• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.346-351
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• 2017

This study was planned considering the chain length, hydrophilicity, and hydrophobicity of the additives to be used in the polymerization, while various ophthalmic lenses that use various additives with similar water contents were manufactured before their optical and physical properties were compared and analyzed. With regard to the additives required for manufacturing high-, medium-, and low-water content lens groups, HEA (hydroxyethyl acrylate), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), and NMV(N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide) were used as additives for preparing the high-water content lens group, HEMA(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), HPMA(hydroxypropyl methacrylate) and BD(1,4-butanediol) were used for the medium-water content lens group. For the low-water content lens group, BMA(buthyl methacrylate), BDDA(1,4-butanediol diacrylate), and Bis-GMA(bisphenol A glycerolate diacrylate) were used, respectively. The average water content of HEA was 40.14%; that of PVP, 39.63%; and that of NMV, 40.52%. The mean of water content was 35.92% for HEMA, 35.74% for BD, and 34.62% for HPMA. For the low-water content lens group, the mean of water content was 26.69% for BMA, 27.76% for BDDA, and 26.14% for Bis-GMA. With regard to the results of the water content measurement using a moisture analyzer, the average water content of the high-water content lens group was 41.34% for HEA, 42.62% for PVP, and 42.73% for NMV. Finally, for the low-water content lens group, the average water content was 28.62% for BMA, 28.82% for BDDA, and 28.32% for Bis-GMA. The measurements of the water contents of the lenses using the two methods showed that the water content and refractive index of the lenses were similar in all the lens groups. The measurements of the contact angles, however, showed a different wettability value for each lens with a similar water content. Also, the change tendency of the lens curvature according to the change of time showed that the change amount became larger and the recovery time became longer from the lens samples with a lower water content to those with a higher water content. Based on these results that will be helpful for the study of ophthalmic lenses.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.672-677
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• 2008

In order to explore the anti-oxidization effect of oriental medicine and cereal medium(OCM) where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured, measurement of hot water extract and UMPM(extraction method using ultra sonic waves, micro waves, micro bubble) extract, the total polyphenol content of crude polysaccharide from each extract, SOD-like activity, electron donating ability(EDA), xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was conducted. The total polyphenol content of each extract was found to be 16.36% for hot water extract(HE) group and 15.73% for UMPM extract(UE) group and the amount of crude polysaccharide precipitated into ethanol of extracts was found to be 8.79% for UMPM ethanol extract(UEE) group and 6.48% for hot water ethanol extract(HEE) group. As a result of measurement of SOD-like activity by concentration of each extract, it was found to be 96.17% for UE group, 91.23% for HE group, 91.33% for UEE group, and 87.11% for HEE group at 20 mg/mL. In the case of EDA, it was found to be 47.55% for UE group, 44.93% for HE group, 25.38% for UEE group, and 18.36% for HEE group. And in the cases of the rates of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, as the concentration of each extract increased, the inhibition rate increased accordingly. As a result of comparison between hot water extract method and UMPM extract method using extracts obtained from oriental medicine compound medium where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured, all of the extracts were judged to have a high anti-oxidization effect. In particular, UMPM extracts were found to have higher polyphenol content, SOD-like activity, EDA, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity compared to hot water extract method. In this regard, extracts obtained from OCM where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured are considered to have high availability as functional material when and if they are prepared using UMPM extract method.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1996

We have prepared diamine-benzoquinone polymer which was known to excellent water proofing, high adhesion strength and good anti-corrosive effect, and have investigate with the possibility of application as a high performance resin for coatings. First of all, the reactivity of diamine-benzoquinone has been described an example of polymer reaction with research trend. The polymer reaction was divided into the polymerization with several diamine-benzoquinone and urethane group. The synthetic resin was shown a high solubility. In case of polymer containing urethane, water absorption content, water proofing and mechanical properties were controlled with the content, water proofing and mechanical properties were controlled with the content of quinone. It was shown that an use of choice was a possible result for various coatings. Diamine-quinone polymer can be used as a new resin for coatings. In addition, the polymer containing a functional group was shown a useful applicability as a high performance resin.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.162-184
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• 1983

