• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.223-228
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of ohmic power intensity on the physico-chemical properties of hamburger patties. Six different ohmic power intensities (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50V) were delivered by controlling the power with the sine wave at 50Hz. The ohmic power intensity influenced the thawing rate, and increasing ohmic power intensity increased the thawing rate. The faster thawing rate was obtained at higher ohmic power intensity (50V) with 0.5% NaCl added meat patties in comparison to no NaCl added hamburger patties. The pH values of all patties were not significantly different with increasing ohmic power intensity (p<0.05). Increasing thawing rate did not tend to improve the water holding capacity (WHC) of all patties by ohmic thawing. Cooking losses were almost the same regardless of increasing ohmic power intensity. Increasing ohmic power intensity tended to increase the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels. TBARS levels of all hamburger patties without NaCl were significantly higher than that of 0.5% NaCl added hamburger patties (p<0.05) at higher ohmic intensity (50V). In conclusion, these results indicated that a higher ohmic power intensity at 50 V induced the lipid oxidation of all patties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권8호
• /
• pp.1358-1365
• /
• 2018

Objective: The effect of pre-converted nitrites from natural sources (spinach, lettuce, celery, and red beet) on color development in raw and cooked pork sausage was investigated in this study. Methods: The pork sausage was manufactured with six treatments: NC (negative control, nitrite free), PC (positive control, 150 ppm sodium nitrite), FS (3.0% fermented spinach extracts), FL (3.0% fermented lettuce extracts), FC (3.0% fermented celery extracts), and FR (3.0% fermented red beet extracts). Results: The pH value of the pre-converted nitrites groups was lower than those treated with 150 ppm sodium nitrite (p<0.05). The color values of raw and cooked pork sausage added with pre-converted nitrite showed slightly lower and/or similar lightness, lower redness, and higher yellowness values than PC. Color development (redness values) of cooked samples added with FS was higher than those of the NC and other treatments (FL, FC, and FR). Additionally, treatments with FS and FL were most effective for reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile basic nitrogen than the NC. Conclusion: Effects of natural nitrites from fermented vegetables on shelf stability of raw and cooked pork sausages were investigated. Fermented spinach extract was much more useful for maintaining the color development, but also inhibiting lipid and protein oxidation of cooked pork sausage. Therefore, pre-converted nitrite from spinach as a natural nitrite could be used as another natural nitrite source for making processed meat products.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제36권6호
• /
• pp.729-736
• /
• 2016

This study was performed to evaluate the quality of fermented sausages manufactured with processed sulfur-fed pigs. The fermented sausages were divided into two groups; one was manufactured with non sulfur-fed pigs (NP), the other one was made with processed sulfur-fed pigs (SP). No differences were found in moisture and fat contents (p>0.05) between NP and SP, but the protein and ash con-tents of SP were significantly higher than those of NP (p<0.05). The pH of SP was significantly lower than that of NP, and the water activity ($a_w$) of SP was significantly higher than that of NP after 14 and 21 d (p<0.05). The TBA (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) w value of SP was significantly lower than that of NP (p<0.05). The lightness and yellowness of NP were significantly higher than those of SP, whereas the redness of NP was lower than SP (p<0.05). The total plate count of SP was lower than that of NP (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in TPA (Texture profile analysis) between the two samples. SP showed significantly increased monounsaturated fatty acid (p<0.05) and decreased saturated fatty acid. Umami taste and richness in SP were significantly higher than in NP (p<0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that processed sulfur fed pigs may play a key role in enhancing the quality of meat products.

• 기술사
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.82-88
• /
• 2001

Mackerel(Scomber japonicus), pacific saury (Cololabis saira) and sardine(Sardinops melanosticta) is widely distributed in coastal seawater of Korea, these fishes are not effective utilization as processing material cause by rapid lipid oxidation and off flavour. This study was attempted to lipid distribution in body section, whole body, meat, viscera, skin and head, and fatty acid composition of the oils obtained from these body section. The content of total lipid of mackerel, pacific saury and sardine were 12.48%, 12.79% and 13.81% respectively, and lipid contents in different body section of mackerel was muscle 2.31%, viscera 3.54%, skin 1.43% and head 5.20%, while in cause of sardine was muscle 4.17%, viscera 3.15%, skin 1.72%, and head4.77%. The major saturated fatty acids of mackerel, pacific saury and sardine oil were C$\_$16:0/(palmitic acid), C$\_$18:0/(stearic acid), C$\_$14:0/(myristic acid), and monoenoic acids was C$\_$18:0/(oleic acid), C$\_$16:1/ (palmitolic acid), C$\_$22:0/(erucic acid) and C$\_$20:1/(gadoleic acid), in cause of polyenoic acid was C$\_$22:6/(DHA, docosahexaenoic acid), C$\_$20:0/(EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid), C$\_$22:4/(behenic acid), C$\_$18:2/(linoleic acid) high quantity in order. When fresh oil extracted from mackerel, pacific saury and sardine was stored for 20 days at 5$\^{C}$, carbonyl and acid value of oil increased with storage day, but peroxide value decreased after 15 days.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.229-234
• /
• 2003

