• 대한간호
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.52-67
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• 1989

True nursing care means total nursing care which includes physical, emotional and spiritual care. The modern nursing care has tendency to focus toward physical care and needs attention toward emotional and spiritual care. The total nursing care is mandatory for patients with terminal cancer and for this purpose, hospice care became emerged. Hospice case originated from the place or shelter for the travellers to Jerusalem in medieval stage. However, the meaning of modem hospice care became changed to total nursing care for dying patients. Modern hospice care has been developed in England, and spreaded to U.S.A. and Canada for the patients with terminal cancer. Nowaday, it became a part of nursing care and the concept of hospice care extended to the palliative care of the cancer patients. Recently, it was introduced to Korea and received attention as model of total nursing care. This study was attempted to assess the efficacy of hospice care. The purpose of this study was to prove a difference in terms of physical, emotional a d spiritual aspect between the group who received hospice care and who didn't receive hospice care. The subject for this study were 113 patients with advanced cancer who were hospitalized in the S different hospitals. 67 patients received hospice care in 4 different hospitals, and 46 patients didn't receive hospice care in another 4 different hospitals. The method of this study was the questionaire which was made through the descriptive study. The descriptive study was made by individual contact with 102 patients cf advanced cancer for 9 months period. The measurement tool for questionaire was made by author through the descriptive study, and included the personal religious orientation obtained from chung(originated R. Fleck) and 5 emotional stages before dying from Kubler Ross. The content ol questionaire consisted in 67 items which included 11 for general characteristics, 10 for related condition with cancer, 13 for wishes far physical therapy, 13 for emotional reactions and 20 for personal religious orientation. Data for this study was collected from Aug. 25 to Oct. 6 by author and 4 other nurse's who received education and training by author for the collection of data. The collected data were ana lysed using descriptive statistics, $X^2-test$, t-test and pearson correlation coefficient. Results of the study were as follows: "H.C Group" means the group of patient with cancer who received hospice care. "Non H.C Group" means the group of patient with cancer who did not receive hospice care. 1. There is a difference between H.C Group and Non H.C Group in term of the number of physical symptoms, subjective degree of pain sensation and pain control, subjective beliefs in physical cure, emotional reaction, help of present emotional and spiritual care from other personal, needs of emotional and spiritual care in future, selection of treatment method by patients and personal religious orientation. 2. The comparison of H.C Group and Non H.C Group 1) There is no difference in wishes for physical therapy between two groups(p=.522). Among Non H.C Group, a group, who didn't receive traditional therapy and herb medicine was higher than a group who received these in degree of belief that the traditional therapy and herb medicine can cure their disease, and this result was higher in comparison to H.C Group(p=.025, p=.050). 2) Non H.C Group was higher than H.C Group in degree of emotional reaction(p=.050). H.C Group was higher than Non H.C Group in denial and acceptant stage among 5 different emotional stages before dying described by Kubler Ross, especially among the patient who had disease more than 13 months(p=.0069, p=.0198). 3) Non H.C Group was higher than H. C Group in demanding more emotional and spiritual care to doctor, nurse, family and pastor(p=. 010). 4) Non H.C Group was higher than H.C Group in demanding more emotional and spiritual care to each individual of doctor, nurse and family (p=.0110, p=.0029, P=. 0053). 5) H.C Group was higher th2.n Non H.C Group in degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and intrinsic belief orientation of personal religious orientation(p=.034, p=.026). 