• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.177-198
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• 2011

Objectives : By analyzing and comparing indications, components and their doses of herb medicines, which were recorded in insomnia chapters of medical books, we examined historical changes and made clear documentary ground of medications. Methods : 1. 10 books which were noted in insomnia part of "The Eastern Medical Textbook of neuropsychiatry" and 13 books were mentioned in same part of "Uibujeonrok" were selected as reference. 2. We searched article database such as KISS, riss4U and journals issued by the Korean society of oriental neuropsychiatry. Finally, 39 books which were noted in 3 literature reviews, were chose as reference. 3. In reference books, we collected the herb medicines in chapters related to insomnia. 4. In case of no section associated with insomnia in books, we found prescriptions related to insomnia in whole chapters. 5. If the chief virtue of medication was not primarily for insomnia, we excluded applied or added herb medicines. 6. We classified prescriptions into small groups which had same name, and then rearranged them in chronological order. Results and Conclusions : 1. Banha-tang(banxiatang) of "Hwangjenaegyeong Youngchu" was the first-recorded prescription used for insomnia. 2. The chapter of insomnia appeared in "Chunkeumyobang" at first. 3. Ondam-tang(Wendantang) was most cited prescription in medical books. It was recorded totally 19 books from "Chunkeumyobang" to "Hyeoljeungron". 4. We suspects indications, components, dosage of medication of insomnia in Donguibogam were revised according to author's clinical experience and circumstances.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.327-335
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• 2007

This study was to evaluate economic impact of a comprehensive pharmaceutical care intervention provided by community pharmacists on drug-related morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, in a societal perspective. Clinical outcomes of pharmaceutical care included compliance increase, inappropriate medication discontinuation, and subsequent drug-related morbidity and mortality reduction. Economic outcomes included cost savings from direct medical costs reduction such as medication and healthcare resource utilization. Input costs for pharmaceutical care included pharmacist time and computerized prescription review supporting program costs. Model parameters of outcomes were derived from published literatures, and costs were from literatures and health insurance statistical data in Korea. Annual costs and benefits were estimated in the year 2005. Current usual care and standardized pharmaceutical care required 0.3 and 2.0 hours per year respectively, for elderly outpatient using average 4.4 prescription drugs per visit and average annual frequency of 17.8 pharmacy visits. Comprehensive pharmaceutical care provided to overall elderly outpatients at community pharmacies would have cost of \74,994 mil. and benefit of \357,002 mil. per year. Benefit:cost ratio was 4.8:1 and net benefit was \282,008 mil/year. It was corresponded to net benefit of \73,816/year for individual elderly patient. In addition, pharmaceutical care was estimated to reduce 1,531 drug-related deaths/year. Conclusively this study, a first attempt in Korea to evaluate an economic value of pharmaceutical care at community pharmacies, proved that it was a cost-effective intervention having significant economic benefit.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.169-179
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• 2004

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to research trends in the study of diabetes mellitus and to establish the future direction for its study. Methods : We reviewed oriental medicine papers published in the last twenty-three years(1980-2002). Results : 1. We researched 94 papers in 14 journals and the patterns of study were as follows: experimental studies were 53 (56.3%), reviewed studies were 20 (21.2%), clinical studies were 12 (12.7%) and case reports were 9 (9.8%). 2. The experimental studies (53) were divided into papers on efficiency testing of herbal medications (40) and acupuncture & moxibustion (13). 3. The reviewed studies showed that research has been carried out in the fields of cause, pathogenesis, principles for treating disease, acupuncture and moxibustion, herbal medication, exercise, and relation of sasang (사상) to diabetes mellitus. 4. The clinical studies showed that the research was carried out in the fields of follow up surveys for herbal medication efficiency testing, the relativity of diabetes mellitus to other diseases and sasang (사상). 5. In consequence of researching the case reports, there was no common prescription used meaningfully. Conclusions : We need more studies of diabetes mellitus by reaching for specific therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.43-46
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• 2008

