• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.117-124
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• 2002

Anthropogenic changes have been made to the water budget for the Mediterranean Sea as a result of river diversion projects. The decrease in freshwater inflow to the Mediterranean represents an effective increase in the overall net evaporation over the basin. Hydraulic control models for the exchange between the Mediterranean and Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar predict that the salinity of the Mediterranean should increase if the net evaporation over the Mediterranean increases. Increases in the salinity of the deep waters in both the western and eastern Mediterranean basins have been observed. The causes of such higher deep water salinity are attributed to increases in intermediate water salinity which are ultimately mixed down into the deep sea during wintertime buoyancy loss events. The pattern of the Mediterranean salinity increase is instructive for understanding how the water mass properties in a basin change over time as a result of anthropogenic changes.

• ALGAE
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.175-193
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• 2021

This study provides the first report of the presence of Coolia malayensis in the Mediterranean Sea, co-occurring with C. monotis. Isolated strains from the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia (South-eastern Mediterranean) were identified by morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Examination by light and scanning electron microscopy revealed no significant morphological differences between the Tunisian isolates and other geographically distant strains of C. monotis and C. malayensis. Phylogenetic trees based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and D1-D3/28S rDNA sequences showed that C. monotis strains clustered with others from the Mediterranean and Atlantic whereas the C. malayensis isolate branched with isolates from the Pacific and the Atlantic, therefore revealing no geographical trend among C. monotis and C. malayensis populations. Ultrastructural analyses by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of numerous vesicles containing spirally coiled fibers in both C. malayensis and C. monotis cells, which we speculate to be involved in mucus production.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.345-354
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• 2002

The Sea road which is connected from the Gulf of Persia to Canton was completed by Arabs in the end of the eighth century. For the first time in history, the amount of goods by the sea route exceeds land route. In contrast with the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean was a sea of peace. Its western shores were under Muslim control, thus we find in this age a great expansion of commerce on the Indian Ocean. We trace the sea route to China in use in the middle of the ninth century. Also we find out that the outstanding feature of the medieval Arab ship of Indian Ocean are two: the manner in which planks of the hull sewn together, not nailed; and the fore-and-aft set of the sails.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.977-980
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• 2006

Ships and industries damage the delicate coastal ecosystem in many parts of the world by releasing oil or pollutants into rivers, coastal and offshore waters. After a tanker accident the biggest problem is to get a clear idea of the extent of the oil slick and predict the way it will move. For natural and man-made oil spills it is necessary to operate a regular and operational monitoring. In the Mediterranean, North and Baltic seas aircrafts or ships normally carry it out. This is expensive and is constrained by the limited availability of these resources, borders between countries, daylight hours, good weather conditions, etc. Satellite imagery can help greatly identifying probable spills over large areas and then guiding aerial surveys for precise observation of specific locations. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument, which can collect data almost independently of weather and light conditions, is an excellent tool to monitor and detect oil on water surfaces. SAR is currently on board the ENVISAT, ERS-2 and RADARSAT satellites. The application of this technology to the investigation of oil pollution in the Caspian, Black, Mediterranean, North and Baltic seas is shown.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.227-232
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• 2004

Hydrological and biological studies on ecosystems of the lakes 'etang de Berre' and 'etang de Vaime', the four rivers flowing into these lakes, and the Mediterranean Sea are carried out during the whole two-year period. The phytoplankton population of the lakes 'etang de Berre' and 'etang de Vaine' is larger than that of the seawater or freshwater populations of four neighbouring rivers. This is due to the increasing nutriments such as phosphate, nitrate, and silicate flowing into the lakes from the four rivers. The superfluous phytoplanktons in the lakes flow into the Mediterranean Sea via the Caronte Canal. Phytoplanktons multiplicated by phosphate of lake 'etang de Berre' can produce 10,160 tons of assimilated carbon per year, and those multiplicated by nitrate produce 18,450 tons of assimilated carbon per year. According to Steeman Nielsen's primary production estimation, phytoplanktons produce about 45,000 tons of carbon per year through assimilation in lake'4tang de Berre' and 10,000 tons of carbon per year in lake 'etang de Vaime'. The amount of carbon produced by phytoplanktons and the amount of phosphate, and nitrate are different according to the sea, river, and estuary.