6) In H.C Group and Non H.C Group, the degree of emotional demanding of christians was significantly higher than non christians to doctor, nurse, family and pastor(p=. 000, p=.035). 7) In H.C Group there were significant positive correlations as following; (1) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and: the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation in personal religious orientation(r=. 5512, p=.000). (2) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse. family & pastor and the degree of intrinsic belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.4795, p=.000). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and the degree of intrinsic: belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.8986, p=.000). (4) Between the degree of extrinsic religious orientation and the degree of consensus religious orientation in personal religious orientation (r=. 2640, p=.015). In H.C. Group there were significant negative correlations as following; (1) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation (r=-.4218, p=.000). (2) Between the degree or intrinsic behavior orientation and consensus religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 4597, p=.000). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic belief orientations and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-.4388, p=.000). (4) Between the degree of intrinsic belief orientation and the degree of consensus religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 5424, p=.000). 8) In Non H.C Group there were significant positive correlation as following; (1) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation in personal religious orientation(r= .3566, p=.007). (2) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and the degree of intrinsic belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.3430, p=.010). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and the degree of intrinsic belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.9723, p=.000). In Non H.C Group there were significant negative correlation as following; (1) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r= -.2862, p=.027). (2) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 5083, p=.000). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic belief orientation and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 5013, p=.000). In conclusion above datas suggest that hospice care provide effective total nursing care for the patients with terminal cancer, and hospice care is mandatory in all medical institutions.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2007

목 적 : 농흉은 세균성 폐렴의 주요 합병증으로 소아과 영역의 중요 질환이며 새로운 백신의 개발과 광범위 항생제의 사용으로 농흉의 임상 양상과 원인균주의 변화가 예상된다. 본 연구는 최근 5년간의 전국의 2, 3차 병원에서 농흉으로 진단, 치료를 받은 환아들을 대상으로 그 임상 양상과 원인균주에 대한 분석을 하여 보고하는 바이다. 방 법 : 1999.9.1-2004.8.31까지 만 5년간 2, 3차 병원에 내원한 소아연령의 농흉 환자들의 임상기록을 검토하여 임상 양상 및 검사실 소견, 치료 및 경과를 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결 과 : 전국 35개 2, 3차 병원의 122명의 환자가 선정되었다. 이중 1세에서 3세미만이 가장 많아 48명(39.3%)였다. 주증상은 기침과 발열, 호흡곤란, 기면, 흉통, 복통, 구토, 과민, 복부 팽창, 청색증 등의 순서로 관찰되었다. 흉강 천자 결과 육안으로 보았을 때 황색을 보인 경우가 58례(47.5%)로 가장 많았다. 흉막액의 백혈구 수는 평균 $30,365.8{\pm}64,073.0/{\mu}g$였고 단백량은 $522.3{\pm}1,582.3g/dL$였다. 전체 환자 중 80례(65.6%)에서 원인균이 배양되었다. 흉막액 배양에서 균이 동정된 증례 중 45명(36.9%)에서 S. pneumoniae가 검출되었고 Group A Streptococcus, coagulase negative staphylococcus, S. aureus 순서로 동정되었다. 혈액배양에서 양성을 보인 경우는 15례(12.3%)로 S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococcus, H. influenzae type b, Enterobacter cloacae의 순서로 나타났다. 107명(87.7%)의 환자에서 폐렴이 동반되었다. 그 외에 기흉, 패혈증, 뇌성마비, 무기폐, hyper IgE 증후군, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 기관식도누출관, 철분 결핍성 빈혈, 유미흉, 폐쇄 항문 등이 동반되었다. 좌우측을 명시한 단순 흉부 방사선 소견을 조사한 결과 좌측의 병변이 42례(34.4%), 우측의 병변이 75례(61.5%)였고 양측 모두에 농흉이 있던 경우가 1례였다. 전 환자에서 항생제를 투여하였고 75례(61.5%)에서 폐쇄성 배농을 시행하였다. 이 중 8례는 흉관을 통해 urokinase를 투여하였다. 27례(22.1%)에서는 항생제만을 투여하였고 16례(13.1%)에서는 개방성 배농을 시행하고 4례(3.3%)에서 겉질제거를 시행하였다. 투여한 항생제는 vancomycin 46례(36.6%), cefotaxime 44례(36.1%), ampicillin with clavulinic acid 38례(31.1%), ceftriaxone 36례(29.5%), teicoplanin 6례(4.9%)의 순서로 사용되었다. 평균 입원기간은 $28.6{\pm}15.3$일 이었다. 21-30일간 입원한 환자가 37례(30.3%)로 가장 많았다. 사망 1례는 Hyper IgE 증후군을 가진 9세 남아로서 우측 페의 농흉이 있던 증례로 폐출혈과 호흡부전으로 사망하였다. 결 론 : 1999. 9. 1-2004. 8. 31까지 만 5년간 2, 3차 병원에 내원한의 122명의 소아 농흉 환자를 대상으로 임상양상을 분석한 결과 1985년 이전의 국내 보고와 달리 1세에서 3세 미만의 연령에서 호발하고 주원인균은 S. pneumoniae, Group A Streptococcus, coagulase negative staphylococcus, S. aureus 순서로 동정되었다. 항생제로는 vancomycin과 2, 3세대 세팔로스파린을 가장 많이 투여하였으며 폐쇄성 배농을 주로 시행하고 일부에서 개방성 배농과 fibrinolysis를 시행하였다. 폐구균 백신의 사용과 항생제 내성균의 출현에 따른 원인균주의 변화 및 항생제 감수성에 대한 지속적 연구가 요구된다.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.257-270