홍국의 아질산염 저감화 소재로서 활용 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 bologna-type 소시지에 Monascus ruber IFO 32318로 제조한 홍국을 2% 첨가하고 $4^{\circ}C$에서 22일간 저장하면서 1, 7, 14, 22일에 시료를 채취하여 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 홍국의 첨가는 전 저장기간에 걸쳐 소시지의 색상유지에 크게 기여하였으며, 특히 소시지의 단면보다 표면 색상의 개선에 큰 효과를 나타내었다. 대조군에 홍국을 첨가한 경우 대조군에 비해 지질 과산화물 생성이 유의적으로 억제된 반면 대조군에서 아질산염과 비타민 C를 제외하고 홍국을 첨가한군은 대조군보다 과산화물의 생성이 유의적으로 많아 홍국이 비타민 C와 아질산염의 효과를 완전히 대체하지는 못하였다. 기계적 texture는 대조군에 홍국를 첨가한 군이 저장초기에 탄력성, 껌성, 경도 및 응집성에서 높은 값을 나타내었으나 저장 14일 이후에는 모든 군에서 차이가 나타나지 않아 장기간 저장하는 경우 홍국의 첨가가 소시지 texture에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 홍국첨가에 의한 미생물 증식 억제효과는 뚜렷이 나타나지 않았다. 관능적으로도 홍국을 첨가한 경우 소시지 외관의 색상을 개선시켰으며 유의적이지는 않으나 산패취 도한 저하되는 경향을 나타내었고, 조직감 및 맛과 전반적인 기호도에서 대조군과 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않아 홍국을 육가공품 제조에 적절히 활용하므로써 아질산염을 부분적으로나마 대체할 수 있는 소재로 활용가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.181-186
• /
• 1992

EPA 및 DHA 함량이 높으면서 폐기되고 있는 말쥐치 내장유의 효율적인 이용을 위하여 정제한 말쥐치내장유를 정어리 및 명태고기풀에 각각 첨가하여 어묵의 품질개선을 시도하였고 아울러 저장중 품질안정성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 고도불포화지방산을 다량함유하고 있는 말쥐치내장유의 첨가로 인해 어묵의 지질은 고기풀의 지질에 비하여 5~6% 증가하여 지질산패가 우려되나, 대두단백, 물 및 말쥐치내장유로 유화커어드 (emulsion curd)를 만들어 고기풀에 첨가함으로 인해 산소와의 접촉 기회를 줄이면서 항산화제인 sodium erythorbate를 첨가하고 저온으로 저장하기 때문에 대두유로 만든 어묵과 비교하여 지질산패도는 높지 않았다. 뿐만 아니라 말쥐치 내장유를 첨가한 어묵의 조직감은 첨가하지 않은 어묵에 비하여 개선되었고 또한 저장중에도 안정하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 고도불포화지방산이 다량 함유되어 영양학 및 생리학적 기능이 우수하면서 튀김유 등으로 소비가 곤란한 정제 말쥐치내장유를 저온저장 식품인 어묵, 어육소시지 등에 일정량 첨가하여 제조한 후 일상식으로 섭취한다면 폐기되는 말쥐 내장의 효율적인 이용과 동시에 국민보건 향상에도 기여하리라 판단된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.680-684
• /
• 2009

