• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.149-169
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• 2009

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control(IPPC) has become an idealistic environmental prevention concept in developed countries and corresponds with principles of Industrial Ecology. The concept of emissions regulatory integration is a key factor for an integrated environmental management system. While most EU member countries have a cross-media regulatory system, Korea has a media-specific regulatory system which was found to have significant environmental management problems. The purpose of this study is to integrate the emissions regulatory system by resolving difficulties through procedural, organizational, and substantive analysis of integration. To this end, the following research was performed: The first task was to determine the target of the integrated emissions regulatory system. In connection with this, the "IPPC directive" of the EU and the "PPCA 2000" schedule 1 of the UK, as well as environmental laws in Korea were compared and analyzed. The second was to design a regulatory system model. This model was divided into three groups after considerations were made regarding the time it would take for the pre-application,application, and permission stages. Lastly, on the basis of this research, a revised bill for an integrated emissions regulatory system was suggested. Nevertheless, substantive analysis of integration focused on BAT requires supplementation in order to make the integrated emissions regulation system operate normally as an environmental management policy and regulation method. To this end, the specific characteristics of Korean society, culture, and law should be actively considered.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.65-79
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• 1997

This research is intended for 418 elderly women who reside in Seoul and the National Capital region. the survey and analysis are on the practical behavior related to purchasing decision making of brassieres for elderly women. The purpose of the survey and analysis is to induce contented and rational purchase activity for elderly women; also, to supply the fundamental sources which can support accomplishing scientific and systematic marketing activity to foundation manufacturing business. The main results of this study are as follows; 1. The elderly women tend to decide on purchase of the brassiere subjectively alone than rely on the informants and to listen to sales women's advice more. The younger, more educated and higher income of family, the elderly women tend more to depend on their own subjective sense than others' recommendations and rely on such mass media as TV and magazines for information source. 2) The elderly women tend to purchase their brassieres personally. In particular, the younger, more educated and higher income they tend more to choose their brassieres alone rather than with others. 3) The companions for elderly women's purchase were their daughter, daughter-in-law and friends. The younger, more educated and higher income, they tend more to accompany friends. The older, less educated and lower income, they tend more to be accompanied by their daughter or daughter-in-lay. 4) The elderly women are aware of the trademarks for brassieres. Although most of them know about their brassiere size, the majority of them tend to purchase their brassieres without trying on them. the older, less educated and lower income, they are less aware of trademarks and their brassiere size, and thus are less influential in their purchasing decision making. 5) The places of purchasing on which elderly women rely most for their brassiere are department stores, agent and markets. Other places are private haberdashery's, discount and pension shop. The department stores are most used by the less younger, more educated and higher income, while the markets are most often visited by those older, less educated and lower income, while the markets are most often visited by those older, less educated and lower income. The agent are favored by the medium class old people between two extremes.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.35-44
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge and attitude of breast feeding and to explore the predictive variables for the intention of breast feeding of mothers. One hundred and thirty-five mothers who delivered at the D University hospital during the period of May to June in 1996 comprised the sample. Data were collected by questionnaire methods before discharge at the hospital. Data were analyzed using percent, 1-test, and logistic regression. The results were as follows : 1. During their pregnancy, majority of mothers (74.8%) got the breast feeding information. Information sources were book (34.5%), family and relatives(32.4%), mass media(24.3%), and professionals such as nurses and doctors (8.8% ). The frequently reported sources of most encouragement for breast feeding were mother in law(20.7%) and baby's father (11.1% ). 2. The mean score of the items of Knowledge and Attitude toward Breast Feeding Scale were 42.56 (SD=5.47) and 39.07(SD=5.15) , representing positive attitude toward breast feeding. The correlation between knowledge and attitude score was significant(r 〓.54, p<.001). Knowledge of breast feeding were significantly different between breast feeding intention group (including partial breast feeding) and artificial feeding intention group(t=2.79, p<.01) 3. Logistic regression analysis revealed that feeding method in the hospital, delivery type, knowledge toward breast feeding, disease related to pregnancy, complication related to delivery, and educational level of mother were predictives of the intention of breast feeding. 4. The most frequently rated reasons for the plan for mixed feeding were concern about insufficient milk (37.9%) and work(27.6%), The major reasons for plan for artificial milk feeding were having premature baby(25.9%) and maternal health problems including infection(14.8% ) and drug use due to chronic illness (14.8%). From the result of the study, it is recommended to develop supportive nursing intervention strategy to promote breast-feeding intention and practice. The intervention could be more effective to begin early in pregnancy and include teaching for breast feeding skills as well as information provision for positive attitude formation.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2018