The sodium amuounts of 35 food items and of the city supplied tap water in Seoul area were analyzed ay the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The Korean food exchange lists for the sodium resricted diets were developed from the available data and the ones newly obtained in this research. The food exchange lists provided in this research is compiled from (1) Milk group (2) Vegetable groups : A with the carbhydrate content of 0-4.9% and -B with that of 5.0-14.9% (3) Fruit group (4 ) Grains and starch food group (5) Meat groups : -Low fat meat and protein foods with the fat content of 0-3.0gm ; -Medium fat meat and protein foods with that of 5.0gm and : -High fat meat and protein foods with that of 8.0gm and (6) Fat group. Lists of sweets, alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages and seasonings and condiments were also provided with the amount of sodium they contain in portions commonly used. The research described in this report was supported by the Grant from the Department of Education.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 1995

A human hepatoma cell line, hep G2, was used to investigate the mechanism of serum cholesterol reduction by ginseng total saponin, ginsenoside-$Rb_1$, - $Rb_2$, and non-saponin fraction (ether extraction). Hep G2 cells were incubated in 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of cholesterol containing serum free-RPMl1640 medium with various concentration of ginseng components. The amounts of cholesterol in Hep G2 cells were decreased to maximum 51% in total saponin or two ginsenoside-treated groups while there was 137% increase in cholesterol level of control group as compared with that of normal group. Nonsaponin groups did not show the same effect. In order to elucidate the observed changes in the amount of cholesterol, the activity of amyl CoA : cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in groups showing remarkable reduction in cholesterol amount, i.e., total saponin 10-6%, ginsenoside-$Rb_1$ $10^{-4}$%, ginsenoside-$Rb_2$, $10^{-4}$%, and non-saponin fraction $10^{-4}$%, was assayed using [1-$^{-14}C$%]oleic acid as enzyme substrate. The activity of ACAT was increased in all groups tested as compared with that of control group except for non-saponin group cultured in water soluble cholesterol containing medium. The serum cholesterol lowering effects of ginseng components can partially be attributed to the increased hepatocellular ACAT activity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.415-422
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• 2019

Rhodosporidium toruloides has been known as an in vitro model of fat metabolism. The purpose of this study is to identify the triglyceride inhibitory effects of hot water extracts from beetroot using R. toruloides. The triglyceride content of oleaginous yeast cultured from YPD culture medium were regulated by treatment of beet root hot water and ethanol extract, respectively. In addition, the number of cells in the oleaginous yeast was 10.48, 8.46, 12.40, 12.80 and $8.24{\times}10^3cell/mL$. The treatment of hot water extract of beet root increased total lipid content of oleaginous yeast in dose dependently. Moreover, the triglyceride content of oleaginous yeast was decreased by hot water extract of beet root extract, respectively. The fat droplet in the oleaginous yeast decreased according to the concentration of hot water extracts from beetroot. The ratio of increase in the number of cells in the oleaginous yeast were increased dose-dependently by treatment of hot water extract from beetroot compared with control group. The free fatty acid and total carotenoid contents were increased concentration-dependently by treatment of hot water extracts from beetroot. These study results indicate that hot water extracts from beetroot has a triglyceride inhibitory effects.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.640-646
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• 2018

Cassia obtusifolia L. is commonly used as medicinal foods to treat gastrointestinal disease in many countries. This study evaluated the anti-constipation effects of ethanolic extract of Cassia obtusifolia L. in rats with loperamide-induced constipation. Diffferent concentrations of ethanolic extract of Cassia obtusifolia L. (0, 10, 250, and 500 mg/kg) was administered to rat orally once daily for 3 weeks following loperamide treatment. Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (N=25) were randomly divided into five groups: normal control and experimental groups and injected loperamide intraperitoneally to induce constipation in the latter four experimental groups. Following the induction of loperamide-induced constipation, a marked decrease was observed in the fecal weight and water content discharged for over 1 week and intestinal transit time while an increase was observed in the number of fecal pellets remaining in the colonic lumen as compared with the normal control group. These conditions were significantly alleviated following the administration of the two doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of Cassia obtusifolia L. when compared to the loperamide-treated (constipation control) group. More specifically, the number of fecal pellets in the colon was 3, 5, 4, 2.8, and 1.2 in the five groups, respectively and the corresponding GIT ratio was 70.77, 56.59, 58.67, 66.81, and 72.10%, respectively. The fecal water content, transit distance, and GIT ratio in the high-dose treatment group were significantly higher than that in the medium-dose treatment group, but a significant decrease in the number of fecal pellets in the colon. In conclusion, the Cassia obtusifolia L. extract is suggested to have beneficial effects as a therapeutic and preventive strategy to alleviate constipation and to relieve the symptoms of constipation such as pain, flatulence, distention, bloating, and unpleasant taste.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.76-82
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• 2012

