Li⁺ flux at the interface between the Li metal and CI-PCCE, thereby promoting uniform Li plating/stripping. Consequently, the Li//LiFePO₄ (LFP) full cell constructed with CI-PCCE demonstrated superior rate capability (~120 mAh g^-1 at 2 C) and stable cycle performance (80% after 100 cycles) than those with ceramic-free PCCE.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.261-266
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• 2010

미토콘드리아에서 생성하는 ATP는 미토콘드리아의 속막에 존재하는 전자전달계 효소(electron transferase)에 의해 생성되며, 이러한 전자전달계 효소는 복합체 I, II, III, IV, V로 구성되어 있다고 알려져 있다. ATP는 ATPase에 의해 생성되며, ATPase는 $F_0$와 $F_1$ 소복합체로 구성되어 있다. 미토콘드리아의 외막에는 Porin 또는 VDAC(voltage-dependent anion-selective channel)이라고 알려져 있는 미세한 구멍 형태의 단백질이 존재하며, 세포질에 존재하는 succinate, malate, ATP와 같은 음전하용질 또는 전자를 선택적으로 통과시키는 역할을 수행하는 것으로 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 소의 심근 미토콘드리아에 존재하고 있는 porin과 ATPase의 기능과 분포의 관계를 알아보기 위하여, porin과 ATPase Ⅴ-${\beta}$ 항체를 면역반응법을 이용한 광학현미경과 이중면역반응법을 이용한 형광현미경으로 확인하고, 심근 미토콘드리아의 두 단백질 분포를 면역황금표지법을 이용한 전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 미토콘드리아에서 porin 항체에 대한 미토콘드리아 조직항원의 발색은 조직내에서 전반적으로 관찰할 수 있었으며, ATPase 항체에 대한 조직항원의 발색은 세로면에서 관찰되었다. 이중면역응법에서 porin 항체와 ATPase는 각각 다른 조직에서 발색이 관찰되거나, 같은 조직 내에서 관찰되었다. 면역황금표지법에서 porin 항체는 미토콘드리아의 바깥막에서 황금입자가 표지된 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, ATPase는 미토콘드리아의 속막에서 황금입자가 표지된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 ATPase 항체가 황금입자로 표지되지 않은 미토콘드리아도 확인되었다. 이러한 결과로 porin 항체와 ATPase 항체는 미토콘드리아의 바깥막과 속막에 각각 분포양상을 확인하였다. porin 항체의 발색으로 인한 조직 내의 미토콘드리아가 존재하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, ATPase 항체의 발색으로 인한 ATP를 생성하는 미토콘드리아를 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만 porin 항체의 반응으로 확인된 미토콘드리아가 반드시 ATP를 생성하는 것은 아니라는 것을 추측할 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.329-337
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• 1989

Cardiac muscles show stimulation frequency-dependent tension changes i.e. Bowditch phenomenon and Woodworth phenomenon, the former is an increase of tension with the increase of stimulation frequency, whereas the latter is an increase of tension with a decrease of stimulation frequency. Bowditch phenomenon is seen in the range of frequency 1.0 cps and above, and Woodworth phenomenon below the frequency 1.0 cps in the most of mammalian cardiac atrium. To throw some light on the possible mechanism of both phenomena in rat atrium, influences of drugs affecting $Ca^{2+}$ influx through the plasma membrane $(verapamil,\;La^{3+},\;norepinephrine)$ and $Ca^{2+}$ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) on frequency-tension curve were studied. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) At low temperature $(27.5^{\circ}C)$, both Bowditch and Woodworth phenomenon were demonstrated. But Bowditch phenomenon disappeared at the temperature above $(32.5^{\circ}C)$. 2) At $(27.5^{\circ}C)$, in the presence of verapamil, a $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, a time course of change in the frequency-tension was studied. It was found that Bowditch phenomenon was affected before the Woodworth phenomenon, then the former was completely disappeared. At $(32.5^{\circ}C)$, where no Bow-ditch is seen in normal atrial muscle, Bowditch phenomenon was reappeared by an administration of norepinephrine suggesting again that slow inward current of such as $Ca^{2+}$ channel is closely related to Bowditch phenomenon. 3) At $27.5^{\circ}C$, in the presence of $La^{3+}$, although tensions were decreased at all stimulation frequencies, Bowditch and Woodworth phenomenon were still demonstrated. However in the presence of both $La^{3+}$ and verapamil, Bowditch phenomena was disappeared suggesting that $La^{3+}$ is less effective in blocking $Ca^{2+}$ channel than verapamil. 4) At $27.5^{\circ}C$, in the presence of ryanodine, an inhibitor of calcium release from SR, Woodworth phenomenon was disappeared, which was consistent with previous reports of others, suggesting that $Ca^{2+}$ release from SR is closely related to Woodworth phenomenon. From the above findings, it may be concluded that Bowditch phenomenon is dependent on the magnitude of $Ca^{2+}$ influx through slow channel and Woodworth phenomenon is dependent on the amount of $Ca^{2+}$ stored in SR.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2009년도 학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.1637-1641
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• 2009