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors related to the intent of using home nursing of chronic disease patients who got out of a university hospital. For the purpose, the study selected 153 patients who were hospitalized and left K university hospital with diagnoses of cancer, hypertension, diabetes and cerebral vascular accident and ordered to be discharged and performed interviews with them and surveys on their medical records to obtain the following results. For this study a direct-interview survey and medical record review was conducted from June 28 to Aug. 30, 1998. The frequency and mean values were computed to find the characteristics of the study subjects, and $X^2$-test, t-test, factor analysis and multiple logistic regession analysis were applied for the analysis of the data. The following results were obtained. 1) When characteristics of the subjects were examined, men and women occupied for 58.8% and 41.2%, respectively. The subjects were 41.3 years old in aver age and had the monthly aver age earning of 0.99 million won or below, which was the most out of the total subjects at 34.6%. Among the total, 87.6% resided in cities and 12.4 in counties. The most left the hospital with diagnosis of cancer at 51.6%, followed by hyper tension at 24.2%, diabetes at 13.7% and cerebral vascular accident at 7.2%. 2) 93.5% of the selected patients had the intent of using home nursing and 6.5%, didn't. Among those patients having the intent, 85.6% had the intent of paying for home nursing and 14.4%, didn't. The subjects expected that the nursing would be paid 9,143 won in aver age and 47.7% of them preferred national authorities as the main servers. 86.3% of the subjects thought that home nursing business had the main advantage of making it possible to learn nursing methods at home and thereby contributing to improving the ability of patients and their facilities to solve health problems. 3) Relations between the intent of use and characteristics of the subjects such as demography-related social, home environment, disease and physical function characteristics did not show statistically significant differences among one another. Compared to those who had no intent of using home nursing, the group having the intent had more cases of male patients, the age of 39 or below, residence in cities, 5 family member s or more, no existence of home nursing servers, leaving the hospital from a non-hospitalized building, disease development for five months or below, hospitalization for ten days or more, non-hospitalization with in the recent one month, two times or over of hospitalization, leaving the hospital with no demand of special treatment, operation underwent, poor results of treatment, leaving the hospital with demand of rehabilitation services, physical disablement and high evaluation point of daily life. 4) Among those patients having the intent of using home nursing, 47.6% demanded technical nursing and 55.9%, supportive nursing. As technical nursing,' inject into a blood vessel ' and 'treat pustule and teach basic prevention methods occupied for 57.4%, respectively, topping the list. Among demands of supportive nursing, 'observe patients 'status and refer them to hospitals or community resources as available, if necessary' was the most with percent age point of 59.5. Regarding the intent of paying for home nursing, 39.2% of those patients wishing to use the nursing responded paying for technical services and 20.2, supportive services. In detail, 70.0% wanted to pay for a service stated as 'inject into a blood vessel', highest among the former services and 30.7%, a service referred to as 'teaching exercises needed to make the body of patients move', highest among the latter. When this was analyzed in terms of a relation between the need(the need for home nursing) and the demand(the intent of paying for home nursing), The rate of the need to the demand was found two or three times higher in technical nursing(0.82) than in supportive nursing(0.35). In aspects of tech ical nursing, muscle injection(1.26, the 1st rank) was highest in the rate while among aspects of supportive nursing, a service referred to as 'teach exercises needed for making patients move their bodies normally'(0.58, the 1st rank). 