The effects of garlic and onion on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of irradiated ground beef patties were evaluated. Ground beef was mixed with 0.5%(w/w) minced garlic or 2.5%(w/w) minced onion, vacuum-packed in oxygen-impermeable nylon/PE bags and then electron beam-irradiated at 2.5 kGy. All samples were kept at $4^{\circ}C$ for 8 d. Irradiation resulted in a 2-log CFU/g reduction in both aerobic and coliform bacteria. The microbial counts gradually increased during storage, but those in beef that contained garlic or onion were 1-log CFU/g lower than those of the control samples after 8 d of storage. The pH value decreased during storage in all meat samples, but this decrease was greater in non-irradiated beef than in irradiated beef. The lipid oxidation, volatile basic nitrogen content and Hunter color values of raw patties were generally not affected by irradiation or the addition of garlic and onion. Sensory evaluation of cooked patties showed that the off-odor was less pronounced in samples that contained added garlic or onion than in control samples, and that the overall acceptability of beef formulated with garlic was the highest. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the addition of garlic or onion in combination with irradiation treatment enhanced the microbial quality and improved the sensory quality of irradiated ground beef.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권12호
• /
• pp.1933-1941
• /
• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate quality characteristics of cured pork loin with natural nitrite source from Swiss chard. Methods: Pork loin was cured in brine and the ratio of water and fermented Swiss chard (FSC) solution in the brine was changed by 4:0 (control), 3:1 (T1), 1:1 (T2), 1:3 (T3), 0:4 (T4), and pickled samples with 0.012% sodium nitrite (PC, positive control) and nitrite free brine (NC, negative control) were considered as the control. Results: The pH values of cured pork loins with FSC were decreased with increasing addition level of FSC. Cooking loss was not significantly different among all treatments. T4 had the lowest value in moisture content and lightness value and the highest value in curing efficiency. The redness value of T4 was not significantly different from that of PC in raw. After cooking, however, it was higher than that of PC. The yellowness value of cured pork loin added with FSC was increased with increasing level of FSC. Volatile basic nitrogen content of cured pork loin added with FSC was higher than PC and NC. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value of cured pork loin added with FSC was decreased with increasing FSC level. Residual nitrite level and shear force were increased with increasing FSC level. In the sensory evaluation, sensory score for flavor, off-flavor, chewiness, juiciness, and overall acceptability were not significantly different among all treatments. However, sensory score for color was increased when the concentration of FSC added to pork loin was increased. Conclusion: The FSC solution had a positive effect on redness and lipid oxidation. As shown by the results in protein deterioration and sensory, Swiss chard can replace sodium nitrite as natural curing agent.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제41권6호
• /
• pp.1060-1077
• /
• 2021

Food additives are required to maintain the freshness and quality of foods, particularly meats. However, chemical additives may not be preferred by consumers, and natural materials with antimicrobial and antioxidant effects may be used as replacements for common chemical additives. Accordingly, in this study, we compared the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of natural compounds extracted with ethanol and hot water, and emulsion sausage prepared with natural ethanol extracts was analyzed for pH, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and Clostridium perfringens growth during storage. The antimicrobial activities of 49 natural extract candidates against Listeria monocytogenes, C. perfringens, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli were analyzed, and six natural materials with excellent antibacterial activities, i.e., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. f. nakaiana (Araki) H. Ohba, Punica granatum L., Ecklonia cava, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner, and Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., and Rubus coreanus Miq. were evaluated to determine their total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The total polyphenol contents of ethanol extracts were higher than those of hot water extracts, whereas DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be higher in hot water extracts. The TBARS values of emulsion sausages were significantly increased as storage time increased, and the TBARS values of emulsion sausages prepared with natural extracts were lower than those of control sausages. Natural extract-treated emulsion sausages showed a 99% reduction in bacterial contents compared with untreated sausages on day 2, with greater than 99.9% reduction after day 3. Thus, these results demonstrated that natural extracts could have applications as natural preservatives in meat products.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제64권6호
• /
• pp.1199-1214
• /
• 2022

Apolipoprotein H (APOH) primarily engages in fat metabolism and inflammatory disease response. This study aimed to investigate the effects of APOH on fat synthesis in duck myoblasts (CS2s) by APOH overexpression and knockdown. CS2s overexpressing APOH showed enhanced triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) contents and elevated the mRNA and protein expression of AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) while reducing the expression of protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG), acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 (ACSL1), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). The results showed that knockdown of APOH in CS2s reduced the content of TG and CHOL, reduced the expression of ACC1, ELOVL6, and AKT1, and increased the gene and protein expression of PPARG, LPL, ACSL1, and AMPK. Our results showed that APOH affected lipid deposition in myoblasts by inhibiting fatty acid beta-oxidation and promoting fatty acid biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the AKT/AMPK pathway. This study provides the necessary basic information for the role of APOH in fat accumulation in duck myoblasts for the first time and enables researchers to study the genes related to fat deposition in meat ducks in a new direction.