• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.198-205
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 목 디스크 환자에게 기계적 자극을 적용하여 피부 감각의 변화를 유도하고 동일한 척수분절의 통증 역치와 근 긴장도 전-후 변화를 확인하고자 하였다. 이에 목 디스크 질환을 가지고 있는 남성 10명, 여성 20명으로 구성된 대상자를 총 30명 선정하고 실험을 진행하였다. 기계적 자극 그룹은 Graston 장비를 이용하여 5분간 피부 감각 변화를 유도하였고, 대조군은 아무런 조치를 받지 않았다. 피부 감각 변화는 Von Frey filament를 통해 검사를 진행하였고, 압통 역치의 변화는 압통 역치 측정기를 통해 측정하였고, 근 긴장도의 변화는 Myotone pro를 사용하여 측정하였다. 기계적 자극 적용 시 피부 감각의 역치는 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 동일한 척수 분절의 신경 지배를 받는 오른쪽 가시아래근의 압통 역치와 근 긴장도는 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였고(p<0.05), 오른쪽 등세모근의 압통 역치는 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 하지만 다른 근육들의 압통 역치와 근 긴장도는 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 대조군에서는 피부 감각, 압통 역치, 근 긴장도의 변화가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타나지 않았다. 결과적으로 기계적 자극에 의해 유도된 피부 감각 변화는 동일 척수 분절의 압통 역치와 근 긴장도의 변화시켰다. 따라서 동일 척수 분절에 대한 기계적 자극의 적용을 통해 목 디스크 환자의 압통 역치, 근 긴장도의 증가와 통증 조절을 위한 새로운 재활 방법으로 임상적 의의가 있다고 판단된다.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.436-445
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• 2022

Objective: Deformation of soft tissues around the neck and scapularcan caused by forward head posture(FHP), which has an uncomfortable effect on biomechanical changes in the scapula as well as functional disorders of the shoulder. However, studies related to direct FHP, biomechanical changes in the scapulafunction, and shoulder pain and disorder have not yet been conducted. Therefore, purpose of this study is to effect of decresedthe FHP on the shoulder function of the sacpular biomechanical examine the change in the shoulder painand disorder. Design: A randomized controlled trial Methods: The participants were 32adults(23.03±3.90 years) recruited and redivided randomly into Forward head posture corrective exercise(FHPCE) vs Control. The FHPCE group was proceeded according to the over load principle through 2steps biofeedback exercise and corrective exercise(n=16). The control (n=16) was TENS did not operated and padding 20 minute. This study was conducted 3 times a week for 4a weeks. Results: FHPCE group is improve in the results of craneocervical angle(p<0.05, 95% CI: 0.352, 4.073). In Mechanical changes of scapula in the shoulder flexion more significant improvement in FHPCE than control group[Axis X(p<0.05), Y(p<0.01), Z(p<0.01)], and shoulder abductionmore significant improvement in FHPCE than control group[xis X(p<0.01)], as well FHPCE showed significant increased in the results in the shoulder pain(p<0.05, 95% CI: -13.244, -1.566) Conclusions: This study suggected that FHP affects the biomechanical changes of the shoulder, and a new method for shoulder pain intervention

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.514-550
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• 1996

There are many theory in acupuncture mechanism, so we must know the detail contents. and then we can use the acupuncture as we know. the follow article will be helpful in this part. 1. Spinal cord are role in intermediate part in somatosensorypathway also in acupuncture stumulating tract 2. Acute pain pathway started in laminae I, V of gray colmn, next are the spinothalamic tract(trigeminal spinothalamic tract in above neck part) and then go to the specific thalamic nucleus. but chronic pain in laminae II, III, VI, VII, next are spinoreticular tract(trigeminal spinoreticular tract in the neck part) and finally to the nonspecific thalamic nucleus. 3. Thalamus is very important area in somatosensory stimuation including acupuncture stumulating sensory also as a pain control center. but except this, there are Hypothalamus, Limbic system Cerebral cortex and Cerebellum as intermediator. as we Know hypothalamus is related to the emotional analgesic system with a limbic system. 4. A ${\delta$ fiber has relationship in Acute, sharp and initial pain, contrary this C fiber is related with Chronic, dull and last pain. 5. In Acupuncture mechanism of pain analgesia, there are two theory, one is gate control theory as large fiber another is stimuation produced analgesia as small diameter fier. 6. In DNIC, the stimulation sources are mechanical, thermal, heating, pain and acupuncture stimulation etc. we call these as a Heterotopic Noxious Stimulation. 7. In DNIC, SRD(Subnucleus reticularis dorsalis)is core nucleus in pain imtermediated analgesic mechanism. 8. Takeshige insisted nonacupuncture point dependent analgesic mechanism and acupuncture point dependent analgesic mechanism. and protested that Stimulation acupuncture piing evoke blocking nomacupuncture point analgesic pathway.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.67-79
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• 2009