본 연구는 막공정을 이용하는 수처리기술에 있어서 최대 난점 중의 하나인 fouling 현상을 억제하기 위하여 여과방향의 반대방향에서 여과수를 지속적으로 분사하여 줌으로써 여과와 세정이 동시에 일어나는 동시세정방식을 평가하기 위한 것이다. 실험은 성균관대학교 환경플랜트 내에 pilot 실험지를 조성하여 실시하였으며, 실험원수는 오수처리방류수를 저류하는 연못수와 오수원수를 혼합하여 농도를 조절한 후에 저농도와 고농도 조건에서 실험을 실시하였다. 저농도 조건(SS 10$\sim$20 mg/L)에서는 연못의 HRT를 고려하여 일일 5시간 씩 8일간 가동하였고, 고농도 조건(SS 200 mg/L 이상)에서는 8시간씩 가동하였다. 저농도의 경우에는 가동기간 중 배수가 일어나지 않았고, 일일 운전 종료 후 유지관리를 위한 강제배수만 실시하였다. 고농도에서는 초기에 배수가 짧은 term으로 자주 일어났지만, 20분 이상의 비교적 긴 여과지속시간을 유지하였고 유입수 농도가 낮아지면서 배수타임이 점점 늘어나는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 동시세정방식에 의한 여과기술에 있어 유입수 농도가 fouling 발생빈도에 크게 영향을 미친다는 것을 의미하며, $5\;{\mu}m$의 미세막에서도 고농도 운전이 가능하다는 사실을 보여준다. 동시세정방식은 Rum Filter의 fouling을 억제하고 지속적인 운전을 가능하게 해주는 핵심기술이다. 세정 시 세정압력설정은 매우 중요한 운전인자 중 하나인데, 세정압력이 너무 클 경우에는 소요되는 동력이 많아져 효율적인 설계 및 운전에 장애요인이 될 수 있고, 너무 낮을 경우에는 세정이 제대로 되지 않고 여과막 내부와 외부의 압력차를 크게 가져와 배수타임이 빨라지는 결과를 초래한다. 따라서 적절한 세정압력을 파악하고 설정하기 위하여 세정압력을 변화시켜가면서 이에 따른 차압의 변화를 관측하여 보았다. 여과막의 공극과 세정압력에 변화를 주면서 실험을 한 결과, 세정압력이 커지면 여과막에 작용하는 부하가 약간 증가하는 것으로 나타났지만, 그 차이가 $0.02\;kg_f/cm^2$으로 나타나, $4.0\;kg_f/cm^2$ 이상의 세정압력에서 적용이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 유입유량을 설정하기 위하여 $4.5\;kg_f/cm^2$의 세정압력을 유지한 상태로 유입유량을 점진적으로 증가시키면서 압력의 변화를 관측하였다. $5\;{\mu}m$에서는 180 LPM 및 200 LPM에서, $8\;{\mu}m$에서는 200 LPM에서 자체적으로 설정한 배수차압 상승분인 $0.1\;kg_f/cm^2$를 초과한 것으로 나타났고, $10\;{\mu}m$ 이상에서는 모두 200 LPM이상 처리해도 배수압력에 걸리지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 현재 본 시스템에 적용하고 있는 유입유량 기준치를 2배 이상 상회하는 결과로서 추가적인 실험을 통하여 기존 여과기술보다 여과지속시간이길고, 여과 flux가 높은 기술을 개발할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2017

기후변화를 대비하여 국내 수자원 확보를 위한 해수담수화 플랜트의 필요성이 점차 높아지고 있어 향후 해수담수화 플랜트 건설시 경제적 판단의 근간이 될 수 있는 자료의 필요성도 또한 높아졌다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 해수담수화 플랜트 설치가 가능한 지역, 인천, 대산, 여수, 부산, 울산, 속초시를 대상으로 생산수 단가를 추정하여, 향후 플랜트 건설시 참고 자료로 활용이 가능하도록 제안하고자 하였다. 동해바다를 취수원으로 하는 속초와 울산시 생산수 단가는 부산과 여수시의 단가와 유사하였으나, 서해바다를 취수원으로 하는 인천과 대산에 비해 취수시설 건설비용 저감으로 인하여 비교적 경제적인 생산수 단가 범위를 나타내었다. 염도 조건은 비교적 유사하여 생산수 단가에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 사료되나, 계절별 수온 차에 의한 영향은 역삼투막의 생산수량 차이에 의해 높게 나타날 것으로 사료되었다. 가장 크게 생산수 단가에 영향을 미치는 요소는 생애주기 분석 시 적용되는 감가상각 연수와 플랜트 용량이었으며, 인천과 대산의 경우 감가상각 연수에 따라 최대 29%, 플랜트 용량에 따라 22%까지 차이가 발생하였다. 그러나 본 연구에서 추정된 생산수 단가는 간접비 등을 고려하지 않은 것으로 국내에서 생산할 수 있는 최소한의 단가로 고려되었으며, 실질적인 공사 시에는 제시된 생산수 단가보다 증가될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of NaCl concentration on the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth characteristics of Crepidiastrum sonchifolium. Methods and Results: As treatments, we subjected C. sonchifolium plants to four different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 200 mM). We found that the photosynthetic parameters maximum photosynthesis rate (P_{N max}), net apparent quantum yield (Φ), maximum carboxylation rate (V_cmax), and maximum electron transport rate (J_max) were significantly reduced at an NaCl concentration greater than 100 mM. In contrast, there was an increase in water-use efficiency with increasing NaCl concentration, although in terms of growth performances, leaf dry weight, root dry weight, stem length, and total dry weight all decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. Furthermore, leakage of electrolytes, as a consequence of cell membrane damage, clearly increased in response to an increase in NaCl concentration. Analysis of the polyphasic elevation of chlorophyll a fluorescence transients (OKJIP) revealed marked decrease in flux ratios (Φ_PO, Ψ_O and Φ_EO) and the PI_abs, performance index in response to treatment with 200 mM NaCl, thereby reflectings the relatively reduced state of photosystem II. This increase in fluorescence could be due to a reduction in electron transport beyond Q^-_A. We thus found that the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth characteristics of C. sonchifolium significantly increased in response to treatment with 200 mM NaCl. Conclusions: Collectively, the findings of this study indicate that C. sonchifolium shows relatively low sensitivity to NaCl stress, although photosynthetic activity was markedly reduced in plants exposed to 200 mM NaCl.