• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.37-46
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• 2011

Time synchronization plays an important role in mobile communication systems, particularly, when an accurate time-division mechanism among the communication entities is required. We present a new time synchronization algorithm for a wireless mobile ad-hoc network assuming that communication link is managed by a time-slot reservation-based medium access control protocol. The central idea is to reduce time synchronization packet collisions by exploiting the advantages found in reference broadcasting. In addition, we adopt a sophisticated clock updating scheme to ensure the time synchronization convergence. To verify the performance of our algorithm, a set of network simulations has been performed under various mobile ad-hoc network scenarios using the OPNET. The results obtained from the simulations show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional TSF method in terms of synchronization accuracy and convergence time.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.257-263
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• 2006

With the ever increasing demand for data communication methods, powerline communication has become in interesting alternative method for data communication in home networking. For the purpose of home safety, several sensors will be installed at door, windows, gas alarm, etc. When considering home networking, the sensor data as well as other types of data should be supported in powerline communication. Usually the sensor data do not have priority over isochronous traffics (voice, video traffic), but in the case of urgent situation at home, the data of sensor being aware of the situation should be transmitted earlier than others. The objective in this paper is to develop a method for supporting an urgent data in home networking using powerline communication. We propose a modified algorithm of HomePlug 1.0 and show the results of computer simulation.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.777-781
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• 2004

This paper presents an algorithm for multichannel slotted-ring topology medium access protocol (MAC) using in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. In multichannel ring, there are two main previously proposed architectures: Tunable Transmitter - Fixed Receiver (TTFR) and Fixed Transmitter - Tunable Receivers (FTTR). With TTFR, nodes can only receive packets on a fixed wavelength and can send packets on any wavelengths related to destination of packets. Disadvantage of this architecture is required as many wavelengths as there are nodes in the network. This is clearly a scalability limitation. In contrast, FTTR architecture has advantage that the number of nodes can be much larger than the number of wavelength. Source nodes send packet on a fixed channel (or wavelength) and destination nodes can received packets on any wavelength. If there are fewer wavelengths than there are nodes in the network, the nodes will also have to share all the wavelengths available for transmission. However the fixed wavelength approach of TTFR and FTTR bring low network utilization. Because source node with waiting data have to wait for an incoming empty slot on corresponding wavelength. Therefore this paper presents Tunable Transmitter - Tunable Receiver (TTTR) approach, in which the transmitting node can send a packet over any wavelengths and the receiving node can receive a packet from any wavelengths. Moreover, the self-similar distributed input traffic is used for evaluation of the performance of the proposed algorithm. The self-similar traffic performs better performance over long duration than short duration of the Poison distribution. In order to increase bandwidth efficiency, the Destination Stripping approach is used to mark the slot which has already reached the desired destination as an empty slot immediately at the destination node, so the slot does not need to go back to the source node to be marked as an empty slot as in the Source Stripping approach. MATLAB simulator is used to evaluate performance of FTTR, TTFR, and TTTR over 4 and 16 nodes ring network. From the simulation result, it is clear that the proposed algorithm overcomes higher network utilization and average throughput per node, and reduces the average queuing delay. With future works, mathematical analysis of those algorithms will be the main research topic.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.532-543
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• 2004

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANET) consist of mobile nodes which are usually powered by battery Approaches for minimizing power consumption have been proposed for all network layers and devices. IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordination Function), a well-known medium access control protocol for MANETS, also defines a power save mode operation. The nodes in power save mode periodically repeat the awake state and the doze state in synchronized fashion. When all nodes are in the awake state, the exchange the announcements for the subsequent message transmission with neighbors. The nodes that send or receive the announcements stay awake for data transmission, and others go into the dole state. The previous works for enhancing the power save mode operation have focused on shortening the duration of the awake state. We observed that the longer sleeping period results in seriously long delivery latency and the consequent unnecessary power consumption as well, because the packets can move forward only one hop for a fixed interval. In this paper, we propose an improved protocol for the power save mode of IEEE 802.11 DCF, which allows the flooding packets to be forwarded several hops in a transmission period. Our approach does not reduce the duration of compulsory awake period, but maximizes its utilization. Each node propagates the announcements for next flooding to nodes of several hops away, thus the packets can travel multiple hops during one interval. Simulation results of comparison between our scheme and the standard show a reduction in flooding delay maximum 80%, and the unicasting latency with accompanying flooding flows near 50%, with slight increase of energy consumption.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1631-1636
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• 2015