Objectives : The study on Acupotomy therapy has recently become a popular academic field as proven to be an great alternative to the limitation of Western medical treatment. However, there has been little study examining acupotomy therapy on treating Cervical Herniated Intervertebral Disc. Thus, this study aims to investigate the sense of improvement and satisfaction from the Cervical Herniated Intervertebral Disc patients treated with acupotomy therapy. Methods : A total of 23 subjects that consists of Cervical Herniated Intervertebral Disc patients were participated in this study. They were treated with acupotomy therapy and acupuncture. All the subjects were asked to answer Odom's degree, VAS(visual analogue scale), NDI(neck disability index) and JOA score before and after the treatment. Results : The results of the Odom's degree, VAS, NDI and JOA score of analysis groups, show that the improvement of neck pain in acupotomy and acupuncture treatment group is significantly effective. Conclusions : It is suggested that acupotomy therapy has development-effectiveness on Cervical Herniated Intervertebral Disc.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2010

Background: The pathophysiological and neurochemical changes following spinal injury are not yet elucidated. This study was designed to evaluate the morphological changes of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and profiles of pain behaviors following intraspinal injection of NMDA in rats. Methods: Rats were randomized into three groups: a sham-operated control group and groups where the rats received 10 mM or 100 mM N-methyl-D-aspatate (NMDA) injected into their spinal dorsal horn. Following injection, hypersensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli and excessive grooming behaviors were assessed serially for four weeks. Morphological changes of the spinal cord were evaluated four weeks after intraspinal injection. Results: Few animals in the NMDA groups developed hypersensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli. The number of groomers and the severity of excessive grooming were significantly higher in the 100 mM NMDA group than those values of the control and 10 mM NMDA groups. The size of the neck region (lamina III-IV) was significantly smaller in the 100 mM NMDA group than in the control and 10 mM NMDA groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, intraspinal injection of NMDA in rats leads to the pathological sequela in the spinal cord and to excessive grooming behavior. These results support the use of NMDA and excessive grooming behavior after excitotoxic SCI as a model to study chronic pain after SCI.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.420-425
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• 2011

Objective : Excitatory amino acids play important roles in the development of secondary pathology following spinal cord injury (SCI). This study was designed to evaluate morphological changes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and assess profiles of pain behaviors following intraspinal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or quisqualate (QUIS) in rats. Methods : Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups : a sham, and two experimental groups receiving injections of 125 mM NMDA or QUIS into their spinal dorsal horn. Following injection, hypersensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli, and excessive grooming behaviors were assessed serially for four weeks. At the end of survival periods, morphological changes in the spinal cord were evaluated. Results : Cold allodynia was developed in both the NMDA and QUIS groups, which was significantly higher in the QUIS group than in the NMDA group. The mechanical threshold for the ipsilateral hind paw in both QUIS and NMDA groups was significantly lower than that in the control group. The number of groomers was significantly higher in the NMDA group than in the QUIS group. The size of the neck region of the spinal dorsal horn, but not the superficial layer, was significantly smaller in the NMDA and QUIS groups than in the control group. Conclusion : Intraspinal injection of NMDA or QUIS can be used as an excitotoxic model of SCI for further research on spinal neuropathic pain.