5) factors I(satisfaction with hospital services), II(recognition of disease state), III(economy) and IV(period of disease) occupied for 34.4, 13.8, 11.9 and 9.2 percents, respectively among factors related to the intent by the subjects of using home nursing, totaled 59.3%. In conclusion, most of chronic disease patients have the intent of using hospital-based home nursing and satisfaction with hospital services is a factor affecting the intent most. Thus a post-management system is needed to continue providing health management to those patients after they leave the hospital. Further, supportive services should be provided in order that those who are satisfied with hospital services return to their community and live their in dependent lives. Based on these results, the researcher would make the following recommendation. 1) Because home nursing becomes more and more needed due to a sharp increase in chronic disease patients and elderly people, related rules and regulations should be made and implemented. 2) Hospital nurses specializing in home nursing should be cultivated.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 1967

In view of its prevalence in the Far East area, a more detailed knowledge on the hookworm infection is one of the very important medical problems. The present study was aimed to; determine the infectivity of the artificially hatched ancylostoma duodenale larvae in man after its oral administration, evaluate the clinical symptomatology of such infection, determine the date of first appearance of the ova in the stool, calculate the blood loss per worm per day, assess the relation-ships between the ova count, infectivity(worm load), blood loss and severity of anemia. An erythrokinetic study was also done to analyse the characteristics of hookworm anemia by means of $^{59}Fe\;and\;^{51}Cr$. Materials and Methods Ten healthy male volunteers(doctors, medical students and laboratory technicians) with the ages ranging from 21 to 40 years were selected as the experimental materials. They had no history of hookworm infection for preceding several years, and care was taken not to be exposed to reinfection. A baseline study including a through physical examinations and laboratory investigations such as complete blood counts, stool examination and estimation of the serum iron levels was done, and a vermifuge, bephenium hydroxynaphoate, was given 10 days prior to the main experiment. The ancylostoma duodenale filariform larvae were obtained in the following manner; The pure ancylostoma duodenale ova were obtained from the hookworm anemia patients and a modified filter paper method was adopted to harvest larger number of infective larvae, which were washed several times with saline. The actively moving mature larvae were put into the gelatine capsules, 150 in each, and were given to the volunteers in the fasting state with 300ml. of water. The volunteers were previously treated with intramuscular injection of 15mg. of chlorpromazine in order to prevent the eventual nausea and vomiting after the larvae intake. The clinical symptoms and signs mainly of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, appearance of the ova and occult blood in the stool etc. were checked every day for the first 20 days and then twice weekly until the end of the experiment, which usually lasted for about 3 months. Roentgenological survey of the lungs was also done. The hematological changes such as the red blood cell, white blood cell and eosinophil cell counts, hemoglobin content and serum iron levels were studied. The appearance of the ova in the stool was examined by the formalin ether method and the ova were counted in triplicate on two successive days using the Stoll's dilution method. The ferrokinetic data were calculated by the modified Huff's method and the apparent half survival time of the red blood cells by the modified Gray's method. The isotopes were simultaneously tagged and injected intravenously, and then the stool and blood samples were collected as was described by Roche et al., namely, three separate 4-day stool samples with the blood sample drawing before each 4-day stool collection. The radio-activities of the stools ashfied and the blood were separately measured by the pulse-height analyser. The daily blood loss was calculated with the following formula; daily blood loss in $ml.