With the advance of wireless communication technology in terrestrial area, underwater communication is also evolving very fast from a simple point-to-point transmission to an elaborate networked communications. Underwater acoustic channel has quite different features comparing with the terrestrial radio channel in terms of propagation delay, Doppler shift, multipath, and path loss. Thus, existing technologies developed for terrestrial communication might not work properly in underwater channel. Especially medium access control (MAC) protocols which highly depend on propagation phenomenon should be newly designed for underwater network. CSMA/CA has drawn lots of attention as a candidate of underwater MAC protocol, since it is able to resolve a packet collision and the hidden node problem. However, a received signal could be degraded by the interferences from the nodes locating outside the receiver's propagation radius. In this paper, we study the effects of interference on the CSMA/CA based underwater network. We derived the SNR with the interference using the sonar equation and analyzed the degradation of the RTS/CTS effects. These results are compared with the terrestrial results to understand the differences. Finally we summarized the design considerations in CSMA/CA based underwater network.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.741-753
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• 2008

This paper explores the throughput performance of CSMA/CA-based DCF protocol over both ideal channels and fading channels with payload size at the MAC layer in the 802.11a wireless LAN. In the ideal channel, there are no errors and at the transmission cycle there is one and only one active station which always has a packet to send and other stations can only accept packets and provide acknowledgements. In the fading channel, bit errors appear in the channel randomly and the number of stations is assumed to be fixed. And each station always has packets for transmission. In other words, we operate in saturation conditions. Up to now conventional research work about DCF throughput analysis of IEEE 802.11 a wireless LAN has been done over the ideal channel, but this paper is done over the Rayleigh/Ricean fading channel. So, the ratio of received average energy per bit-to-noise power spectral density $E_b/N_o$ is set to 25 dB and the ratio of direct-to-diffuse signal power in each sub-channel $\xi$ is set to 6 for combined Rayleigh/Ricean fading channel. In conclusion, it is shown that the saturation throughput is always less than the maximum throughput at all the payload size and the higher the transmission rate be, the higher the decreasing rate of saturation throughput compared to the maximum throughput be.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.185-191
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• 2015

This paper suggest the safety class communication board in order to design the safety network of the nuclear safety class controller. The reactor protection system use the digitized networks because from analog system to digital system. The communication board shall be provided to pass the required performance and test of the safety class in the digital network used in the nuclear safety class. Communication protocol is composed of physical layer(PHY), data link layer(MAC: Medium Access Control), the application layer in the OSI 7 layer only. The data link layer data package for the cyber security has changed. CRC32 were used for data quality and the using one way communication, not requests and not responses for receiving data, does not affect the nuclear safety system. It has been designed in accordance with requirements, design, verification and procedure for the approving the nuclear safety class. For hardware verification such as electromagnetic test, aging test, inspection, burn-in test, seismic test and environmental test in was performed. FPGA firmware to verify compliance with the life-cycle of IEEE 1074 was performed by the component testing and integration testing.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.409-414
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• 2008

In mobile ad hoc networks, most of on demand routing protocols such as DSR and AODV do not deal with traffic load during the route discovery procedure. To solve the congestion and achieve load balancing, many protocols have been proposed. However, the existing load balancing schemes has only considered avoiding the congested route in the route discovery procedure or finding an alternative route path during a communication session. To mitigate this problem, we have proposed a new scheme which considers the packet bursting mechanism in congested nodes. The proposed packet bursting scheme, which is originally introduced in IEEE 802.11e QoS specification, is to transmit multiple packets right after channel acquisition. Thus, congested nodes can forward buffered packets promptly and minimize bottleneck situation. Each node begins to transmit packets in normal mode whenever its congested status is dissolved. We also propose two threshold values to define exact overloaded status adaptively; one is interface queue length and the other is buffer occupancy time. Through an experimental simulation study, we have compared and contrasted our protocol with normal on demand routing protocols and showed that the proposed scheme is more efficient and effective especially when network traffic is heavily loaded.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1109-1119
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• 2009

WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network) standard is currently developing with increased wireless internet demand. Though existing IEEE 802.11e demonstrates that data rates exceed 54Mbps with assuring QoS(Quality of Service), wireless internet users can't be satisfied with real communication system. After IEEE 802.11e system, Study trends of IEEE 802.11n show two aspects, enhanced system throughput using aggregation among packets in MAC (Medium Access Control) layer, and better data rates adapting MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) in PHY(Physical) layer. But, no one demonstrates IEEE 802.11n system performance results considering MAC and PHY connection. Therefore, this paper adapts MIMO in PHY layer for IEEE 802.11n system based on A-MPDU(Aggregation-MAC Protocol Data Unit) method in MAC layer considering MAC and PHY connection. SVD(Singular Value Decomposition) method with WLAN MIMO TGn Channel is used to analyze MIMO. Consequently, Simulation results show enhanced throughput and data rates compared to existing system. Also, We use Ns-2(Network Simulator-2) considering MAC and PHY connection for reality.