• Atmosphere
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.311-318
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• 2020

Impacts on the atmospheric circulation and ocean system over the Mediterranean during boreal summer are investigated using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) historical simulations (from 1911 to 2005). As the climate warms, global and remote effects lead to a strengthening in descending motion, an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) and surface dryness, but a decrease in marine primary production over the Western Mediterranean. The global effect is estimated from interannual variability over the global mean SST and the remote effect is driven by diabatic forcing generated from the South and East Asian summer monsoons. On the other hand, a local contribution leads to the strengthened descending motion and increased surface dryness over the Eastern Mediterranean, whereas the marine primary production over this region tends to increase due to possibly the urban wastewater and sewage. Our result suggests that particular attention needs to be paid to conserve the marine ecosystem over the Mediterranean.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.37-46
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• 2020

The aim of this research is to analyze the concentration and deconcentration development of cruise ports in the Mediterranean area by utilizing the concentration ratio (CR), the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Gini coefficient, and shift share analysis (SSA). The results of analysis indicated a concentration trend in the West Mediterranean. The cruise ports located in Venice, Piraeus, Naples and Livrno in Adriatic and East Med region lost cruise passengers, while the those in West Mediterranean gained the passengers and showed the trend of concentration. This paper providing the shifting passengers among cruise ports that indicates the competitiveness of cruise ports for industrial stake holders to better understand the cruise ports such as tourist boards, ship agents, and port agents.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.35-81
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• 2016

The objective of this essay is to propose a cultural history of cosmography and cartography from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries. It focuses on some of the processes that characterized these fields of knowledge, using mainly western European sources. First, it elucidates the meaning that the term cosmography held during the period under consideration, and the scientific status that this composite field of knowledge enjoyed, pointing to the main processes that structured cosmography between the thirteenth century and the sixteenth century. I then move on to expound the circulation of cosmographic knowledge among Portugal, Venice and Lisbon in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This analysis will show how cartography and cosmography were produced at the interface of articulated commercial, diplomatic and scholarly networks; finally, the last part of the essay focuses on the specific and quite distinctive use of cosmography in fifteenth-century European culture: the representation of "geo-political" projects on the world through the reformulation of the very concepts of sea and maritime networks. This last topic will be developed through the study of Fra Mauro's mid-fifteenth-century visionary project about changing the world connectivity through the linking of several maritime and fluvial networks in the Indian Ocean, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean Sea basin, involving the circumnavigation of Africa. This unprecedented project was based on a variety of sources accumulated in the Mediterranean Sea basin as well as in Asia and in the Indian Ocean over the course of several centuries.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.399-403
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• 1998

Absorption coefficient per mass unit of particles, specific absorption coefficient, is one of main parameters in developing algorithms for ocean color remote sensing. Specific absorption coefficient of chlorophyll (a$^*_{ph}$) and suspended sediment (SS) were analyzed by "wet filter technique" and "Kishino method" for data sets observed in the Yellow and Mediterranean Seas. A new data-recovering method for the filter technique was also developed using spectrum slopes. This method recovered the baseline of spectrum that was often missed in the Kishino method. High a$^*_{ph}$($\lambda$) values in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea and low values in the Yellow Sea were observed, spanning over the range of 0.02 to 0.12 $m^2$/mg, at the chlorophyll maximum absorption wavelength 440nm. The empirical relationship between a$^*_{ph}$ and chlorophyll concentration was found to fit a power function, which was slightly different from that proposed by Bricaud et ai. (1995). Absorption specific coefficients for suspended sediment (a$^*_{SS}$) didn't show any relationship with concentrations of suspended sediment. However, the average value of a$^*_{SS}$ at 440nm was close to the specific absorption coefficient of soil (loess) measured by Ahn (1990). The more-pronounced variability of a$^*_{SS}$ than a$^*_{ph}$ perhaps can explain more wide range of size-distribution for SS, which were determined by their specific gravity and agitation of water mass in the sea surface.

• ALGAE
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.165-174
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• 2021

Radicilingua Papenfuss and Calonitophyllum Aregood are two small genera of the family Delesseriaceae that consist of only three and one taxonomically accepted species, respectively. The type species of these genera, Radicilingua thysanorhizans from England and Calonitophyllum medium from the Americas, are morphologically very similar, with the only recognized differences being vein size and procarp development. To date, only other two species were recognized inside the genus Radicilingua: R. adriatica and R. reptans. In this study, we analysed specimens of Radicilingua collected in the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (Mediterranean), including a syntype locality of R. adriatica (Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea), alongside material from near the type locality of R. thysanorhizans (Torpoint, Cornwall, UK). The sequences of the rbcL-5P gene fragment here produced represent the first molecular data available for the genus Radicilingua. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that the specimens from the Adriatic and Ionian Seas were genetically distinct from the Atlantic R. thysanorhizans, even if morphologically overlapping with this species. A detailed morphological description of the Mediterranean specimens, together with an accurate literature search, suggested that they were distinct also from R. adriatica and R. reptans. For these reasons, a new species was here described to encompass the Mediterranean specimens investigated in this study: R. mediterranea Wolf, Sciuto & Sfriso. Moreover, in the rbcL-5P tree, sequences of the genera Radicilingua and Calonitophyllum grouped in a well-supported clade, distinct from the other genera of the subfamily Nitophylloideae, leading us to propose that Calonitophyllum medium should be transferred to Radicilingua.