=\frac{cpm/g\;stool{\times}weight\;in\;g\;of\;4-day\;stool}{cpm/ml\;blood{\times}4}$ The average of these three 4-day periods was given as the daily blood loss in each patient. The blood loss per day per worm was calculated by simply dividing the daily blood loss by the number of the hookworm recovered after the vermifuge given twice a week at the termination of the experiment. The iron loss in mg. through the gastrointestinal tract was estimated with the daily iron loss in $mg=\frac{g\;Hgb/100ml{\times}ml\;daily\;blood\;loss{\times}3.40}{100}$ 3.40=mg of iron per g Hgb following formula; Results 1. The respiratory symptoms such as cough and sputum were noted in almost all cases within a week after the infection, which lasted about 2 weeks. The roentgenological findings of the chest were essentially normal. A moderate degree of febril reaction appeared within 2 weeks with a duration of 3 or 4 days. 2. The gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, epigastric fullness, abdominal pain and loose bowel appeared in all cases immediately after the larvae intake. 3. The reduction of the red blood cell count was not remarkable, however, the hemoglobin content and especially the serum iron level showed the steady decreases until the end of the experiment. 4. The white blood cells and eosinophil cells, on the contrary, showed increases in parallel and reached peaks in 20 to 30 days after the infection. A small secondary rise was noted in 2 months. 5. The ova first appeared in the stool in 40. 1 days after the infection, ranging from 29 to 51 days, during which the occult blood reaction of the stool became also positive in almost cases. 6. The number of ova recovered per day was 164, 320 on the average, ranging from 89,500 to 253,800. The number of the worm evacuated by vermifuge was in rough correlation with the number of ova recovered. 7. The infectivity of ancylostoma duodenale was 14% on the average, ranging from 7.3 to 20.0%, which is relatively lower than those reported by other workers. 8. The mean fecal blood loss was 5.78ml. per day, with a range of from 2.6 to 11.7ml., and the mean blood loss per worm per day was 0.30ml., with a range of from 0.13 to 0.73ml., which is in rough coincidence with those reported by other authors. There appeared to exist, however, no correlation between the blood loss and the number of ova recovered. 9. The mean fecal iron loss was 2.02mg. per day, with a range of from 1.20 to 3.89mg., which is less than those appeared in the literature. 10. The mean plasma iron disappearance rate was 0.80hr., with a range of from 0.62 to 0.95hr., namely, a slight accerelation. 11. The hookworm anemia appeared to be iron deficiency in origin caused by continuous intestinal blood loss.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.389-404
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• 2000

This study was designed to determine the cost and measurement of nursing care hours for hospice patients hostpitalized in one university hospital. 314 inpatients in the hospice unit 11 nursing manpower were enrolled. Study was taken place in C University Hospital from 8th to 28th, Nov, 1999. Researcher and investigator did pilot study for selecting compatible hospice patient classification indicators. After modifying patient classification indicators and nursing care details for general ward, approved of content validity by specialist. Using hospice patient classification indicators and per 5 min continuing observation method, researcher and investigator recorded direct nursing care hours, indirect nursing care hours, and personnel time on hospice nursing care hours, and personnel time on hospice nursing care activities sheet. All of the patients were classified into Class I(mildly ill), Class II (moderately ill), Class III (acutely ill), and Class IV (critically ill) by patient classification system (PCS) which had been carefully developed to be suitable for the Korean hospice ward. And then the elements of the nursing care cost was investigated. Based on the data from an accounting section (Riccolo, 1988), nursing care hours per patient per day in each class and nursing care cost per patient per hour were multiplied. And then the mean of the nursing care cost per patient per day in each class was calculated. Using SAS, The number of patients in class and nursing activities in duty for nursing care hours were calculated the percent, the mean, the standard deviation respectively. According to the ANOVA and the $Scheff{\'{e}$ test, direct nursing care hours per patient per day for the each class were analyzed. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. Distribution of patient class : class IN(33.5%) was the largest class the rest were class II(26.1%) class III(22.6%), class I(17.8%). Nursing care requirements of the inpatients in hospice ward were greater than that of the inpatients in general ward. 2. Direct nursing care activities : Measurement ${\cdot}$ observation 41.7%, medication 16.6%, exercise ${\cdot}$ safety 12.5%, education ${\cdot}$ communication 7.2% etc. The mean hours of direct nursing care per patient per day per duty were needed ; 69.3 min for day duty, 64.7 min for evening duty, 88.2 min for night duty, 38.7 min for shift duty. The mean hours of direct nursing care of night duty was longer than that of the other duty. Direct nursing care hours per patient per day in each class were needed ; 3.1 hrs for class I, 3.9 hrs for class II, 4.7 hrs for class III, and 5.2 hrs for class IV. The mean hours of direct nursing care per patient per day without the PCS was 4.1 hours. The mean hours of direct nursing care per patient per day in class was increased significantly according to increasing nursing care requirements of the inpatients(F=49.04, p=.0001). The each class was significantly different(p<0.05). The mean hours of direct nursing care of several direct nursing care activities in each class were increased according to increasing nursing care requirements of the inpatients(p<0.05) ; class III and class IV for medication and education ${\cdot}$ communication, class I, class III and class IV for measurement ${\cdot}$ observation, class I, class II and class IV for elimination ${\cdot}$ irrigation, all of class for exercise ${\cdot}$ safety. 3. Indirect nursing care activities and personnel time : Recognization 24.2%, house keeping activity 22.7%, charting 17.2%, personnel time 11.8% etc. The mean hours of indirect nursing care and personnel time per nursing manpower was 4.7 hrs. The mean hours of indirect nursing care and personnel time per duty were 294.8 min for day duty, 212.3 min for evening duty, 387.9 min for night duty, 143.3 min for shift duty. The mean of indirect nursing care hours and personnel time of night duty was longer than that of the other duty. 4. The mean hours of indirect nursing care and personnel time per patient per day was 2.5 hrs. 5. The mean hours of nursing care per patient per day in each class were class I 5.6 hrs, class II 6.4 hrs, class III 7.2 hrs, class IV 7.7 hrs. 6. The elements of the nursing care cost were composed of 2,212 won for direct nursing care cost, 267 won for direct material cost and 307 won for indirect cost. Sum of the elements of the nursing care cost was 2,786 won. 7. The mean cost of the nursing care per patient per day in each class were 15,601.6 won for class I, 17,830.4 won for class II, 20,259.2 won for class III, 21,452.2 won for class IV. As above, using modified hospice patient classification indicators and nursing care activity details, many critical ill patients were hospitalized in the hospice unit and it reflected that the more nursing care requirements of the patients, the more direct nursing care hours. Emotional ${\cdot}$ spiritual care, pain ${\cdot}$ symptom control, terminal care, education ${\cdot}$ communication, narcotics management and delivery, attending funeral ceremony, the major nursing care activities, were also the independent hospice service. But it is not compensated by the present medical insurance system. Exercise ${\cdot}$ safety, elimination ${\cdot}$ irrigation needed more nursing care hours as equal to that of intensive care units. The present nursing management fee in the medical insurance system compensated only a part of nursing car service in hospice unit, which rewarded lower cost that that of nursing care.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.92-100
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• 1997