• 재활복지공학회논문지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 경부통증완화에 효과적인 맥킨지 운동(Mckenzie exercise)이 가능한 경부 재활로봇(cervical rehabilitation robot)을 제안한다. 이 로봇은 목의 좌우 측방굴곡, 전방향의 굴곡 및 후방향의 신전이 가능하도록 2자유도를 가지며, 맥킨지의 경부 스트레칭과 등척성 운동이 가능하다. 재활로봇의 기구부는 의자에 거치할 수 있어 가정에서 의자에 앉은 채로 맥킨지 운동을 할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 실험에서는 피험자가 프로토타입 경부 재활로봇을 착용하고 맥킨지 운동을 수행시 전후좌우의 굴곡과 신전 각도를 측정하고, 동시에 목주위의 표면 근전도와 머리부착부위의 압력을 측정하여 로봇의 성능을 평가하였다. 이 실험의 결과로부터 본 연구에서 제안한 경부 맥킨지 운동용 재활로봇이 적용가능함을 보였다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.225-230
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• 2015

Objective : The clinical outcomes according to the radiological results after cervical total disc replacement (TDR) are not well established. Here, the authors reviewed the clinical results according to the asymmetry in radiographs. Methods : This retrospective analysis included patients after TDR ($Mobi-C^{(R)}$ disc) with at least 12 months follow up, and the clinical and radiological data were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively for 12 months. Clinical outcome measures numerical rating scale (NRS) score for neck pain, visual analog scale (VAS) for arm pain, and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) value. The asymmetries of TDRs were evaluated on the anterior-posterior (AP) and the lateral radiographs, and the radiographic adjacent segment degenerations were evaluated for 12 months. Results : A total of 24 patients (one level cervical TDR; 10 male and 14 female; aged $41.50{\pm}8.35years$) were included in this study. The clinical results including NRS for neck pain, VAS for arm pain, and ODIs were similar between the normal and asymmetrized TDRs in AP and lateral radiographs. The radiographic adjacent segment degenerations were significantly increased in deviated TDRs (AP >10 mm asymmetry and lateral>10 mm asymmetry). Conclusion : Asymmetrical location of TDR is not related to the clinical outcomes, but related to the risk of radiographic adjacent disc segment degeneration.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.75-78
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• 2014

Hypopharyngeal perforation is a rare, but fatal, complication. Clinical signs and symptoms of this condition are neck pain, odynophagia, dysphagia, fever, vomiting, cervical swelling and subcutaneous emphysema. However, these signs are obscured in patient suffering from severe trauma who has had an endotracheal tube inserted, which delay proper evaluation and treatment. Here, we report a case of hypopharyngeal perforation in a trauma patient who had an endotracheal tube inserted for mechanical ventilation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.183-191
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng saponin has long been used as a traditional Asian medicine and is known to be effective in treating various kinds of pain. Ginsenoside Rf is one of the biologically active saponins found in ginseng. We evaluated ginsenoside Rf's antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, and its mechanism of action on adrenergic and serotonergic receptors, in an incisional pain model. Methods: Mechanical hyperalgesia was induced via plantar incision in rats followed by intraperitoneal administration of increasing doses of ginsenoside Rf (vehicle, 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, and 2 mg/kg). The antinociceptive effect was also compared in a Positive Control Group that received a ketorolac (30 mg/kg) injection, and the $Na{\ddot{i}}ve$ Group, which did not undergo incision. To evaluate the mechanism of action, rats were treated with prazosin (1 mg/kg), yohimbine (2 mg/kg), or ketanserin (1 mg/kg) prior to receiving ginsenoside Rf (1.5 mg/kg). The mechanical withdrawal threshold was measured using von Frey filaments at various time points before and after ginsenoside Rf administration. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect, serum interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrotizing $factor-{\alpha}$ levels were measured. Results: Ginsenoside Rf increased the mechanical withdrawal threshold significantly, with a curvilinear dose-response curve peaking at 1.5 mg/kg. $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrotizing $factor-{\alpha}$ levels significantly decreased after ginsenoside Rf treatment. Ginsenoside Rf's antinociceptive effect was reduced by yohimbine, but potentiated by prazosin and ketanserin. Conclusion: Intraperitoneal ginsenoside Rf has an antinociceptive effect peaking at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. Anti-inflammatory effects were also detected.