Background and Objectives : Clinical suspicion and appropriate diagnostic procedures are essential for the timely management of extrapulmonary type of mycobacterial disease. In the hope of suggesting a suitable guideline for the early diagnosis of laryngeal tuberculosis, the authors reviewed their clinical pathways and the characteristics of patients with laryngeal tuberculosis who were managed in the recent 10 years at a single tertiary referral hospital, Samsung Medical Center. Subjects and Method : Retrospective chart review was performed for the 25 adult patients with laryngeal tuberculosis. Among 25 cases, 12 were pathologically confirmed by laryngeal biopsy and the other 13 were clinically diagnosed by cumulative clinical information; definite laryngitis on laryngoscopy, positive AFB (acid fast bacillus) smear/culture or active pulmonary tuberculosis on chest X-ray, and substantial response to anti-tuberculosis medication. Results : Chest X-ray revealed active pulmonary tuberculosis in 72% of patients (N=18/25). Sputum AFB smear/culture was positive in 95% of all tested patients (N=21/22) and in 100% of the tested patients who have stable or no evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (N=5/5). All patients except one who had coexisting laryngeal malignancy showed considerable improvement in their subjective symptoms and laryngeal findings within the first 2 months of anti-tuberculosis medications and they achieved complete response on subsequent sputum studies, chest X-ray and laryngeal findings after $7.0{\pm}2.3$ months of the medications. Conclusion : We suggest that chest X-ray and sputum AFB smear/culture to be the first step of work-up for the patients having laryngeal tuberculosis in suspicion since laryngeal tuberculosis is largely associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis and/or sputum AFB study offers high yield even in case of primary laryngeal tuberculosis. However laryngeal biopsy must be considered in case showing unsatisfactory response to the anti-tuberculosis medication for more than 2 months.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.99-114
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• 2020

Objectives : To investigate treatment approaches of psoriasis, and to provide universal and holistic standards to assist in optimizing patient care and future research. Methods : Review articles of psoriasis regarding pathophysiology, risk factor or treatment were searched from Pubmed (January 2016 to June 2020). Treatment approaches were investigated based on the searched articles. Additional data collecting was done for further discussion by searching Pubmed and Google scholar with keywords relevant to the approaches, and the relevant references of articles retrieved were manually inspected to be included. Results : Modalities to directly regulate the relevant helper T cell or inflammatory cytokines can constitute the treatment approaches of psoriasis. Modalities to treat gastrointestinal tract inflammation, to correct metabolic syndrome and to improve epidermal lipid abnormality via whole body lipid metabolism can also constitute the treatment approaches of psoriasis. Probable adverse effects of long term use of western medication should be addressed carefully, and alleviating the hazards of western medication can be a treatment approach of psoriasis. Conclusion : Treatment of psoriasis should take account of systemic aspects such as gastrointestinal tract and lipid metabolism. Treatment approaches of psoriasis established on the pathophysiological basis can serve as universal standards.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2017

Objectives : Atopic Dermatitis is a recurrent, chronic, allergic eczema with severe itching sensation. This study designed to research Sihocheonggan-tang & Sihocheonggan-san to find out treatability for atopic dermatitis. Methods : We got 14 search results with searching word '시호청간탕', '시호청간산' in 'OASIS', 'NDSL', 'RISS'. We classified these studies according to the type of study, diseases, treatment methods and treatment outcomes. Results : In the analysis of the diseases, Sihocheonggan-tang & Sihocheonggan-san was given for Eczema nummulare, Ermatitis seborrheica, Erythema multiforme, Eczema and Atopic dermatitis. In the analysis of the treatment methodes, the dosage form of Sihocheonggan-tang & Sihocheonggan-san was herbal medication, pill, granules and herbal medication & pill. In the analysis of the treatment outcomes, the symptoms of all patients were improved. In the experimental researches, it was proved that Sihocheonggan-tang & Sihocheonggan-san has effects that affect anti-inflammatory, skin protection and recovery of keratinocyte. Conclusions : For this study, we can consider Sihocheonggan-tang & Sihocheonggan-san is effective for atopic deramatitis. So, it is necessary to carry out clinical trial for Sihocheonggan-tang & Sihocheonggan-san in atopic dermatitis to evaluate safety and efficacy.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2021