뚜렛장애는 운동틱과 음성틱이 복합적으로 나타나는 만성적인 질환으로써 임상적인 특성, 동반된 행동상의 문제들에 대해 전세계적으로 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 한국의 뚜렛장애 환자의 임상적인 특성과 동반된 행동상의 특징을 비교적 다수 환자집단을 대상으로 연구한 것이다. 연구대상은 157명의 뚜렛장애 환자로서 1988년부터 1994년까지 연세대학교 정신과 뚜렛클리닉을 방문한 환자들이었다. 진단을 위해 DSM-III-R의 진단기준을 사용하였다. 인구학적 자료, 증상, 경과 등 임상적인 특성, 가족력 및 과잉행동, 강박성, 충동성, 야뇨증, 자기파괴행동, 수면장애 등 동반된 행동상의 특징은 본 연구를 위해 고안된 반구조화된 설문지와 전반적 임상적 인상(global clinical impression)을 이용해 평가하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 환자들의 평균연령은 14.49(${\pm}7.99$)세였다. 남자가 138명(87.9%), 여자는 19명(12.1%)으로 남녀의 성비가 약 7：1의 비율로 남자가 많았다. 133명(84.7%)은 오른손잡이였고 24명(15.3%)은 양손잡이거나 왼손잡이였다. 평균발병연령은 8.85(${\pm}4.56$)세였고 발병연령의 범위는 2세에서 16세였다. 반수 이상의 환자가 6세에서 10세 사이에 발병하는 양상을 보였다. 발명연령에 있어 두번의 높은 발병빈도가 관찰되었는데 처음에는 6세경에 높은 양상을 보였고 이후 10세 무렵에 다시 한번 높은 발병빈도가 관찰되었다. 이러한 경향은 남녀간에 공통적이었다. 처음 증상중 가장 흔한 것은 눈깜박임으로 55% 이상의 환자에서 나타났다. 다음으로는 고개 돌리기, 음성틱 등이었다. 환자들이 발병후 내원할 때까지 보였던 모든 틱증상의 빈도를 보면 전체 환자중 129명(82.2%)에서 눈깜박임이 있었고 91명(57.9%)이 고개짓, 83명(52.7%)이 어깨 움추리기 혹은 돌리기, 51명(32.6%)이 팔흔들기가 있었다. 101명(64.3%)은 증상이 신체의 상부에서 하부로 향했고 25명(15.9%)은 신체의 하부에서 상부로 증상이 진행하는 양상을 보였다. 나머지는 음성틱과 고개돌리기가 비슷한 시기에 나타나는 등 증상의 진행방향에서 상향성 혹은 하향성을 정하기 어려운 환자들이었다. 환자의 아버지중 19명(12%)이 강박장애의 병력이 있었고 17명(10.6%)은 틱장애의 병력이 있었다. 반면, 환자의 어머니중 7명(4.5%)이 강박장애의 병력이 있었고 4명(2.5%)은 틱장애의 병력이 있었다. 환자중 118명(75.1%)에서 과잉행동이 동반되었고 95명(60.5%)에서 강박증상이 동반되었고 55명(35.0%)에서 자기파괴적인 행동이 있었으며 46명(29.3%)에서 충동성이 동반되었고 35명(22.3%)에서 유뇨증이 관찰되었다. 환자의 발병연령과 내원시 연령, 병의 이병 기간, 강박증상의 정도 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 양성의 상관관계가 있었고 과잉행동성과 음성의 상관관계가 있었다. 과잉행동성과 충동성, 강박성, 야뇨증, 자기파괴적 행동사이에 통계적으로 유의한 양성의 상관관계가 있었다. 환자의 강박증상의 정도와 과잉행동성, 수면장애, 자기파괴적 행동 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 양성의 상관관계가 있었다. 본 연구 결과 저자들은 외래에 내원한 뚜렛장애 환자의 임상적 특성이나 동반된 행동상 문제들이 이전 연구와 크게 상이하지 않음을 확인할 수 있었으며 발병연령이 어릴수록 과잉행동성이 심했으며 발병연령이 늦을수록 강박성이 심했다. 과잉행동성과 충동성, 강박성, 야뇨증, 자기파괴적 행동 등은 상호 높은 관련성이 있었다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2004

목 적: 효율적인 진단과 치료 및 적절한 의학적 교류를 목적으로 소아 위장관 알레르기 질환의 새로운 분류법이 발표되었다(J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;30:S87-94). 그러나 명칭과 분류의 변경으로 이미 알려진 질환들이 새로운 질환으로 보고되기도 하는데, 저자들은 새로운 분류법에 따른 소아 위장관 알레르기 질환의 질병군에 관하여 알아보고, 국내에서 이미 보고된 관련 문헌을 함께 고찰하여 의학적 교류에 혼선을 최소화 하고자 한다. 방 법: 2003년 3월부터 7월까지 계명대학교 의과대학 소아과를 방문하여, 우유 유발 및 제거시험, 내시경을 이용한 조직생검 등을 이용하여 소아 GI-CMA로 진단된 37례(남 19, 여 18)를 대상으로 후향성 조사하였다. 새로운 분류에는 포함되지 않았으나 위식도역류 관련 알레르기를 추가하였다. 국내 문헌은 소아과학회지, 소아소화기영양학회지, 소아알레르기호흡기학회지를 근거로 고찰하였다. 결 과: 1) 대상 환아의 연령은 2주~15개월, 평균 $5.4{\pm}4.8$개월이었다. 2) 출생체중은 전례에서 10~90백분위수를 차지하였으며, 25~75백분위수가 25례(68%)를 차지하였다. 내원 당시 체중은 3백분위수 이하가 18례(49%)이었다. 3) 증상발현에서 진단까지 걸린 시간은 2주~12개월, 평균 $2.4{\pm}3.3$개월이었다. 4) IgE 군인 IgE 매개형 우유알레르기(IGE) 6례(16%), IgE와 Non-IgE 혼합군인 호산구성 위장관염(EOS) 2례(5%), Non-IgE군인 전형적 우유 단백질 유발 장관염(CMPIE-T) 7례(19%), 비전형적 우유 단백질 유발 장관염(CMPIE-AT) 5례(14%), 알레르기성 대장염(AC) 12례(32%)이었다. 위식도역류증 관련 우유 알레르기(GERA)는 5례(14%)이었다. CMPIE-T 전례에서 소장 조직생검상 장병증이 관찰되었다. 5) 진단 당시 연령은 IGE $4.3{\pm}0.8$개월, EOS 생후 2주와 14개월, CMPIE-T $3.8{\pm}4.6$개월, CMPIE-AT $10.4{\pm}3.8$개월, AC $3.4{\pm}3.9$개월, GERA $7.8{\pm}5.7$개월로 질환군간 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 6) 내원 당시 3백분위수 이하를 보인 경우가 IGE 17%, EOS 0%, CMPIE-T 86%, CMPIE-AT 60%, AC 25%, GERA 100%로 질환군간 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 7) 국내 문헌을 고찰하여 소아 위장관 우유 알레르기 질환은 만성설사, 난치성설사, 우유 불내성, 우유 알레르기, 위장관 알레르기, 우유 과민성 장병증, 호산구성 위장관염, 알레르기성 대장염 등의 용어로 보고되었다. 결 론: 새로운 분류법에 따른 소아 위장관 우유 알레르기 질환은 연령, 임상 증상, 위장관 침범 부위에 따라 특징적인 유형으로 구분할 수 있으며, 임상적으로 드물지 않다. 국내의 문헌을 통하여 다양한 용어로 각 유형의 알레르기 질환들은 연구 보고되어 왔다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.353-377
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• 2000

보건진료소의 보건의료환경 및 근무여건, 업무현황과 개선에 대한 보건진료원의 의견을 파악하여 향후 보건진료소의 발전 방안을 제시하는데 도움을 주고자 경상북도 소재 보건진료소(1996년 330개소, 1999년 313개소)의 운영상황보고서에 의한 업무 변화량을 분석하였으며, 보건진료원 280명의 설문자료를 분석하였다. 운영상황보고서에 의한 보건진료소의 관할인구 추이는 1996년에 비해 1999년에 전반적으로 감소하였으나 노인인구는 증가하였다. 운영상황보고서에 의한 보건진료소의 업무 활동상황은 1996년도에 비해 전반적으로 증가하였고, 진찰 및 투약관리, 검사, 성인병 및 만성질환관리, 노인건강, 가정방문이 특히 증가하였으며, 전염병 관리와 결핵관리에서 부분적인 감소를 보였다. 재정운영상태는 50.4%가 운영이 잘된다고 하였고, 1.4%만이 운영하기 곤란하다고 하였는데, 현 근무지 근무연수가 많을수록(p<0.05), 그리고 도시근교일수확, 인구가 많을수록, 진찰 및 투약건수가 많을수록(p<0.01) 운영이 잘 된다고 하였다. 보건진료원의 직업적 긍지는 전반적으로 긍정적이었는데, 그 중 하는 일의 중요함이 94.6%로 가장 긍정적이었고, 역할과 임무에 대한 만족정도는 현 근무지 근무연수에 따라 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 보건진료원들의 보건기관과 민간의료기관과의 협조정도는 대체로 긍정적이었는데, 보건소와 협조정도는 연령이 많을수록, 근무 경력이 길수록 긍정적인 응답률이 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.01), 현 근무지 근무연수에 따라 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 보건진료원들은 운영협의회, 마을건강원, 지역사회조직과도 협조적이다는 응답이 모두 70% 이상이었다. 