In the ever-changing medical environment, the social participation of medical doctors is becoming more necessary. Currently, there is not enough participation or action by doctors within our society due to reasons such as a lack of educational curriculum in this area. This study aimed to investigate medical students' opinions and attitudes about social participation and action. A total of 438 medical students were surveyed about their attitudes toward doctors' relations with the public, social participation, social action, and medical education for social participation or action. Regarding doctors' relations with the public, participants responded that the government (73.5%) and the media (82.0%) were causing social distrust of doctors, and more than 70% of the respondents answered that doctors were passive when it comes to social participation. When asked about social participation and social action, 76.7% of the students surveyed had experienced social participation, and 28.3% had experienced taking social action. A total of 73.4% of the students answered that medical education needs to be changed, and it is necessary to introduce subjects such as sociology and law to improve social participation and action. The results are significant in that they show medical students' thoughts on social participation and social action as doctors in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. We believe that a change of medical curriculum to promote active and collaborative social participation by doctors is necessary.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.765-771
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• 2012

$SF_6$ gas has been used as arc quenching and insulating medium for high and extra high voltage switching devices due to its high dielectric strength, its excellent arc-quenching capabilities, its high chemical stability and non toxicity. Despite of its significant contributions, the gas was classified as one of the greenhouse gas in the Kyoto Protocol. Thus, many researches are conducted to find out the replacement materials and to develop the $SF_6$ gas useless electrical equipment. This paper describes experiments on the temperature change-related breakdown characteristics of $SF_6$ gas ($SF_6$) and $SF_6$ liquid ($LSF_6$) in a model GIS(Gas-Insulated Switchgear) chamber in order to show the possibility of more stable and safe usages of $SF_6$ gas. The breakdown characteristics are classified into three stages, namely the gas stage of $SF_6$ according to Paschen's law, the coexisting stage of $SF_6$ gas with liquid in considerable deviation at lower temperature, and the stage of $LSF_6$ and remaining air. The result shows that the ability of the $LSF_6$ insulation is higher than the high-pressurized $SF_6$. Moreover, it reveals that the breakdown characteristics of $LSF_6$ are produced by bubble-formed $LSF_6$ evaporation and bubbles caused by high electric emission and the corona. In addition, the property of dielectric breakdown of $LSF_6$ is determined by electrode form, electrode arrangement, bubble formation and movement, arc extinguishing capacity of the media, difficulty in corona formation, and the distance between electrodes. The bubble formation and flow separation phenomena were identified for $LSF_6$. It provides fundamental data not only for $SF_6$ gas useless equipment but also for electric insulation design of high-temperature superconductor and cryogenic equipment machinery, which will be developed in future studies.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2022

Backgrounds : Doctor of Osteopathy (D.O.) in the United States have drawn attention as one of the future models of Korean Medicine doctors in Korea in that they have their own fields of care and therapies that distinguish them from medical doctor (M.D.), but are also able to carry out the treatment of general doctors. By analyzing D.O.'s specialization strategy, this study intends to preview points for establishing the future role of Korean Medicine doctors. Methods : We searched books, research papers, reports, conference presentations, and media articles, and chronologically classified and organized the collected data. In addition, the latest update information on related institutions' web pages and expert opinions released were also reviewed. Results : The D.O. emerged as a form of doctor in alternative medicine, however it rapidly turned to an M.D. substitute during the pandemic of the 1910s and World War II in the 1940s. Through the American Osteopathic Association (AOA)'s organizational activity, curriculum specialization, research development, and financial support, D.O. now has secured the status of M.D. in 50 states and federal law in the US. It has its own and exclusive full practice rights, capable of prescribing drugs and practicing surgery, as well as manual therapy. Beginning in July 2020, M.D.-D.O. achieved the full integration-unification of the professional training and residency program. Conclusions : In order to introduce the D.O. model to Korean Medicine system, it is necessary to strengthen biomedicine in the curriculum, and significantly expand the educational infrastructure and faculty manpower.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.346-376
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• 2018

Digital forensics is a vital part of almost every criminal investigation given the amount of information available and the opportunities offered by electronic data to investigate and evidence a crime. However, in criminal justice proceedings, these electronic pieces of evidence are often considered with the utmost suspicion and uncertainty, although, on occasions are justifiable. Presently, the use of scientifically unproven forensic techniques are highly criticized in legal proceedings. Nevertheless, the exceedingly distinct and dynamic characteristics of electronic data, in addition to the current legislation and privacy laws remain as challenging aspects for systematically attesting evidence in a court of law. This article presents a comprehensive study to examine the issues that are considered essential to discuss and resolve, for the proper acceptance of evidence based on scientific grounds. Moreover, the article explains the state of forensics in emerging sub-fields of digital technology such as, cloud computing, social media, and the Internet of Things (IoT), and reviewing the challenges which may complicate the process of systematic validation of electronic evidence. The study further explores various solutions previously proposed, by researchers and academics, regarding their appropriateness based on their experimental evaluation. Additionally, this article suggests open research areas, highlighting many of the issues and problems associated with the empirical evaluation of these solutions for immediate attention by researchers and practitioners. Notably, academics must react to these challenges with appropriate emphasis on methodical verification. Therefore, for this purpose, the issues in the experiential validation of practices currently available are reviewed in this study. The review also discusses the struggle involved in demonstrating the reliability and validity of these approaches with contemporary evaluation methods. Furthermore, the development of best practices, reliable tools and the formulation of formal testing methods for digital forensic techniques are highlighted which could be extremely useful and of immense value to improve the trustworthiness of electronic evidence in legal proceedings.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.340-357
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• 2019