Stamens of Mesua ferrea L. are a well-known herbal drug used in Indian System of Traditional Medicine to treat various diseases. The claimed activity of this plant part is necessitated to investigate antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity. Authenticated plant sample was extracted with hexane, ethanol (EtOH) and water (aq.) using ASE 100 accelerated solvent extractor. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by means of different in vitro assays. Hepatoprotective effect was investigated on carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress in liver slice culture model. Cytotoxic marker lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released in culture medium and the activity of lipid peroxidation along with antioxidant enzymes (AOEs) namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) were estimated. Hexane and EtOH extracts were significantly inhibited DPPH, NO, SOD and $ABTS^+$ radical in dose dependent manner. The trade of phenol content was: aq. extract < hexane extract < EtOH extract. A significant correlation was shown by total phenol content and free radical scavenging activity of extracts. The culture system treated with hexane extract, EtOH extract or ascorbic acid exhibited significant depletion in LDH, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes SOD, CAT and GR. Hexane extract and EtOH extracts of stamen of M. ferrea protected liver slice culture cells by alleviating oxidative stress induced damage to liver cells.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.23.1-23.16
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• 2023

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder (FBD). Objectives: To assess the therapeutic effects of paeoniflorin (PF) on IBS in rats. Method: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal, model, positive drug, low-dose PF, medium-dose PF and high-dose PF groups (n = 10). After gavage for 2 consecutive weeks, the effect of PF on abdominal pain symptoms was assessed based on the abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score, fecal water content and pathological changes in colon tissues. D-lactate, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB) p65 was detected by Western blotting. The abundance and diversity changes of intestinal flora were explored using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Result: In PF groups, the mucosal morphology of colon tissues was intact, and the glands were arranged neatly and structured clearly, without obvious inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with the model group, PF groups had significantly elevated pain threshold, and mRNA and protein levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, decreased AWR score at 20 mmHg pressure, fecal water content, mRNA levels of IL-1β, TGF-β, and TNF-α, protein level of p-NF-κB p65 and level of serum D-lactate, and reduced levels of serum IL-1β, TGF-β, and TNF-α (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). PF groups had higher abundance of Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Alistipes, and Bacteroides, but lower abundance of Desulfovibrio, Parasutterella, and Enterococcus than those of the model group. Conclusions: PF exerts therapeutic effects on IBS in rats probably by regulating the intestinal flora, and then up-regulating the expressions of ZO-1 and occludin in colon tissue while down-regulating the levels of IL-1β, TGF-β, TNF-α, D-lactate and p-NF-κB p65.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 2010

Cytotoxicity of cadmium on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts was utilized in order to discover antitoxic compound in Galgeuntang extract in this study. Treatment groups were chosen as follows; control (medium only), $MTT_{50}$ group and five experimental groups. MTT {3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide} method was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of cell organelles and $IC_{50}$ was also measured. Accordingly we have examined the detoxification effects of Galgeuntang extract on cadmium-treated NIH 3T3 fibroblasts to observe morphological changes by the light microscopy. Galgeuntang extract showed cytoprotective effects on cadmium-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Galgeuntang showed a dose-dependency in detoxication. The phenolic content of Galgeuntang ethanol extract was higher than that of water content. These results suggest that Galgeuntang extract may be used as a cytoprotective agent against cadmium (II)-mediated cytotoxicity.