보건진료소 사업계획서는 96.4%가 적성하였으며, 제2기 지역보건의료계획서 작성에는 11.4%만이 참여하였다. 관할지역주민의 혈압과 흡연여부를 70% 이상 파악하고 있는 보건 진료원은 각각 88.2%, 63.9% 였는데, 혈압파악률은 보건진료원의 연령이 많을수록(p<0.01), 교육정도가 전문대학 이하인 경우(p<0.05)에서 높았다. 보건진료원의 지난 3년 동안에 보수교육외 교육 참여율, 연구사업 참여율은 각각 27.5%로 저조했으며, 보건진료소 수입으로 주민환원 사업을 실시한 경우는 65.4%였다. 보건진료원들이 생각하는 보건진료소의 필요 정도는 국가적 측면, 소속시군 측면, 관할지역 측면에서 모두 95% 이상이 매우 필요 또는 필요하다고 하였으며, 53.9%가 보건진료소의 역할이 증대되어야 한다고 하였다. 지금까지 폐쇄 및 폐쇄 예정된 보건진료소에 대하여 보건진료원은 담당 부서의 보건진료소 업무에 대한 인식부족 및 행정편의, 보건진료원의 신분이 법률로 보장되지 않은 별정직이어서, 단체장의 의지 등을 주된 이유로 제시하였다. 보건진료원은 향후 보건진료소에 대한 평가기준에 대해 노인 및 만성질환자 등의 보건의료서비스 대상자수, 주민의 의견, 인구 규모, 일상생활권을 고려한 교통상황 등의 순으로 제시하였으며, 보건진료원에 대한 평가기준으로는 보건사업실적, 주민과의 유대정도, 진료실적, 행정 및 업무처리 능력 등의 순으로 제시하였다. 객관적인 평가 후 일정기준이하의 보건진료소에 대한 향후 대처 방안에 대해서 보건진료원은 현 구조 유지하면서 업무개선, 도시 의료취약지역으로의 보건진료소 위치 조정 등을 많이 제시하였다. 보건진료소의 가장 필요한 개선부문으로는 절반 이상인 52.5%가 보건진료원의 업무조정이라고 하였으며, 향후 보건진료소가 중점적으로 추진하여야 한 사업으로는 당뇨 및 고혈압 관리, 방문보건사업, 노인보건사업 등이 중요하다고 하였다. 향후 보건진료소가 일차보건의료의 가치체계를 잘 반영하는 조직이 되기 위하여는 지역사회 보건의료요구에 부합하는 업무개선이 이루어져야 하겠으며, 만성질환관리사업, 방문보건사업, 노인보건사업 등이 활성화 되어야 하겠다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.111-124
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• 2002

목적 : 의학의 발달로 인간의 생존 기간이 길어졌지만, 암 발생율과 사망율은 오히려 증가하고 있어 그로 인해 말기 암 환자는 계속 늘어나고 있는 실정이다. 말기 암 환자를 진료하는 데 있어서 환자의 생존 기간을 예측하는 것은 중요한 문제로 만약 환자의 생존 기간을 예측할 수 있다면 남은 시간에 따라 환자, 가족, 의료진은 치료의 선택에 큰 차이를 보일 것이다. 이에 저자 등은 말기 암 환자에서 사망 위험도를 높이는 예후 인자를 알아내고 이들 예후 인자의 개수에 따른 생존 기간을 예측하여 말기 암 환자의 진료에 도움이 되고자 하였다. 방법 : 2000년 7월 1일부터 2001년 8월 31일 사이에 국민건강보험공단 일산병원 가정의학과에 말기 암으로 입원한 환자 157명을 대상으로 입원당시 환자의 임상변수 31가지를 조사하였다. 그리고 환자의 의무기록과 조사된 환자의 신상기록을 가지고 2001년 10월 31일까지의 환자의 생존 여부를 확인하였다. Kaplan-Meier 방법과 로그순위 검정(log-rank test)을 이용하여 임상변수에 따른 생존 기간에 차이가 있는지를 알아보았다. Cox의 비례위험함수 모형(Cox's proportional hazard model)을 이용하여 임상변수 중 사망 위험도를 높이는 유의한 변수를 얻은 후 이를 예후 인자로 삼고, 이것을 와이블 비례위험함수 모형(Weibull proportional hazard function model)을 이용하여 예후 인자들의 유무에 따른 생존 기간의 평균, 중앙값 제 1사분위수 그리고 제 3사분위수를 계산하여 생존기간을 예측하였다. 결과 : 말기 암 환자 157명 중 성별은 남자가 79명(50.3%), 여자가 78명(49.7%)이었고, 평균 연령은 남자가 $65.1{\pm}13.0$세, 여자는 $64.3{\pm}13.7$세였다. 암의 종류를 보면 위암이 36명(22.9%)으로 제일 많았고, 폐암이 27명(17.2%), 대장암이 20명(12.7%) 순이었다. 의식변화, 식욕부진, 저혈압, 수행능력 저하, 백혈구 증가증, 중성구 증가증, 크레아티닌 증가, 저알부민혈증, 고빌리루빈혈증, 간효소(SGPT)치 증가, 프로트롬빈 시간(PT) 연장, 활성부분 트롬보플라스틴 시간(aPTT) 연장, 저나트륨혈증, 고칼륨혈증 등을 보이는 환자는 통계학적으로 유의하게 생존 기간이 짧았다. 이중 Cox의 비례위험함수 모형을 통해 수행능력 저하, 중성구 증가증, PT 연장, aPTT 연장인 경우가 환자의 사망위험도를 높이는 유의한 예후 인자로 나왔다. 생존 기간의 중앙값은 4가지 인자가 모두 있는 경우는 3.0일, 3가지만 있는 경우는 $5.7{\sim}8.2$일, 2가지만 있는 경우는 $11.4{\sim}20.0$일, 1가지만 있는 경우는 $27.9{\sim}40.0$일, 4가지 모두 없는 경우는 77일로 나왔다. 결론 : 말기 암 환자에서 수행능력 저하, 중성구 증가증, PT 연장, aPTT 연장이 사망위험도를 높이는 예후 인자임을 알 수 있었다. 이들 4개 인자를 통해 말기 암 환자에서 생존 기간을 예측할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.3625-3628
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• 2014

Background: To evaluate the incidence, diagnosis and management of GTN among 28 centers in Turkey. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was designed to include GTN patients attending 28 centers in the 10-year period between January 2003 and May 2013. Demographical characteristics of the patients, histopathological diagnosis, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) anatomical and prognostic scores, use of single-agent and multi-agent chemotherapy, surgical interventions and prognosis were evaluated. Results: From 2003-2013, there were 1,173,235 deliveries and 456 GTN cases at the 28 centers. The incidence was calculated to be 0.38 per 1,000 deliveries. According to the evaluated data of 364 patients, the median age at diagnosis was 31 years (range, 15-59 years). A histopathological diagnosis was present for 45.1% of the patients, and invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and PSTTs were diagnosed in 22.3% (n=81), 18.1% (n=66) and 4.7% (n=17) of the patients, respectively. Regarding final prognosis, 352 (96.7%) of the patients had remission, and 7 (1.9%) had persistence, whereas the disease was mortal for 5 (1.4%) of the patients. Conclusions: Because of the differences between countries, it is important to provide national registration systems and special clinics for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of GTN.