The purpose of this paper is to help develop a comprehensive understanding of the humidifier disinfectant disaster from diverse perspectives based on a critical review of the relevant academic research papers published so far in the fields of both natural and social science. The authors reviewed pertinent articles in the six academic areas of law, social science, humanities, medicine, toxicology, and environmental health. A proper understanding of the issue of humidifier disinfectant is a challenging task because diverse aspects of it have become related over the more than two decades since such products were first released to the market in 1994. Technical and esoteric issues such as the complex system for relief and compensation for health damages and the approval of chemical toxicity are known to be major impediments to viewing the bigger picture regarding this tragedy. The authors believe that experts need to consider a comprehensive perspective going beyond their individual research arena to gain a better understanding of this issue, especially since it was an alarm signal on ethics and the role of experts and scholars in Korean society. Besides the two professors arrested by the prosecutor's office, it should be remembered that medical doctors recommended patients use humidifiers and disinfectants, and the media was inactive in reporting on this issue. Furthermore, the current paucity of examination of the social and political implications of this tragedy calls for more active engagement by researchers in the humanities and social sciences. In this regard, this paper is a work of self-examination and self-criticism by the authors that could resonate with the overall academic community.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.105-112
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• 2017

Through various media, damage of both smoking and second-hand smoking has been recognized, and brought global scale of interest in antismoking. In Korea, government has tightened regulations of smoking in non-smoking zone since December, 1980, and after National Health Promotion Act in 1995, non-smoking zone has been gradually expanded. On the other hand, there were law suits to find those regulation towards smokers are either unconstitutional or not for 4 times. In this current state, people need smoking area to prevent second-hand smoking and to consider smokers in multi-unit dwelling. Main purpose of this research is to plan smoking spaces based on various typology of multi-dwelling plan for protection of both smokers and non-smokers' right. The research group collected and analyzed the smoking behaviors in various multi-unit dwelling types such as flat type, tower type, hybrid type and others. Based on those data, the group found three phenomena. First, there are internal regulations in multi-unit dwelling to make non-smoking zone based on National Health Promotion Act and resident representative meeting decision. Second, main smoking activities are occurring at major traffic line and entrances. Third, smoking inside of multi-unit dwelling complex causes second-hand smoking to residents live in $1^{st}$ floor and when they enter. Therefore, one can achieve both smokers' and non-smokers' protection of right by creating a designated smoking space near main entrances of multi-unit dwelling complex to consider smokers' and prevents second-hand smoking by using shaft space, which is in core space, to ventilate tobacco smoke through roof.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 1984

In order to obtain an information for the improvement of wives' meal management especially in dual-income families, the survey was carried out through questionaires to 159 married women teachers(employed wives: EW) and 157 housewives(HW) in Daejeon city, from the Sep. 20 to 30, 1983. Most of the two groups' wives did not plan menu(74.7 %), and considered taste firstly when meal preparation and food buying. In EW, time was more considered than the other points for meal preparation and cookbook was more used than other sources of cooking methods, while in HW, cost, and, the mass media (p<0.01). Among 6 convenience foods, sausage, ham were used more frequently in EW and instant noo-dles and fried fish cake, in EW. Both the two groups' dietary pattern of three meals was similar, but much more of the EW(56.1 %) purchased foods for between meals rather than prepared at home in comparision with the HW. Almost all the HW prepared three meals themselves but the EW did not so. In the EW, husband and mother-in-law often assisted with meal-related activities, but in the HE, daughters (p<0.01) . HE spent more time on meal-related activities than do EW (Hw: 4.1 hrs/day, Ew·: 3.2 hrs/day) . The preparation time for supper was longest among three meals. As the problems of meal management, both the two groups' wives pointed 'too much time' (43.1 %), 'lack of nutrition knowledge '(42.8 %), but EW' husbands, 'no variety of cooking method'(42.8 %), while HW' husbands, 'lack of nutrition knowledge'(34.3 %).