This study was a retrospective descriptive study to identify frequency and change of palliative care provided for older patients with terminal stage of cardiopulmonary disease before and after life-sustaining treatment (LST) decision making. As a result of chart review of 124 older patients in a university hospital, oral analgesics medication, cold and hot therapy for pain management, antibiotics medication and urine culture for urinary infection, oral care, hair wash, and partial bath were provided significantly less after LST decision making. Provision of praying and relaxation therapy for pain control, oral and nasal care, and emotional care were not changed before and after LST decision making. Spiritual care was the least provided care. Therefore, non-pharmacological pain management, emotional care, and spiritual care need to be improved for older patients with terminal cardiopulmonary disease at the end of life.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the pre-emptive analgesic efficacy of injected ketorolac to that of other agents for impacted third molar surgical removal in a healthy population. PubMed, Ovid SP, Cochrane databases were filtered from 1980 to July 2020 for potential papers using relevant MeSH terms and pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria independently by reviewers. Studies that compared pre-emptive intramuscular or intravenous administration of ketorolac to other agents were evaluated. The outcomes sought were self-reported postoperative pain (patient-perceived pain), median duration for rescue analgesic medication, total number of analgesics consumed in the recovery period, and global assessment (overall patient satisfaction) after the recovery period. Six studies were included in the final evaluation. The outcome of pain perception and the number of analgesics taken were significantly lower in the ketorolac group (intramuscular or intravenous) in most of the studies (n=5) than in the group of other drugs. The mean time for rescue analgesia intake was higher for the ketorolac group, and global assessment scores were also better in the ketorolac group. Although the included studies show significantly better outcomes such as postoperative pain, median time taken for rescue medication, total number of analgesics taken, and overall patient satisfaction with injected ketorolac group in comparison to injected diclofenac, dexamethasone, and tramadol, definitive conclusions cannot be made regarding the superiority of injected Ketorolac as a pre-emptive agent. A greater number of randomized control trials with a proper protocol are needed to make definitive conclusions.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 2015

■ Objectives This study aimed to investigate the domestic research trend about Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS) treated with Traditional Korean Medicine(TKM). ■ Methods Searches of two major TKM databases were conducted for articles published up to July 2015. Searching keyword was "Lou Gehrig's disease" OR "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Studies dealt TKM for ALS were included. ■ Results 18 studies were met our inclusion criteria(two prospective studies, one retrospective study, one follow-up study, 14 case reports). Complex TKM intervention of herbal medication, acupuncture and pharmacopuncture was the most frequently used treatment. Individually, herbal medication was the most frequent followed by acupuncture. Short-term assessment showed improvement in ALS symptoms but long-term assessment showed progression of disease. Accessory symptoms including depression, anxiety and insomnia were improved in four studies. ■ Conclusion For more definite evidence, larger studies with long-term follow-up period are needed. Moreover, benefits that TKM can provide for ALS patients as a part of multi-disciplinary approach should be studied in depth.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.242-253
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• 2023

Background: Arrhythmia due to QT prolongation is one of the most serious adverse events with drug interactions in the elderly. This study aimed to examine the incidence of arrhythmia in Korean elderly patients who administered both cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates and inhibitors. Methods: Patients using CYP3A4 substrate and inhibitor were selected from the 2017 elderly patient dataset (the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service - Aged Population Sample). Selection criteria were patients with a medication possession ratio over 80%, medication duration of at least 7 days, and a follow-up period of 3 months or more. The patient's basic information is age, gender, health insurance type, and comorbidities. The top 50 drug pairs and comorbidity with high-incidence arrhythmia were presented. Results: In patients with drug combinations for over 7 days, there were 981 incidences of arrhythmia, and 351 incidences in those with combinations for over 30 days. The comorbidities of congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction had a significant association with incidence of arrhythmia. Among patients with 7 days or longer, the drug pairs [substrates-inhibitors] with significant adjusted odds ratio (aOR) were [propranolol-cimetidine] (aOR, 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.66-3.04). Among patients with 30 days or longer, the drug pairs with significant aOR were [tramadol-amiodarone] (aOR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.97-4.19). Conclusions: In elderly patients, the incidence of arrhythmia was high with drug interactions of CYP3A4 substrates and inhibitors. The comorbidity of congestive heart failure was the risk factor.